What is the current pattern and external influence of the Middle East War?

The Middle East War refers to four wars between Israel and neighboring Arab countries from 1948 to 1973.

The first Middle East war broke out in May 1948. As a result, all Palestinian territories were occupied by Israel except Gaza and parts of the West Bank. The Second Middle East War broke out on1October 29th 1956. The third Middle East War broke out on June 5th, 1967. Israel launched a surprise attack on Arab countries on the grounds that Egypt blocked the Gulf of Aqaba. Arab countries have lost more than 65,000 square kilometers of territory. The fourth Middle East War broke out on June 6th 1973. Egypt and Syria set

Under the cover of artillery and air fire, the superior forces suddenly attacked Sinai Peninsula (west line) and Golan Heights (north line) respectively. Later, with the emergency assistance of the United States, Israel dispatched troops and turned to counterattack, gradually taking the initiative in the battlefield. Finally, the two sides signed an armistice agreement under the mediation of the international community.

The Middle East War is a modern war. The two sides of the war used advanced weapons and equipment provided by the United States or the Soviet Union, including helicopter gunships, TV-guided bombs and Sam-type air defense missiles. The two sides of the war launched a large-scale electronic confrontation. Both sides lost about 60% aircraft and more than 80% ships, and most tanks were destroyed by various missiles.

The outbreak of the Middle East war has a profound international background. On the surface, the Middle East war is a struggle between Israel and Arab countries, but in fact it is an indirect contest between two superpowers.

According to the Bible, Moses led some Israelites out of Egypt and conquered the tribal city-states of Canaan under the leadership of Joshua. Then, around 1000 BC, David Wang occupied Jerusalem and established the kingdom of Israel in most parts of Canaan, including Transjordan. After the death of David's son Solomon, the kingdom was divided into two parts, Judea in the south and Israel in the north. Until 133, Jerusalem was the political and religious center of the Jews.

In 722 BC, Assyrians occupied Israel, and in 586 BC, Babylonians occupied Judah. They burned the temple of Solomon in Jerusalem and expelled a large number of Jews. Since then, Jerusalem has changed hands many times and been destroyed and rebuilt countless times. Since then, Jews have been displaced and scattered everywhere. About 6 1 year BC, the Roman Pompeii army captured Judah and occupied Jerusalem. Jesus was born in Bethlehem, the ruling area of Rome. Roman rulers put out the fire of Jewish uprisings twice in 70 and 132, and expelled all Jews from Jerusalem in 135. Since then, Jerusalem has been renamed Palestine by the Romans.

During the Byzantine period (4th century AD), a large number of Christians flooded into Palestine. At that time, the population of Palestine was composed of Christians, Jews and pagan Christians, as well as Romans and indigenous people. Around the 7th century AD, the armies of Muslim Arabs moved northward and occupied most of the Middle East, including Palestine. Since then, Muslim control over Palestine has continued until the beginning of the 20th century. During this long period of Muslim rule, the Ottoman Empire of Turkey incorporated Palestine into its territory in 15 17. During this period, the Sultan of Turkey also invited diaspora Jews to settle in Palestinian cities. /kloc-At the end of 0/8, Napoleon invaded, and Palestinian Arabs took the opportunity to resist the rule of Egypt and Turkey, which led to the further opening of the border of the Turkish Empire, the simultaneous increase of the Jewish and Arab populations, and the enhancement of the national consciousness of the two peoples. By 1880, the Palestinian population had reached 400,000, including about 24,000 Jews. At this time, the Ottoman government began to take severe measures to limit Jewish immigration, but Jews took various means to move into Palestine.

At this time, in Europe in the19th century, the tide of anti-Semitism coexisted with the Jewish liberation movement in Europe, and the idea of modern nation-state was intertwined with the yearning for the traditional Jewish homeland, which ignited the fire of Zionism in the hearts of Jews scattered in Europe. In particular, the anti-Semitic and anti-Semitic policies of eastern European countries have accelerated the migration of European Jews to Palestine. It was also at this time that European Jews began to systematize Zionism. Rabbi yehuda Alcalay, a Jewish priest, published many Hebrew articles about Zionism in the 1940s. In addition, in 1896, Hecl, a Hungarian-born Jewish lawyer, published The Jewish State, which fully explained Zionism. In August of the following year, the Zionists held the "First World Zionist Conference" in Basel, Switzerland. According to Heckel's idea, Congress wants to establish a Jewish state in Palestine. Zionists attending the meeting predicted that millions of European Jews would emigrate to Palestine, forming an absolute majority of the population. As for the local Arabs, it is not within their consideration. By 19 14, the Palestinian population is about 700,000, including 6 10000 Arabs and less than 654,380+000 Jews.

