Immigration history of naturalized persons

Since the pre-Qin era, mainland immigrants have continuously entered the Japanese archipelago. The earliest recorded Japanese history book, Japanese Ancient Stories and Records, refers to immigrants as "Han people", "modern people", "Wu people", "Tang people" and "naturalized people". The migration of mainland immigrants to the Japanese archipelago can be divided into four periods, namely, the Qin and Han dynasties-the beginning period; Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties-climax; Sui and Tang dynasties-duration; Song and Ming dynasties-the end. In order to absorb advanced culture and introduce technical talents, the Japanese imperial court sent envoys to Chinese mainland and the Korean Peninsula for many times to seek and induce Han Chinese to come to Japan, and various factors promoted the climax of mainland immigration to Japan. The third time was the Sui and Tang Dynasties (from the end of 6th century to the beginning of 10 century). At this time, the Sui Dynasty completed the unification of China, ended the three-century north-south division, and China feudal society began to enter its heyday. Especially in the early Tang Dynasty (from Zhenguan to Kaiyuan), the country was unprecedentedly strong and the people lived a rich and healthy life. In contrast, Japan is in a painful period of transition from a slave society to a feudal society, with declining national strength, numerous internal contradictions and constant infighting. The upsurge of mainland immigrants moving eastward has gradually subsided. Although some intellectuals, artisans and monks were still persuaded by Japanese messengers to go to Japan, the number was already a spent force compared with that of the Jin Dynasty. On the contrary, the powerful Tang Dynasty strongly attracted the Japanese at that time to send envoys to visit and study in the Tang Dynasty regardless of the stormy waves. Chao Heng in Li Bai's poem quoted at the beginning of this article is one of the most famous international students (Japanese name is Abe Zhongmalu). When the envoys of the Tang Dynasty were sent back to Japan, the Tang Dynasty sometimes sent envoys to accompany them. Because of the danger of sailing, they often stay in Japan and become naturalized. Such as Shen, Yuan Jinqing, etc., all served in the Japanese court. Monks in the Tang Dynasty also sent envoys to Japan, the most famous of which was Du Dong in Jian Zhen. Interestingly, with the large-scale personnel exchanges, there have been many transnational marriages between Tang and Japan. For example, Qinghe, the ambassador of the Tang Dynasty, married a Japanese bride. It can be seen that transnational marriage is not a fashion today, but it was more common as early as more than 1000 years ago in the Tang Dynasty. After the Anshi Rebellion, the Tang Dynasty was weak and the people were struggling. At this time, until the end of the Tang Dynasty, there were many Eastern Airlines, but the scale could not be compared with that of the Jin Dynasty. There is even a legend that Yang Guifei was not hanged at Ma Yi, but fled to Japan with the messenger. It is said that some people in Japan claim to be their descendants. After the abolition of the envoys in Tang Dynasty in Song and Ming Dynasties in 895, up to the Yuan Dynasty, Sino-Japanese relations tended to be cold, official exchanges basically stopped, and the large-scale organized wave of naturalized immigrants in the mainland basically ended. It is well documented that in the 25th year of Hongwu (1392), Zhu Yuanzhang "gave Fujian people thirty-six surnames" in Ryukyu. These immigrants from China mainly taught Ryukyu China's advanced production technology and culture. The Ryukyu Kingdom also offered gifts. For example, in 1606, when King Shang Ning was posthumously sealed, he asked the Ming people to be naturalized. For example, Chua Meier from China is a descendant of Cai Xiang, while Lin is a descendant of the family. In the brutal national war and massacre in which the Yuan Dynasty destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty and the Qing army entered the customs, some adherents of the Southern Song Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty (mainly Han people in the south of the Yangtze River) moved to Japan (such as Zuyuan, the abbot of the famous Wenzhou Yanshan Nengren Temple in the Southern Song Dynasty, and Zhu Shunshui, a adherent of the Ming imperial clan, etc.), but the number was insufficient. One of the main reasons is that since the Tang and Song Dynasties, the progress of shipbuilding technology in China and the use of compasses have greatly improved the navigation skills of China people. A large number of poor farmers and war refugees began to cross the ocean to make a living in Nanyang, where natural conditions are more favorable. With a large population, a narrow land and a dense population, Japan has gradually lost its appeal to mainlanders and is no longer the preferred destination for overseas immigrants from China. /kloc-At the end of 0/7, the rule of the Qing Dynasty became more and more stable, the policy of ethnic oppression was eased, the economy developed from recovery, and it began to enter the last and longest prosperous period of feudal society-the prosperous period of Kanggan; Japan entered the Tokugawa period and the Tokugawa period, and both China and Japan pursued the national policy of closing the country to the outside world, and official exchanges were interrupted again. By this time, the motive force that triggered the immigration tide no longer exists, and the history of Japanese immigrants moving to Japan, which lasted for nearly 2000 years, finally came to an end. The social contribution of naturalized people Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, due to the influence of natural disasters and war disasters, Han people in the Yellow River basin have been migrating to the south and northeast of China. