What measures have China and Britain taken to solve the reunification of Hong Kong?

From 65438 to 0949, after the founding of New China, three policies of "leaning to one side", "starting a new stove" and "cleaning the house before inviting guests" were formulated and implemented, which established China's independent status and diplomatic image. On the question of Hong Kong, Mao Zedong and others determined the eight-character policy of "long-term planning and full utilization" according to the domestic and international situation at that time, that is, "temporarily not moving Hong Kong" to maintain the "international channel" for "dialogue" between Hong Kong and the western world. In terms of specific measures, the mainland has always avoided direct interference in Hong Kong affairs, prevented political movements and immigration activities from affecting Hong Kong, and provided raw materials, daily necessities and fresh water for Hong Kong for decades. After 1978, Deng Xiaoping put forward the concept of "one country, two systems" to solve the reunification problem according to the change of the situation. That is, under the premise of one China, the main body of the state adheres to the socialist system; Hongkong, Macau and Taiwan Province Province are inseparable parts of China. As a special administrative region, the original capitalist system and lifestyle have remained unchanged for a long time. The concept of "one country, two systems" was originally put forward for the problem of Taiwan Province Province, but it was successfully applied to the problem of Hongkong for the first time. 1In March, 979, when meeting with Hong Kong Governor MacLehose, Deng Xiaoping pointed out, "We regard Hong Kong as a special region and a special problem. Hong Kong can engage in capitalism and we engage in socialism. " From 1982 to 1997, the settlement of the Hong Kong issue has gone through three important stages: Sino-British diplomatic negotiations, the formulation of the Basic Law and the preparation of the Hong Kong SAR government. During the period of 1982- 1984, China and Britain held arduous negotiations. The British government takes "the effectiveness of the three major treaties" as the upper limit and "the right to change sovereignty" as the lower limit. When meeting with Margaret Thatcher, Deng Xiaoping expounded China's position: the issue of sovereignty cannot be discussed, and the whole of Hong Kong must be completely recovered; Hong Kong implements one country, two systems and is managed by local people. A small number of troops will be sent to Hong Kong. Regarding the time limit for negotiations, Deng Xiaoping said: "In another year or two, China will officially announce its decision to take back Hong Kong. To put it simply, China's policy is "to recover sovereignty, maintain prosperity, keep the system unchanged and let Hong Kong people govern Hong Kong". The fierce exchange of views made Margaret Thatcher stumble when she walked out of the Great Hall of the People, which was passed down as a joke in the history of Sino-British negotiations on the Hong Kong issue. After 22 rounds of arduous negotiations, China and Britain finally signed "People's Republic of China (PRC)'s Detailed Description of Hong Kong's Basic Principles and Policies", "Sino-British Joint Liaison Group" and "Detailed Description of Land Contracts" on June 5438+0984+February 19, which made clear arrangements for the time, policies and transition period of Hong Kong's return. 1In April 1985, the National People's Congress decided to set up a drafting committee for the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region to be responsible for drafting the Basic Law. 1In June, 1985, the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) adopted a list of 59 members of the drafting committee, including 23 Hongkong members. In the same year, a broadly representative Basic Law Advisory Committee was established in Hong Kong, with 180 members, composed of Hong Kong residents. Both drafts were published and discussed by the whole people in Hong Kong, with the focus on soliciting opinions in mainland provinces and cities. Discussions on the formulation of the Basic Law include not only nominal issues such as names, but also substantive issues such as the power of officials and election procedures. After five years of continuous running-in,1On April 4, 1990, the Third Session of the Seventh National People's Congress deliberated and passed the Basic Law of the People's Republic of China (PRC) Special Administrative Region, which made clear and specific provisions on the relationship between the central authorities and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the basic rights and obligations of residents, the political system, and economic and foreign affairs, and made all preparations for China's resumption of the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong. 1984 12 19 the sino-British joint statement on the question of hong kong was signed in Beijing. 1997 Britain agrees to the return of Hong Kong. Data Map 65438+ 1984 After the signing of the Sino-British Joint Declaration on Hong Kong, the initial cooperation between the two sides was smooth. However, after the end of the Cold War, the British authorities in Hong Kong assessed the situation, and in June 1992 1992 put forward a "political plan" to directly elect the Legislative Council and enhance its authority within five years from June 1997, in an attempt to restore Britain to China under the rule of the governor of Hong Kong for a century and a half. Second, in the Legislative Council election from 65438 to 0995, regardless of the understanding reached by both sides, Hong Kong's democratic participation in politics was arranged in accordance with the principle of gradual and balanced participation by the Chinese side, in an attempt to implement the so-called maximum direct election at one time; Thirdly, under the control of the existing executive power of the British Hong Kong authorities, the so-called direct election is beneficial to the British personnel arrangement. The fundamental purpose is to establish a "democratic" system in the last few years of British rule under the banner of "reform", so that Britain can still maintain its political and economic influence in Hong Kong after its return to China.