After the outbreak of World War I, the Ottoman Empire, the ruler of Palestine, formed an alliance with Germany. At this time, cholera and typhoid fever broke out in Palestine, and Turkish military leaders decided to expel all foreigners, and a large number of Jews were expelled from Palestine again. During this period, only Russian Jews were able to avoid being deported. These Jews who stayed behind became British partners and later helped the British army fight against Turkey. At the same time, Britain also needs Arab help. The British government made an oath to the Arabs that they would be independent after the war as long as they supported the allied forces against the Turks. 19 16 years, under the leadership of T.E. Lawrence, Arabs really rebelled against the rule of the Turks. But after the war, Britain denied its commitment to Arabs, and Palestine became Britain's "mandated land". About 70% of the post-war Palestinian population are Arabs and 30% are Jews and Christians.

A brief history of the Middle East war

The Middle East lies at the junction of Europe, Asia and Africa. It is the wing of Europe and the transportation hub of Europe, Asia and Africa. The Suez Canal connecting the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean is located in the land of "five seas and three continents" and its strategic position is very important. The Middle East covers an area of 65.438+0.7 million square kilometers, with a population of about 65.438+0.6 billion, distributed in 654.38+0.7 countries. The ethnic composition of these countries is very complex, with about 20 ethnic groups, the most important of which is the Arab ethnic group who believes in Islam and speaks Arabic, accounting for more than half of the population in the Middle East. The Middle East is the birthplace of Islam, and mosques of all sizes can be seen everywhere in various countries. Among them, Mecca in Saudi Arabia is the "holy land" of Islam, and more than 6.5438+0.5 million believers come here for pilgrimage every year. 80% residents in the Middle East believe in Islam, the rest believe in Christianity, Catholicism, Judaism and Orthodox Church, and a few believe in Zoroastrianism. Jerusalem is an ancient city in the Middle East. There are Jewish temples and the famous Al-Aqsa Mosque in Islam. It is a "holy city" in the eyes of the two major religions. Many countries stipulate Islam as the state religion and write it into their constitutions. It can be seen that religious belief occupies an extremely important position in the spiritual and political life of the people in the Middle East, which has also become the focus and cause of many contradictions in this region. Besides, the Middle East is the energy center of the world. The Persian Gulf and its surrounding areas are rich in oil resources and are known as the "oil ocean". According to statistics, the oil reserves in the Middle East account for more than two thirds of the world, and the natural gas reserves are also the first in the world. It can be said that the Middle East is the world's energy treasure house.

The Middle East has a long history and an ancient civilization. The Nile River Basin, the Euphrates River Basin and the Tigris River Basin are all the cradles of ancient human civilization. During thousands of years of development, the Middle East has created an extremely splendid culture. Ancient Arabs mastered medicine, architecture and literature very early, which is an indelible glory in the history of human development. It is this extremely superior strategic position and energy position in the Middle East that determines that the Middle East will not be a peaceful region. In addition, the ethnic composition and religious beliefs in this area are extremely complicated, and war is inevitable! 1. As early as 1789, the French emperor Napoleon led an expeditionary force from Alexandria to Egypt and occupied Cairo in an attempt to contain Britain with its strategic advantage. 180 1 After the French army retreated in, Britain took it as its own colony and carried out crazy economic plunder on Egypt. More than a decade later, the British East India Company extended its claws to the Persian Gulf region and occupied several Arab Emirates. The Middle East has become an important source of British capital gathering. 1839, the British colonists occupied Aden again, and in order to consolidate his rule, they forced more than 20 neighboring countries to sign the so-called "protection treaty" to form the "Aden Reserve". At the same time, Britain, France and Russia fought fiercely in Turkey and Iran. During the transition from capitalism to imperialism, this kind of competition becomes more intense. The contradiction between capitalist countries has also risen to an unprecedented sharp level. At this time, the Middle East naturally became the object of desperate struggle by imperialism such as Britain, France, Russia and later Germany. 1869 After the opening of the Suez Canal, 1878 Britain occupied Cyprus, and 1882 occupied Egypt, crowding out French forces and making Egypt a colony.

