I would like to ask some questions about Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty.

2 Wei Wan, Dou Ying, Xuchang, Tian Fen, Xue Ze, Gong Sunhong, Li Cai, Zhuang Qingzhai, Zhao Zhou, Shi Qing, Gong Sunhe, Liu Quli, Tian Qianqiu

3 The Battle of Henan

In the second year of Emperor Yuan Shuo (127 BC), in the war between the Western Han Dynasty and Xiongnu, Han rode a general.

in the first year of yuanshuo, tarkan successively raided western Liaoning (the county ruled Yangle, now Yixian west of Liaoning), Yuyang (the county ruled Yuyang, now southwest of Miyun in Beijing), Yanmen (the county ruled goodness, now south of Youyu city in Shanxi) and other places. In the spring of two years, it raided Shanggu (the county ruled Juyang, now southeast of Huailai, Hebei Province) and Yuyang, killing more than one official and civilian.

In the case that the Xiongnu attacked the eastern border counties of the Western Han Dynasty continuously, Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, adopted the operational policy of riding Hu eastward, riding Han westward and attacking, and avoiding reality and being empty. Make Wei Qing recover Henan and Qin Changcheng, in order to safeguard the security of the border county and the capital Chang 'an. Wei Qing rode out of the cloud (the county ruled the cloud, now northeast of Togtoh, Inner Mongolia), crossed the Xihe River (now the Yellow River between Shanxi, Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia) and circuitous to the west, then went north again (now Wujiahe, Inner Mongolia), went straight into Gaoque (now Jilan Pass in the middle of Langshan Mountain, Inner Mongolia), and turned to the south to surround and raid the Xiongnu Aries King and Loufan Wang, who were nomadic in Henan. The king of Aries and the king of Loufan fled north. The Han army beheaded more than 2,3 people, captured more than 3, people and won more than one million cattle and sheep. Then take Henan land. Cross the North River again, break the Xiongnu Puni and Fuli, and take the desert south of Hebei.

After the war, the Western Han Dynasty built Shuofang County in Henan Province, which made Su Jianfa build 1, people to build Shuofang City (now north of Hangjinqi, Inner Mongolia), and repaired the Great Wall and barriers built by Qin Meng Tian. It also immigrated 1, people from the mainland to Shuofang to enrich the border defense.

Comments: In the battle of Henan, the Han army won an unprecedented victory, which first came from the active strategic deployment of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. When the Xiongnu army boasted on the northeast border of the Western Han Dynasty, he was not restrained by local defeat, but resolutely adopted the strategy of avoiding reality and making a virtual attack on the empty Henan land, thus firmly grasping the initiative of the factory war. Secondly, this victory also benefited from the success of long-range raids and the use of big circuitous tactics. Wei Qing and Li Xi led elite cavalry, dared to go deep alone, boldly crossed the gap between the Xiongnu Aries, Loufan two kings and Youxian king's jurisdiction, marched for more than a thousand miles, cut off the connection between Aries and Loufan and the hinterland of Xiongnu, and then outflanked them and went straight to Longxi, where the enemy was caught off guard. In addition, the victory of the Han army was also related to the fact that Aries and Loufan had few troops and weak combat effectiveness. This war, the two sides invested a small amount of troops and the scale was not large, but it was an important turning point in the history of the Sino-Hungarian War. The Western Han Dynasty recovered the Great Wall built by the strategic places of Henan and Qin Meng Tian, which made the northern border defense line of the Han Dynasty move further north along the Yellow River and added a barrier for Chang 'an, thus largely relieving the direct threat of Xiongnu to Guanzhong area.

Battle of Monan

From the fifth year of the Han Dynasty (124 BC) to the sixth year of the Han Dynasty, in the war between the Western Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu, Wei Qing led the army to fight back against the right-wing king's department and Khan's main force in Monan (south of the Mongolian desert).

in the second year of yuanshuo, after the battle of Henan (the area around Yike Zhaomeng in the southern Inner Mongolia of the Yellow River Hetao) (see the battle of Henan), the Huns were unwilling to lose, and successively raided Daijun (the county ruled Daixian, now the northeast of Yuxian County in Hebei Province), Yanmen (the county ruled the good, now the south of Youyu in Shanxi Province) and Dingxiang (the county ruled successfully, and now Tuchengzi in the northwest of Inner Mongolia and Linger). You Xianwang rode several times to attack Hanbian County, merged into Henan, harassed Shuofang County (now north of Hangjinqi, Inner Mongolia), and killed and captured the people.

Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, decided to launch a counterattack against You Xianwang and Hun Khan. In the spring of five years, Emperor Wudi countered the right king with more than 1, cavalry. Wei Qing, a general riding a car, rode out of Gaoque with a rate of 3, (now Jilan Pass in the middle of Langshan Mountain in Inner Mongolia), and commanded six generals, including guerrilla general Su Jian, strong crossbow general Li Ju, riding general Gong Sunhe and light general Li Cai, to go out of the North and attack the right Xianwangting from a distance; At the same time, Li Xi, Hou Zhang Cigong, the great bank, led his troops out of right Beiping (the county ruled Pinggang, now northwest of Lingyuan, Liaoning) to contain Zuo Xianwang's department.

Wei Qingjun went out for six or seven hundred miles, surrounded by night and attacked You Xianwang. Right XianWang unguarded, rate hundreds of ride away. Wei Qing captured more than 15, people and nearly 1 million livestock. In the spring of six years, Emperor Wudi ordered General Wei Qing to lead more than 1, generals, including General Gong Sun Ao, General Gong Sun He, former General Zhao Xin, General Su Jian, General Li Guang and General Li Ju, to ride out of Dingxiang to attack Xiongnu. Hit the Xiongnu Khan's main force, beheaded thousands and returned, resting in Dingxiang, Yunyun and Yanmen. In the summer of the same year, Wei Qing led six generals with more than 1, riders to attack Xiongnu once again, slaying and capturing 19, people.

Comments: In the battle of Monan, as far as strategic decision-making is concerned, it is obviously more appropriate for the Han army to take advantage of the weakness exposed by the Huns' right wing of Khan Court and choose Khan Headquarters as the target. However, because this campaign was the second large-scale strategic counterattack after the Battle of Henan, the attack of the Han army had lost its concealment and suddenness. The Xiongnu army learned from the previous failure and strengthened reconnaissance. Before the war, it had set an ambush and was ready for battle, so the Han army failed to achieve the expected goal. After fierce fighting, the Han army was able to win, to a great extent, by virtue of its military superiority and the heroic fighting spirit and excellent command ability of Wei Qing and Huo Qubing. After the battle, although Emperor Wu praised Huo Qubing, he did not reward Wei Yuyi at the end, indicating that he was not satisfied with the result of the battle. However, after the battle, the Huns' single-right Xianwang and Khan's main force suffered a heavy blow. He also faced up to the military power of the Han army and began to consider how to avoid the sharp front of the Han soldiers. He was forced to retreat to the bitter and cold area north of the desert, consolidating the Henan area and cutting off the connection between the eastern and western parts of the Huns, thus creating favorable conditions for later attacking the Huns in Hexi (now Hexi Corridor and Huangshui Valley) and getting through the Hexi Corridor.

Battle of Hexi

In the war between the Western Han Dynasty and Xiongnu, Han carried out two deep raids on Xiongnu in Hexi (now Hexi Corridor and Huangshui River Basin).

after Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, launched a strategic counterattack against the Huns, he successively won the battles of Henan and Monan (see the battles of Henan and Monan). Xiongnu Khan and Right Xianwang fled to the north of the desert, and only Xiutu Wang and Hunxie Wang were left in Hexi. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty seized the favorable opportunity and launched the Hexi War. This campaign is divided into two operations: spring and summer.

In the spring of the second year, the Han Dynasty took Huo Qubing as a general of the title of generals in ancient times, and led tens of thousands of skilled riders. They set out from Longxi (the county ruled Didao, now Lintao, Gansu), involved in the fox and slave water (now Shiyang River, Gansu), fought in five countries for six days, crossed Yanqi Mountain (now Huangshan Mountain in the southeast of Shandan, Gansu), and advanced more than a thousand miles to the northwest. Defeated Hugh Tu Wang and Hun Xie Wang, killed Wang Zhelan and Lu Hu, captured Hun Xie Prince, Xiangguo and a surname, captured more than 8,9 people, and the Han army lost seven tenths (see the first battle of Hexi).

In the summer of the same year, in order to further annihilate the Huns' effective forces and completely control the Hexi Corridor, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered Huo Qubing and Hou Gongsun 'ao to ride tens of thousands of fine horses, and set out from the north (the county ruled Maling, now northwest of Qingyang, Gansu) to attack the Huns in Hexi in two ways. Huo Qubing led his troops across the Yellow River, crossed the southern edge of the desert, detoured to Juyanze (now north of Ejina Banner, Inner Mongolia), crossed Xiaoyue's family in the west (now southwest of Yangguan Site in nanhu town, Dunhuang City, Gansu Province), turned to the southeast, and attacked Qilian Mountain (now northwest of Sunan Yugur Autonomous County, Gansu Province), and defeated Emirates Tuwang. 6,5 prisoners were released. More than 3 thousand beheaded. The Han army also suffered three tenths of casualties. Another road, Gongsun Aobu, failed to take part in the battle because he lost his way (see the second Hexi War).

