What are the main reasons why Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and Emperor Guangwu attacked Xiongnu and revived Guangwu?

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty fought back against Xiongnu, which fundamentally destroyed the military strength that Xiongnu relied on to launch harassment wars, and made Xiongnu no longer pose a huge military threat to the Han Dynasty. In the war, the total number of Xiongnu fighters was as high as 6.5438+0.5 million, which could not compete with the Han Dynasty. Xiongnu lost two bases, Henan, Yinshan and Hexi, which were rich in aquatic plants and mild in climate, and moved far away to the bitter and cold land of Mobei, where people and animals declined sharply and began to decline. The victory of Emperor Wudi's counterattack against Xiongnu paved the way for the Han Dynasty to strengthen and consolidate frontier defense construction and promote friendly exchanges between China and the people of Central Asia and West Asia. While fighting back against the Huns, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty immigrated to the frontier and strengthened the northern frontier defense. In the process of fighting against the Huns, the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian and others to communicate with the western regions in order to win the country, which expanded the exchanges between China and foreign countries. The victory of Xiongnu War helped to relieve the Xiongnu's threat to ethnic minorities in Northeast and Northwest China, brought advanced agricultural and handicraft technology and cultural achievements of the Han nationality, promoted trade and friendly exchanges between people of all ethnic groups, promoted the development and ethnic integration of ethnic minorities in the border areas, and made the economic and cultural exchanges between China and Central Asia and West Asia smoother. The victory of Emperor Wudi's counterattack against Xiongnu is also of positive significance in the military field. It has promoted the construction of cavalry units, accumulated experience in large-scale riding operations, and promoted tactical innovation. It has had a far-reaching impact on the construction of ancient military theory and the development of war practice. Of course, the war has also brought some sequelae, such as the serious loss of military strength; Heavy financial and material losses: "domestic consumption is wasted, and household registration is halved" (Hanshu Zhao Jiji); The class contradiction is sharp, that is, the so-called "thief rise" and so on. But compared with the positive significance of this war, these are undoubtedly secondary issues.

In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xiongnu still crossed the border frequently, supporting local powerful faction Fang Lu to control Wuyuan, Shuofang, Yunzhong, Dingxiang, Yanmen and other counties. In the ninth year of Jianwu, Liu Xiu sent Fu Ang and Du Mao, a title of generals in ancient times, to attack Fang Lu, but it didn't work, and the Xiongnu "invaded deeply". Unable to fight back, Han had to increase his troops in border counties, build pavilions, overhaul bonfires and prepare for the Xiongnu. The Biography of the Southern Xiongnu in the Later Han Dynasty: "The left part of Xiongnu was transferred back to Sene, and the court suffered, increasing the number of people in the border county, building pavilions and building bonfires." The same book "Du Maochuan": "In the twelfth year, Duan Zhong, the emissary, assigned prisoners from all counties to Mao to defend the north. Because the border guards died, they built pavilions, sent envoys to send gold and silk to the sergeant, and gave the border people a look at each other. " "Biography of Wang Ba": "The imperial edict ordered the tyrant to release more than 6,000 prisoners, and together with Du Mao, he tried to fly the fox road, pile stones and borrow soil, and build pavilions and bases, which were handed down from generation to generation and reached Pingcheng for more than 300 miles." The defense system thus constructed restrained the Huns' invasion to the south to some extent. At the same time, the Han people moved to the border people to avoid being plundered by the Huns. "The Biography of the Southern Xiongnu in the Later Han Dynasty": "Thirteen years, the invasion of Hedong, the counties can not be banned. So I gradually moved to seclusion, and I became attached to people in Changshanguan and Juyongguan. " The same book "Wuhan Biography": "In fifteen years, General Yang Wei Ma Cheng captured General Ma Wu, attacked Xiongnu in the north, and moved more than 60,000 officials to Yanmen, Dai Jun and Shanggu, where he lived in the east of Yong and Changguan." Guangwu Xia Ji: Twenty years, "Save Wuyuan County, Move Officials to Hedong" and "Move Yanmen Officials to Taiyuan"; In the same year, "the province decided to move to Xihe." ?

Since Jianwu was founded 22 years ago, Xiongnu suffered from severe famine and internal contradictions. Twenty-four years, the Eight Great People of Xiongnu * * * discussed the legislative ratio, saying that their father tasted Han De 'an, so they wanted to attack it. So Wuyuan fortress, I hope to be a vassal forever, and I will defend Beilu. "Whether the Huns in Nan 'an were or not, the Han court argued fiercely. The discussants all think that the world is booming and the country is empty, so it is impossible to tell the truth between the southern Xiongnu and the Han people. Only Geng Guo, commander of the Five Senses, said: "It is a good idea to accept the story as filial piety, so that the East will defend Xianbei, the North will repel Xiongnu, defeat Siyi and restore the border counties, and there will be no banquet police, and the world will be peaceful." Liu Xiu took his advice, which was bigger than Nan Khan, and split the Huns in two. In the twenty-sixth year, Wang Yu, a corps commander and vice captain of the Korean faction, made the Xiongnu stand in the imperial court eighty miles west of Wuyuan County, and ordered Nan Khan to enter the cloud. Later, Nanchan Jade moved to Xihe Meiji. "Because of the support of the commander and vice captain Wang, they set up a government, made a government, and made history. Make Commander Xihe/Kloc-0 ride two thousand at the age of 0/0, and help 500 people to help the corps commander guard Khan and spend the summer and winter. Self-righteous, later learned that there are eight counties in the border. "In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu corps commander who was in charge of Nandanyu became permanent, and the Southern Xiongnu Lord' led the investigation for counties'. The Xiongnu divided their troops and took the trend of controlling the north from the south. The strategy of attacking foreigners with foreigners was formally formed in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Yuan An's comment "Yuan An in the History of the Later Han Dynasty" said: "Fu Weiguang's Emperor Wu became independent from the south and wanted to secure the north. He was well prepared to attack the Huns, so the border was safe. "

The main reasons for the revival of Guangwu are: first, the need to consolidate the landlord class regime and the unity of multi-ethnic countries; Second, Confucianism combines the thoughts of other schools and is more suitable for the needs of the ruling class. (3) Neo-Confucianism-Neo-Confucianism formed by absorbing Buddhism and Taoism. Opposing "justice" and "human desire" and proposing "preserving justice and destroying human desire" is actually to defend the feudal hierarchical order. (4) As a supplement to the construction of socialist legal system, we should inherit our traditional morality and carry out socialist moral education. Everyone wants to talk about social morality and enhance people's awareness of goodness, but in essence, the current emphasis on "ruling the country by virtue" is an integral part of the construction of socialist spiritual civilization and a modern civic moral education that conforms to the trend of the times.