19 At the end of the 20th century, various capitalist countries fought fiercely for the Persian Gulf and its coastal emirates. In this battle, Britain was the biggest winner, forcing Oman, Bahrain, Mahat Oman (now United Arab Emirates), Kuwait and Qatar to conclude a series of agreements to guarantee Britain's monopoly privileges, turning the Persian Gulf emirate into a British colony or protectorate and treating the Persian Gulf as a "British inner lake". Many countries in the Middle East, such as Iraq, Palestine, Lebanon and Jordan, were still part of the Ottoman Empire of Turkey before the First World War. But after the collapse of the empire, these countries became colonies of capitalist countries. Even Iran has not escaped this fate and has become a semi-colony of Britain. In addition, tsarist Russia should mention it separately. /kloc-at the end of 0/7, Russia was still a landlocked country. In order to open a passage from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea, Russia occupied the Bosporus Strait and the Da Daniil Strait for a long time. From 185 1 to 1853, Russia used the so-called Christian "holy land" as an excuse to pressure Turkey to recognize its right to supervise Turkish Christians, in an attempt to interfere in Turkey's internal affairs and then occupy the two straits. However, due to the intervention of Britain and France, Russia's plan was frustrated. In desperation, Russia launched two military operations against Turkey, but both ended in failure. However, the subsequent Santostefano Peace Treaty enabled the Russians to occupy Turkey. Because Russia's premeditated occupation of the two straits was not realized, the contradiction deepened, and the war that broke out in the First World War was buried.

Second, the struggle between tigers in the Middle East.

(1) Iran-Iraq War This is an eight-year border war between Iraq and Iran. The war broke out on1September 22nd, 980 and ended on1August 20th, 988. This war is also called the first Persian Gulf War (as opposed to the second Persian Gulf War or Gulf War triggered by Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in1990-199). The cause of the war was that Iraqi President Saddam Hussein tried to completely control the Arabian River waterway in the northwest of the Persian Gulf. This waterway is an important oil export channel for both countries. The United States provided arms to Saddam Hussein to support his attack on this disputed area in an attempt to contain the Iranian regime, which had just come to power through revolution and was strongly anti-American. 1975, U.S. secretary of state Henry Kissinger supported the Iranian king to attack the waterway under the control of Iraq at that time. Iraq and other Arab countries are also worried that the armed regime generated by the February revolution in Iran 1979 will spread to the surrounding areas. Another factor that led to the Iran-Iraq war was the ambition of the leaders of the two countries. Iranian religious leader Khomeini tried to spread the Islamic fundamentalism movement he led to the whole Middle East. However, due to the success of the recent Iranian revolution, attempts in this regard are still very limited. For Saddam Hussein, he has not been in power for a long time and is trying to give Iraq regional hegemony. The success of the war against Iran can make Iraq the hegemon in the Gulf region and control the oil trade. The internal cleaning of the army and the serious shortage of American-made equipment and parts have greatly affected Iran's military strength. In addition, the Iranian defense in Saudi Arabia is also very weak. .1On September 22nd, 980, Iraq seized the opportunity and launched an attack on the pretext of the assassination attempt supported by Iran against then Iraqi Foreign Minister Aziz. The Iran-Iraq war has aroused great concern in the international community. In order to bring this war to an early end, the United Nations, Islamic countries, the Non-Aligned Movement and relevant powers have done a lot of mediation work between Iran and Iraq. 1987 On July 20th, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 598 on ending the Iran-Iraq war. The resolution calls for an immediate ceasefire between Iran and Iraq and the withdrawal of all troops to the international border; The Secretary-General of the United Nations sent observers to supervise the ceasefire and withdrawal; Release and repatriation of prisoners of war by warring parties; The responsibility of entrusting an impartial institution to investigate conflicts; Post-war reconstruction with appropriate international assistance; Reach a comprehensive, just and decent solution acceptable to both sides on all outstanding issues. Iraq immediately accepted the resolution, and Iran initially neither accepted nor rejected it. It was not officially accepted until July 1988. In August, Iran and Iraq achieved a comprehensive ceasefire by sea, land and air, and immediately began direct negotiations under the auspices of the UN Secretary-General to discuss issues related to the implementation of Security Council Resolution 598. The war caused heavy losses to the two countries, economic development stagnated, oil exports decreased, and millions of people were killed or injured. As a result, Iraq has accumulated a lot of debts, and the debt owed to Kuwait alone amounts to $654.38+04 billion. This is one of the reasons why Saddam later invaded Kuwait. At the end of the war, the dividing line between the two countries returned to the pre-war state. This war is one of the most deadly wars after World War II, second only to the Vietnam War and the Korean War. There are many explanations for the specific number of casualties, and it is generally believed that the death toll is around one million. The Iraqi army has grown from 240,000 before the war to 6,543.8+0.2 million after the war.