In order to coordinate Huo Qubing's battle, Li Guang, the doctor of medicine, and Zhang Qian, the Wei Wei, led more than 1, cavalry, and set out from Right Beiping (Pinggang County, now northwest of Lingyuan, Liaoning Province) to attack Zuo Xianwang. Li Guang led 4, riders to the north for hundreds of miles. Because Zhang Qian failed to start on time, he was surrounded by Zuo Xianwang's 4, riders, and the sergeants all panicked. Li Guang ordered his son Li Gan to lead dozens of riders to attack the tarkan team to boost morale. And the cavalry will be arranged in a circle to defend against the enemy. When the Huns attack, the crossbows will be fired. Fighting all day long, the arrows of the Han army will be exhausted, and Li Guang, armed with a strong crossbow "rhubarb", shot and killed several Huns in succession, thus alleviating the Huns' attack. By the next day, more than half of the Han troops were killed or injured, and the Huns were also killed or injured. When Zhang Qian arrived at the rate of Wan Qi, Zuo Xianwang cleared the way and withdrew from the north, thus completing the task of containing Zuo Xianwang (see the battle of Li Guang and Zhang Qian against Xiongnu Zuo Xianwang).

After the war, Yi Suai was defeated by the angry evil king and the King Xiutu, and he wanted to be summoned to the court to punish him. The two kings were afraid, but they asked Han for surrender. King Xiutu repented, so Hun Xie Wang killed King Xiutu and all his followers, and * * * more than 4, people surrendered to the Han Dynasty (see Huo Qubing's battle to meet Hun Xie Wang). In the Western Han Dynasty, people were divided into five counties, namely Longxi, Beidi, Shangjun (the county governs skin facilities, now Yuhe Fort in the south of Yulin, Shaanxi Province), Shuofang (the county governs Shuofang City, now the north of Hangjinqi, Inner Mongolia), and Yunyun (the county governs Yunyun, now the northeast of Togtoh, Inner Mongolia), which are called five countries. Since then, there have been few Huns attacking and plundering in Longxi, Beidi and Hexi areas, so they reduced their garrison by half.

Comments: In this battle, the Western Han Dynasty adopted the tactics of the Great Cavalry Group, such as deep circuitous, long-range raids, continuous assaults, etc., which made the Xiongnu unprepared and suffered a devastating blow. The reason why Huo Qubing lost the Xiongnu Army in Hexi in a row in a few months was not only due to the wise strategic decision of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty to use troops in Hexi, but also due to the following factors. First of all, the fourth army chose the right combat opportunity and used the tactics skillfully. Xiongnu always fought in autumn when the horses were fat, while the Han army's cavalry operations were not completely affected by the seasons, and they could attack in spring and summer. This time, the Han army took a short break after fighting in the spring, and then launched a second attack. This way of continuous fighting broke through tarkan's operational routine, which completely surprised the Huns, and thus achieved good results of taking the enemy by surprise and taking him by surprise. Secondly, the commander-in-chief of the Han army is brave, the soldiers can fight and have strong combat effectiveness. Huo Qubing stood out in the Battle of Monan, and this time he went to Hexi, which was the first time he led the troops independently. This young commander-in-chief has always had a fierce fighting style. He is not afraid of hardships and strong enemies. When fighting, he "dares to go deep and often rides ahead of the strong army", which can not but greatly boost the morale of the Han army and inspire them to fight bravely. The heroic actions and high fighting spirit of the vast number of officers and men of the Han army provided an important guarantee for winning the war. Third, the Han army paid attention to distinguish between the main enemy and the coerced elements, and divided and disintegrated the hostile forces. Hexi has always been a multi-ethnic settlement. Under the rule of Xiongnu slave owners and nobles, ethnic contradictions have always been sharp. In the two cities of Hexi, Huo Qubing paid attention to the use of contradictions within the Huns, and adhered to the policy of "giving up service until success is achieved". As long as the enemy said that he would return to his eyes, he would forgive him and not ask, but focused on a small number of stubborn enemies who refused to surrender and persisted in resisting. The first time I marched into Hexi, I crossed the Kuaipu tribe without fighting, and the abandoned war at the foot of Gaolan Mountain only wiped out the "sharp and fierce" without harming the innocent, all of which were concrete manifestations of the policy of "giving up service until success". This not only played a considerable role in dividing and disintegrating the enemy and winning the victory of the war, but also had a great influence on all ethnic groups in Hexi, prompting tens of thousands of people of the evil king to surrender to the Han court later. The battle of Hexi brought about great changes in the power contrast between China and Hungary. This service made the Huns lose Hexi after losing Henan, and the foundation of their rule in the western region was completely uprooted. Since then, Xiongnu has not only been in a passive position for a long time in the struggle for the western regions with the Han Dynasty, but also suffered great economic losses.

