Why is the social status of women inferior to that of men?

As a social group, women should have multiple social status, not only gender affiliation, but also inequality.

It is difficult for them to gain various social status.

Women's living conditions have become the starting point of gender research, involving women's concepts, roles, identities and identities, including

Including the criticism of the concept of "women are unclean", the reflection on the role of mothers and the logic of "family: society = women: men"

Criticism of series and recognition of women's inferior status. It is believed that culture defines women as mothers who give birth to children.

It is the social basis for the formation of women's subordinate status, and gender differences are widespread, and its social and historical roots are complex and far-reaching.

And it is not just a family category, but a social relationship. The review of gender history can also be traced back to Baba in19th century.

Wilt's achievements: gender division of labor is divided into men and women, and social values are superior to women.

As a standard. As a social group, women began to study the differences between their status and that of men. American female scholars put forward that

It is necessary to revise the usual historical stages in order to bring women's lives into the official history (Joan Kelly 1977), British women.

Female anthropology, discussing the status of women as a silent group, the London female anthropology group was influenced by Marx's theory.

Ring, discuss female reproductive production in different economic societies, while France focuses on gender discrimination and oppression. sexism

It has become the focus of male criticism, which is actually a social ideology of gender inequality, which is concentrated in violent rape.

The multi-faceted nature of gender inequality means the multi-faceted status of women, and its constituent factors are also various, including

Including social class, culture and education, professional marriage, role age, nation-state and so on. These factors sometimes play a role.

Have a relationship, or have their own influence, so the status relationship is not absolute. Carol Smith Rosenberg (Carol

Smith Rosenberg's research on the characteristics of women's field once formed the concept of "female group", while cross-cultural research

On the other hand, it breaks the oneness of female culture. White made a pan-cultural comparison of 93 pre-industrial societies and found 52 possibilities.

There are no universal standards or the most important factors that affect the status of women, and there are no more than five factors in each group.

In order to determine the status of women, there are also differences among women, and there is no unified status. Judith Boehner pointed out that different races,

Women of different nationalities and classes have different cultures and interests (Note: Judith Berthner: Feminism and History).

Gender and history, autumn issue 1989. )。 Generally speaking, the negative indicator of women's status is patriarchy.

Under the background of concubinage, early marriage, arranged marriage, male inheritance right, female discrimination and segregation, polygamy, male first night right, widowhood and so on.

Housework, prohibition of social activities, unemployment rate, informal occupation, and different pay between men and women; Positive indicators are: women's inheritance of property.

Inheritance and domination, freedom of marriage, equality between husband and wife, women's financial assistance, employment and educational opportunities and political participation; Neutral index

There are: the right to use and manage property, the status, occupation and income of parents and husbands.

General scholars discuss women's status mainly in economic and ideological aspects. The former is like Li Keke, and take the classics as an example.

Economic autonomy is the standard of women's high status. Li believes that the difference between the rights and interests of men and women in capitalism and hunter-gatherer society is based on

Their participation in social labor is different. Dai Shan also depends on whether women participate in social and economic production and whether there is product control.

Right is an important indicator of their status, and it also mentions the value of women's labor products given by society and whether women groups are committed to it.

Seek women's social and economic interests. There are also many scholars who believe that prestige can be given a high status from the conceptual level.

Mother's high status (especially in old age) is spiritual rather than economic (Brown, Ken). indentation

Weber's class stratification method (1946), political status (power) and economic status (wealth) and social status.

(prestige), but in fact it is an important reason for status, and economic status is sometimes meaningless in political situations.

. Many high-income women have not got rid of the bondage of family and the unequal relationship.

Family and class background have an important influence on women's achievement opportunities and values. An individual's class status often depends on

Because of his parents' socio-economic status, especially his father's financial resources, his father belongs to the working class and he has received a good education.

Its positive development opportunities belong to the middle class like my father, and I have no education (Robertson 1994). parents

Women with fixed social jobs can experience the combination of marriage and career, which is helpful for creative inspiration, but not yet.

It is not conducive to children's academic growth for women to become mothers themselves or leave society as mothers. The lower classes often carry on the family line.

The concept of gender unity is profound, and different educational methods affect the female personality of their class and family.

The restriction of culture on women's occupation and education is still a realistic factor affecting women's status. Occupation is women's participation in society

Will be an important yardstick, and the big culture thinks that women should not compete, career is a man's territory, and women's success or failure lies in marriage.

Marriage. Most women don't want to be professional women (Oppenheimer 1972), but when a career is

When it comes to being suitable for men, women will automatically give up confidence and choice. Most young women give priority to traditional occupations rather than creativity.