(2) Gulf War 1 990 On the morning of August 21(Kuwait time), with the close support and cooperation of the air force, navy, amphibious combat troops and special operations forces, three Iraqi divisions and the National Guard crossed the Iraq-Kuwait border and launched a surprise attack on Kuwait. After about 14 hours of fighting, at 7 pm, Iraqi troops completely occupied the capital of Kuwait. Then the attack continued to develop and the follow-up troops continued to enter Kuwait. At noon on August 3, Iraqi troops occupied the whole territory of Kuwait. By August 6, about 200,000 Iraqi troops and more than 2,000 tanks had entered Kuwait. On August 8, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein announced the annexation of Kuwait and designated it as the "No.1 19 province" of Iraq, saying that it "will always be an inseparable part of Iraq". Main reason: 1, territorial dispute. Iraq and Kuwait belong to the same species and belong to the same country in history. In the 8th century, Kuwait was part of the Arab Empire with Baghdad as its capital. 187 1 year, Kuwait became a county in Basra province of the Ottoman Empire. Then Iraq and Kuwait became British colonies at the same time. 1923 Britain plans to establish the Kingdom of Iraq and the Emir of Kuwait respectively. 196 1 year, Kuwait declared independence, but Iraq refused to recognize it. For a long time, territorial disputes between the two countries have continued. Although Kuwait used money to "honor" Iraq from time to time, the Iraqi ruling and opposition parties always believed that Kuwait was a part of Iraqi territory, and Kuwait was split because of the British colonialist's policy of divide and rule, hoping to recover it as soon as possible. In addition, there is a section of oil-producing desert area on the120km long land boundary between Iraq and Kuwait that has not been demarcated. Iraq accused Kuwait of stealing $2.4 billion worth of oil from the Rumaila oil field belonging to Iraq. Kuwait believes that the southern part of the oil field extends into Kuwait and belongs to Kuwaiti territory. 2. About oil policy. Iraq accused Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates of overproduction of oil, which led to a drop in oil prices and caused Iraq to suffer losses of $654.38+04 billion. 3. Debt problem. During the Iran-Iraq war, Iraq owed Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates and other Gulf countries $30 billion. Iraq defended the Arab nation by proposing a war with Iraq and demanded the formal cancellation of its $5 billion debt to Kuwait. Countries such as Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates are unacceptable. Foreign intervention condemned Iraq's aggression. On the first day of Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, US President Bush made a speech, denouncing Iraq's behavior as "naked aggression" and "posing a real threat" to the national interests of the United States, and announced the freezing of all assets of Iraq and Kuwait in the United States. The Soviet Union also changed its normal position of opposing the United States in regional conflicts in the world for 40 years after the war. On August 3, the United States and the Soviet Union reached an understanding and issued a joint statement demanding that Iraq "unconditionally withdraw its troops from Kuwait" and "fully restore Kuwait's sovereignty, legitimate regime and territorial integrity". This is completely consistent with the US policy objectives towards Iraq. On the same day, the Soviet government stopped the supply of weapons and military assistance to Iraq. The United Nations Security Council and Member States responded to the Gulf crisis with unprecedented speed and almost unanimous opinion. On August 2nd, the UN Security Council adopted resolution 660 condemning Iraq's violation of the UN Charter and demanding its withdrawal with 14 votes in favour, 0 votes against and 1 abstention. From August 2nd to1October 29th, the UN Security Council adopted 12 resolutions condemning and sanctioning Iraq. These resolutions put Iraq in an extremely isolated position politically, economically, militarily and diplomatically. Among them, Resolution 678 stipulated that the deadline for Iraq's withdrawal was199115. If Iraq does not withdraw its troops before the deadline, the resolution authorizes UN Member States to use "all necessary means" to implement the resolution adopted by the UN, which provides a way for 38 countries led by the United States to form a joint force to send troops to the Gulf and solve the crisis by force.