Battle of Mobei

In the fourth year of the inaugural ceremony of the Han and Yuan Dynasties (119 BC), in the war between the Western Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu, the two sides fought a strategic decisive battle north of the desert.

After Liu Che, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, launched a strategic counterattack against the Xiongnu, he successively won the battles of Henan, Monan and Hexi. The Xiongnu Khan and the right sage Wang Yuan fled to Mobei, greatly alleviating the border troubles in the northwest border of the Western Han Dynasty. However, the Huns did not give up their attack on Hanbian County. In the autumn of three years, tens of thousands of tarkan invaded Right Beiping (the county ruled Pinggang, now Lingyuan West, Liaoning) and Dingxiang (the county ruled Chengle, now Tuchengzi, northwest of Inner Mongolia and Linger), killing thousands of officials and people.

In order to wipe out the Huns' main force completely, Emperor Wu was determined to take advantage of the Huns' erroneous judgment that the Han army was unable to fight across the desert. In the spring of four years, he concentrated 1, cavalry, led by General Wei Qing and General Huo Qubing, a title of generals in ancient times, to attack Mobei and seek the Huns' main force to fight. In order to ensure the transportation and supply of munitions of the Big Cavalry Group, 4, private horses (say 14,) for transporting luggage and hundreds of thousands of infantry for transporting the trench were organized to join the army.

the original plan of the Han army was to start from Dingxiang and March northward, with Huo Qubing as the main force. Later, I learned from the prisoner's confession that Khan was in the east, that is, he changed the original deployment, Wei Qing still left Dingxiang, and Huo Qubing left the county in the east (the county ruled the county, now the northeast city of Yuxian County, Hebei Province). Yi Shan Xiekhan learned the news that the Han army had attacked Mobei, adopted Zhao Xin's suggestion, moved the people's and animals' trench to the rear, and led a good soldier to wait in Mobei.

Wei Qing led former general Li Guang, left general Gongsun He, right general Zhao Shiqi, and later general Cao Xiang * * * 5, rode out of Dingxiang. After that, he learned from the prisoners that the list lived, and Li Guang and Zhao Shiqi joined forces to go out to the host country to coordinate. They rode north for more than a thousand miles, crossed the desert, and saw Khan waiting in array. Even if they were surrounded by martial arts vehicles, they rode out for 5,. At sunset, Wei Qing surrounded Khan with his left and right wings. Khan was defeated, so he led Zhuang to ride hundreds to break through and escape. The Han army chased after Zhao Xincheng in Kanyan Mountain (now a south branch of Hang 'ai Mountain in Mongolia), and captured more than 19, people before and after. Li Guang and Zhao Shiqi failed to arrive as scheduled because they lost their way.

Huo Qubing led his troops out of the fortress, crossed the desert, and went more than 2, miles north, where he met Zuo Xianwang. After fierce fighting, Zuo Xianwang was defeated and routed. Huo Qubing sealed the wolf in Xushan (now Kent Mountain in Mongolia) to worship heaven, and Zen Gu Yan Mountain (now Kent Mountain in Mongolia) to worship the land, and returned it to the vast sea (now Lake Baikal in Russia). * * * captured and beheaded more than 7, people.

This battle wiped out more than 9, Xiongnu troops, making them unable to cross the desert to the south for a while. The Western Han Dynasty also lost tens of thousands of troops and more than 1, horses. Since then, the two sides have temporarily stopped fighting.

Comments: The Battle of Mobei was the largest and most arduous battle between the Western Han Dynasty and Xiongnu, and it was a successful battle in the grassland area, occupying an important position in the history of ancient China war. Han army's operational guidance was clear and well-prepared. On the basis of winning three battles in Henan, Monan and Hexi, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, according to the operational experience of using cavalry groups to carry out long-distance raids and outflanking after practical training, and taking advantage of the paralysis psychology of Hun Wang Tingbei who mistakenly thought that the Han army did not dare to go deep into Mobei, decided to take it by surprise and boldly formulated long-distance raids, going deep into Mobei, sweeping caves and searching for fighters. At the same time, he made careful preparations before the war. In addition to concentrating the most elite cavalry and the best warriors in the country, he also mobilized a large number of horses and infantry to transport grain and grass to solve the supply problem of long-distance operations. In the battle, the commander-in-chief of the Han army gave full play to his excellent command ability, made full use of the characteristics of the big cavalry group's quickness, mobility and impact, and attacked in different ways with superior forces. He not only dared to go deep into the enemy's territory, but also was good at detouring for seconds. Especially, Wei Qing, after encountering the main force, tactfully used the new tactics of guarding the car, riding and attacking, and cooperating with each other, first using the defense energy of the chariot.