In nature, the phenomenon that girls give way to boys' academic lead increases with age, especially for adult women (including those who have achieved academic success).

All of them automatically reduce their career ambitions in adolescence (Baird 1973). Marriage is the affirmation of men (and most women)

The key is to prevent unacceptable behavior from becoming a universal rule. The real reason why women choose to work is that marriage is a choice of career.

On the premise of choice, women's creativity only plays a role under "femininity", which has nothing to do with professional requirements and foundation.

Experience accumulation is separate. Taking marriage and employment into consideration is a modern choice for married women, and the interruption caused by childbirth is no longer a woman's.

Women's career obstacles, husband's attitude and housework constitute the conflict between their marriage and career. Wives generally do housework than husbands.

More than 3 times the time (1974 page); In the sample of choosing a job, men never have any worries about marriage, while 4 1% of women think.

Marriage is the main contradiction in employment (Davis 1964). Malvi's (1963) research on women's professional life shows that,

When a woman chooses a job, she chooses both: marriage first, work second, or work first, marriage second; Employment type

Mainly include: no employment after marriage, interruption of employment, re-employment after marriage, and stable occupation (single). But Enbaum (19

7 1) There are three types of research results on women: traditional (unemployed after marriage), married professional (married before employment) and single.

Occupation (unmarried employment). The research model of Zinberg (1973) stage is: the cultivation of femininity → marriage → seeking.

Industry embodies the compromise of women's career choice on traditional marriage. Even women who are employed from their posts can't ignore the tradition calmly.

Role and marriage can't relieve women's pressure.

The gender definition of occupation and education hinders women's beliefs and opportunities for employment and achievement. Constantly improve professional skills

Employees can be required to have corresponding training and education levels, but the occupational distribution reflects the teaching structure; Social control

This mechanism makes it difficult for women to be encouraged, trained or involved in creative activities; Women who graduate from colleges and universities are also limited, and the United States

The salary of female professors is 2/3 of that of male professors (Luo Qiong 1986), while that of female doctors in the Soviet Union is less than 2/3 of that of skilled workers (

Robertson1994); Most creative men live in a higher social class, while 1/3 creative women do not.

Fixed professional posts (J A Sherman 1986). Unequal treatment leads to relatively low self-evaluation of intellectual women.

And lead the society to further despise the educated, educators and education itself. The production or benefits of some industries are tangible.

However, it can be said that gender role socialization has enlarged and aggravated this difference, which has led to a biased labor use policy.

Source. The total unemployment rate of job-seeking women is 65,438+0/3 higher than that of men (ibid.), which also gives women unfairness in job performance and promotion.

Wait for the opportunity. With the research of third world female anthropologists in China, a number of African-American female anthropologists have emerged.

Such as the rise of Band-Aids, Dunham, Degas, Green and Delauer, colored female scholars began to criticize whites in 1980s.

Female scholars ignore the gender orientation under the restriction of race and class culture, and connect their research with their parents' homes and ethnic groups.

Female anthropology began to pay attention to the status and power of minority women, and reflected on western centralism with non-western culture.

Angle, constitute the various voices of female anthropology. Affected by this, feminist studies in Europe in the early 1990s mainly focused on concerns and human rights.

Combine the two to discuss minority women. Some black female scholars in Britain investigated the lives of immigrant women and put forward

A challenging issue, but it has not been made public in academic circles. Some countries, such as France, Germany and the Netherlands, have conducted a separate analysis of immigrant and refugee women, but

The study of ethnic minority women has not yet become one of the diverse voices of female anthropology (Note: Min: Women's Studies in 2000

The history, present situation and development of the United States and Western Europe, with ③, p. 198. )。 Studies on Asian minority women, Zeng

As a branch of anthropology, women's studies belonging to history and ethnology are taking shape. Feminist film and television

Works of art and their art festivals are constantly coming out.

In the late 1980s, postmodernism questioned traditional classics, paid attention to mass society and attached importance to different concepts and structures.

Anthropology reconsiders the interpretiveness of different cultures and reflects on whether, how and how big fieldwork and writing are.

To what extent has it created a non-western society? Safeguard the rights and interests of western culture through re-creation and re-expression of different cultures? Negation is based on super-domain module.

The formula covers the regional model, denies the alienation of culture and suppresses the personality of researchers, and advocates subjectivity and

Criticism of power hegemony. It has a positive impact on women's self-awareness and rights awareness. The multiplicity and difference of female identity

To study.