Third, the Arab-Israeli conflict The Arab-Israeli conflict has always been the focus of conflicts in the Middle East and even the whole world. The essence of the contradiction between Arab countries and Israel is the territorial issue, and the territorial dispute between the two sides was formed in the past decades. 1947 The resolution on the partition of Palestine adopted by the United Nations Security Council divides the Palestinian territory with a total area of more than 26,000 square kilometers into two parts, 14477 square kilometers is allocated to Jews to establish an Israeli state, 1 1655 square kilometers is allocated to Arabs to establish Palestine, and Jerusalem is tentatively designated as an "international city", that is, its ownership is unknown. On May 1948, the day after the founding of Israel, Israel annexed more than 6,200 square kilometers of land allocated to Palestine and forcibly occupied West Jerusalem. At that time, King Abdullah of Jordan occupied the territory of the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and allocated it to Palestine, covering an area of 5,268 square kilometers. In the Third Middle East War (1967), Israel occupied the West Bank and Gaza, as well as the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt, the Syrian Golan Heights with an area of 1600 square kilometers and the Gaza Strip under the jurisdiction of Egypt. It also seized East Jerusalem from Jordan and declared the whole of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel. In the Lebanon War of 1982, Israel occupied a narrow strip with the width of 10- 15 km in southern Lebanon. According to the Camp David agreement reached between Egypt and Israel in 1978, Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt. 1974, Israel returned a part of the Golan Heights to Syria, but continued to occupy the remaining 700 square kilometers of land in the Golan Heights, and announced its annexation in 198 1. In recent years, Israel has built a large number of Jewish settlements in the occupied Arab territories. In the West Bank and Gaza, 200 Israeli settlements have been established, with/kloc-0.04 million Jewish immigrants. Israel's Jewish immigration policy tries to establish a great Israeli state from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean by changing the population structure of the occupied Arab territories.

Over the years, Arab countries have demanded that Israel abide by UN resolutions 242 and 338, stop building Jewish settlements in the occupied territories and withdraw from the territories occupied by 1967 in order to "exchange land for peace". Israel, on the other hand, believes that after the return of Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, it has already met the requirements of UN resolutions, and all it needs now is "peace for peace". The Palestinian people demand the establishment of their own independent state in the occupied territories, but Israel only focuses on discussing the issue of "limited autonomy" with representatives of the West Bank and Gaza. Syria demands that Israel return the Golan Heights, Lebanon demands that Israel withdraw its troops from southern Lebanon, and Israel has repeatedly stated that it will not give up an inch of land. The question of Jerusalem is the most complicated and sensitive issue in the Middle East peace process. Asked about the brief history of the Middle East war. The Middle East lies at the junction of Europe, Asia and Africa. It is the wing of Europe and the transportation hub of Europe, Asia and Africa. The Suez Canal connecting the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean is located in the land of "five seas and three continents" and its strategic position is very important. The Middle East covers an area of 65.438+0.7 million square kilometers, with a population of about 65.438+0.6 billion, distributed in 654.38+0.7 countries. The ethnic composition of these countries is very complex, with about 20 ethnic groups, the most important of which is the Arab ethnic group who believes in Islam and speaks Arabic, accounting for more than half of the population in the Middle East. The Middle East is the birthplace of Islam, and mosques of all sizes can be seen everywhere in various countries. Among them, Mecca in Saudi Arabia is the "holy land" of Islam, and more than 6.5438+0.5 million believers come here for pilgrimage every year. 80% residents in the Middle East believe in Islam, the rest believe in Christianity, Catholicism, Judaism and Orthodox Church, and a few believe in Zoroastrianism. Jerusalem is an ancient city in the Middle East. There are Jewish temples and the famous Al-Aqsa Mosque in Islam. It is a "holy city" in the eyes of the two major religions. Many countries stipulate Islam as the state religion and write it into their constitutions. It can be seen that religious belief occupies an extremely important position in the spiritual and political life of the people in the Middle East, which has also become the focus and cause of many contradictions in this region. Besides, the Middle East is the energy center of the world. The Persian Gulf and its surrounding areas are rich in oil resources and are known as the "oil ocean". According to statistics, the oil reserves in the Middle East account for more than two thirds of the world, and the natural gas reserves are also the first in the world. It can be said that the Middle East is the world's energy treasure house. The Middle East has a long history and an ancient civilization. The Nile River Basin, the Euphrates River Basin and the Tigris River Basin are all the cradles of ancient human civilization. During thousands of years of development, the Middle East has created an extremely splendid culture. Ancient Arabs mastered medicine, architecture and literature very early, which is an indelible glory in the history of human development. It is this extremely superior strategic position and energy position in the Middle East that determines that the Middle East will not be a peaceful region. In addition, the ethnic composition and religious beliefs in this area are extremely complicated, and war is inevitable!

1. As early as 1789, the French emperor Napoleon led an expeditionary force from Alexandria to Egypt and occupied Cairo in an attempt to contain Britain with its strategic advantage. 180 1 After the French army retreated in, Britain took it as its own colony and carried out crazy economic plunder on Egypt. More than a decade later, the British East India Company extended its claws to the Persian Gulf region and occupied several Arab Emirates. The Middle East has become an important source of British capital gathering. 1839, the British colonists occupied Aden again, and in order to consolidate his rule, they forced more than 20 neighboring countries to sign the so-called "protection treaty" to form the "Aden Reserve". At the same time, Britain, France and Russia fought fiercely in Turkey and Iran. During the transition from capitalism to imperialism, this kind of competition becomes more intense. The contradiction between capitalist countries has also risen to an unprecedented sharp level. At this time, the Middle East naturally became the object of desperate struggle by imperialism such as Britain, France, Russia and later Germany. 1869 After the opening of the Suez Canal, 1878 Britain occupied Cyprus, and 1882 occupied Egypt, crowding out French forces and making Egypt a colony. 19 At the end of the 20th century, various capitalist countries fought fiercely for the Persian Gulf and its coastal emirates. In this battle, Britain was the biggest winner, forcing Oman, Bahrain, Mahat Oman (now United Arab Emirates), Kuwait and Qatar to conclude a series of agreements to guarantee Britain's monopoly privileges, turning the Persian Gulf emirate into a British colony or protectorate and treating the Persian Gulf as a "British inner lake". Many countries in the Middle East, such as Iraq, Palestine, Lebanon and Jordan, were still part of the Ottoman Empire of Turkey before the First World War. But after the collapse of the empire, these countries became colonies of capitalist countries. Even Iran has not escaped this fate and has become a semi-colony of Britain. In addition, tsarist Russia should mention it separately. /kloc-at the end of 0/7, Russia was still a landlocked country. In order to open a passage from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea, Russia occupied the Bosporus Strait and the Da Daniil Strait for a long time. From 185 1 to 1853, Russia used the so-called Christian "holy land" as an excuse to pressure Turkey to recognize its right to supervise Turkish Christians, in an attempt to interfere in Turkey's internal affairs and then occupy the two straits. However, due to the intervention of Britain and France, Russia's plan was frustrated. In desperation, Russia launched two military operations against Turkey, but both ended in failure. However, the subsequent Santostefano Peace Treaty enabled the Russians to occupy Turkey. Because Russia's premeditated occupation of the two straits was not realized, the contradiction deepened, and the war that broke out in the First World War was buried.

(1) Iran-Iraq War This is an eight-year border war between Iraq and Iran. The war broke out on1September 22nd, 980 and ended on1August 20th, 988. This war is also called the first Persian Gulf War (as opposed to the second Persian Gulf War or Gulf War triggered by Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in1990-199). The cause of the war was that Iraqi President Saddam Hussein tried to completely control the Arabian River waterway in the northwest of the Persian Gulf. This waterway is an important oil export channel for both countries. The United States provided arms to Saddam Hussein to support his attack on this disputed area in an attempt to contain the Iranian regime, which had just come to power through revolution and was strongly anti-American. 1975, U.S. secretary of state Henry Kissinger supported the Iranian king to attack the waterway under the control of Iraq at that time. Iraq and other Arab countries are also worried that the armed regime generated by the February revolution in Iran 1979 will spread to the surrounding areas. Another factor that led to the Iran-Iraq war was the ambition of the leaders of the two countries. Iranian religious leader Khomeini tried to spread the Islamic fundamentalism movement he led to the whole Middle East. However, due to the success of the recent Iranian revolution, attempts in this regard are still very limited. For Saddam Hussein, he has not been in power for a long time and is trying to give Iraq regional hegemony. The success of the war against Iran can make Iraq the hegemon in the Gulf region and control the oil trade. The internal cleaning of the army and the serious shortage of American-made equipment and parts have greatly affected Iran's military strength. In addition, the Iranian defense in Saudi Arabia is also very weak. .1On September 22nd, 980, Iraq seized the opportunity and launched an attack on the pretext of the assassination attempt supported by Iran against then Iraqi Foreign Minister Aziz. The Iran-Iraq war has aroused great concern in the international community. In order to bring this war to an early end, the United Nations, Islamic countries, the Non-Aligned Movement and relevant powers have done a lot of mediation work between Iran and Iraq. 1987 On July 20th, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 598 on ending the Iran-Iraq war. The resolution calls for an immediate ceasefire between Iran and Iraq and the withdrawal of all troops to the international border; The Secretary-General of the United Nations sent observers to supervise the ceasefire and withdrawal; Release and repatriation of prisoners of war by warring parties; The responsibility of entrusting an impartial institution to investigate conflicts; Post-war reconstruction with appropriate international assistance; Reach a comprehensive, just and decent solution acceptable to both sides on all outstanding issues. Iraq immediately accepted the resolution, and Iran initially neither accepted nor rejected it. It was not officially accepted until July 1988. In August, Iran and Iraq achieved a comprehensive ceasefire by sea, land and air, and immediately began direct negotiations under the auspices of the UN Secretary-General to discuss issues related to the implementation of Security Council Resolution 598. The war caused heavy losses to the two countries, economic development stagnated, oil exports decreased, and millions of people were killed or injured. As a result, Iraq has accumulated a lot of debts, and the debt owed to Kuwait alone amounts to $654.38+04 billion. This is one of the reasons why Saddam later invaded Kuwait. At the end of the war, the dividing line between the two countries returned to the pre-war state. This war is one of the most deadly wars after World War II, second only to the Vietnam War and the Korean War. There are many explanations for the specific number of casualties, and it is generally believed that the death toll is around one million. The Iraqi army has grown from 240,000 before the war to 6,543.8+0.2 million after the war.

(2) Gulf War 1 990 On the morning of August 21(Kuwait time), with the close support and cooperation of the air force, navy, amphibious combat troops and special operations forces, three Iraqi divisions and the National Guard crossed the Iraq-Kuwait border and launched a surprise attack on Kuwait. After about 14 hours of fighting, at 7 pm, Iraqi troops completely occupied the capital of Kuwait. Then the attack continued to develop and the follow-up troops continued to enter Kuwait. At noon on August 3, Iraqi troops occupied the whole territory of Kuwait. By August 6, about 200,000 Iraqi troops and more than 2,000 tanks had entered Kuwait. On August 8, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein announced the annexation of Kuwait and designated it as the "No.1 19 province" of Iraq, saying that it "will always be an inseparable part of Iraq". Main reason: 1, territorial dispute. Iraq and Kuwait belong to the same species and belong to the same country in history. In the 8th century, Kuwait was part of the Arab Empire with Baghdad as its capital. 187 1 year, Kuwait became a county in Basra province of the Ottoman Empire. Then Iraq and Kuwait became British colonies at the same time. 1923 Britain plans to establish the Kingdom of Iraq and the Emir of Kuwait respectively. 196 1 year, Kuwait declared independence, but Iraq refused to recognize it. For a long time, territorial disputes between the two countries have continued. Although Kuwait used money to "honor" Iraq from time to time, the Iraqi ruling and opposition parties always believed that Kuwait was a part of Iraqi territory and Kuwait was separated.