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Han people who migrated to the Northeast once again entered Le Lang and Daifang County, becoming natural communicators of Chinese culture. Later, Le Lang and Daifang counties were involved in the war, and the Han people who settled there were forced to move to the southern part of the Korean peninsula, and some directly entered the Japanese archipelago, so they were called "naturalized people". According to the records of early Japanese history books, such as Ancient History and Japanese Book, the Han naturalized people on the Korean peninsula often claim to be descendants of Qin Shihuang or Emperor Gaozu. After living in Japan, their lifestyle, habits and characteristics have changed, but the psychological state, thoughts, feelings and consciousness of the race cannot be easily eliminated. Therefore, although they have settled in Japan for a long time, they still consider themselves Han Chinese even after becoming authentic Japanese residents. The representatives of naturalized people are Qin, Zhi and Xi Wenshou. According to Historical Records and Japanese Book Ying Ji Ji Shen, in the early 4th century, Gong Yuejun led his 120 counties to be naturalized in Japan. This is the origin of the so-called Qin clan. Their activities in Japan are mainly agricultural technology and civil engineering related to agriculture. Silkworm rearing and silk making are one of the main occupations in this family. At that time, although there were sericulture and silk weaving industries in Japan, the technology and quality were low. After the Qin family arrived in Japan, sericulture and silk weaving in the Japanese archipelago developed. In the second half of the 5th century, due to the slavery and personal possession of local aristocrats, few naturalized Han Chinese engaged in independent production, which seriously affected the development of sericulture and silk-making industry. Therefore, King Xionglue ordered the collection of the adherents of the State of Qin, made him the leader of the Ninth Palace, and led his people to raise silkworms and make silk, which made great contributions. King Wang Daxi of Japan gave him a special surname, Bo Daogong. Later generations took the word Qin as the Chinese character of Porto and wrote it as Qin Jiugong. In the long-term production activities, the Qin family gradually accumulated wealth and became a powerful local tycoon, becoming one of the important surname giants in ancient Japan. Its leader also became the effective official of the Japanese king, formed the leader of the regional group, and joined the senior ruling group of the Japanese king to become a member of the Japanese ruler. Until today, Japanese surnames such as Haneda, Haneda, Haneda and An Tian are pronounced "Hata" in Japanese, meaning "weaver". They proudly claim that their ancestors immigrated from China in the Han and Wei Dynasties and made a living by sericulture and silk weaving. The ancestor of Na Zhi in the Eastern Han Dynasty was Gui. According to the Book of Japan, in the times, Ji Shen and Aki led the people of seventeen counties to move to the Japanese archipelago. They have all kinds of handicraft production knowledge and technology, made weapons and daily necessities for Japanese kings, such as armor, bows and arrows, spears and shields, and brought iron production technology from China and the Korean Peninsula to Japan. On this basis, they worked with Japan to create Japanese iron smelting technology, making Japanese swords a treasure of the world. The Akihito family made remarkable achievements in handicraft industry. Some of them gradually became middle-and lower-level officials in the imperial regime of Japan, and then became "officials and aristocratic families", forming a force that cannot be ignored in ancient Japanese society, and eventually became a surname and a direct family of aristocratic families in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Western cultural leaders are another group of naturalized Han Chinese. Some of them may have arrived in the Japanese archipelago before Qin and Naoko in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Many intellectuals among the naturalized people of this clan are engaged in writing work in the Japanese royal government. They are responsible for sorting out government books and records, drafting and translating foreign affairs documents, etc. Some of them may be descendants of translators in the period of Xie Matai. At that time, the Japanese government's foreign affairs were mainly diplomacy with China and diplomatic activities on the Korean Peninsula, both of which had to be done in Chinese. Therefore, Chinese characters and China's classic books were gradually introduced into Japan through their hands, which laid the foundation for the introduction of China's Confucianism into Japan. With a large number of economic activities, naturalized Han groups, such as Qin's family, Zhishi's family in the Eastern Han Dynasty and Shishi's family in the Western Wen Dynasty, gradually formed a large family of local surnames, entered the Japanese royal government and became a part of the Japanese ruling class. They hold some important positions, such as being in charge of the historical department and the two warehouses, Nei Zang and Da Zang, among the Sanzang in the Tibetan Department. In the 5th and 6th centuries, naturalized Han Chinese served as envoys of the Royal Government of Japan for many times and went to the Southern Jin Dynasty to handle foreign affairs. Their profound knowledge and rich experience in diplomatic activities influenced the direct jurisdiction of the Soviet Union and gave him the upper hand in the struggle against the old Japanese forces. In 592, at the instigation of the Su family, Naoki of the Eastern Han Dynasty took advantage of his position to lurk in the palace and stabbed the Emperor Chongjun who opposed the Su family. The participation of naturalized Han Chinese in such fierce contradictions shows that the upper class among them has completely become an integral part of the early ruling class in Japan. The Han people who migrated to the Japanese archipelago are not limited to the above three ethnic groups. Since the naturalized Han Chinese who entered the Japanese archipelago could not meet the demand for talents in various fields, the Japanese government also requested the governments of China through diplomatic channels to support the needed skilled workers, or recruited craftsmen from China through Baekje. These naturalized Han Chinese also contributed to the development of Japanese technology and culture, which made Japanese sculpture, painting, fabric and embroidery form a unique style and laid a solid foundation for the formation of bird culture later. According to Japanese historical records, the introduction of Buddhism into Japan is also related to the conversion of Han people. It is recorded in the Notes on the Destruction of Vietnam that in the thirty years (AD 299), after Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty, a man who claimed to be Gao Wangui came to Japan by boat. He took the soil from Tanaka, molded it into a three-foot-high bhikkhu statue in front of the hut in Shiga County, and began to preach Buddhism. Because of his contribution to the spread of Buddhism, he was named Sanjin White by the Japanese king. It is recorded in Fu Sanglue that in 522 AD, after Sima Jia in the Southern Dynasty, a man named Sima Dazhi came to the Japanese archipelago and lived in Bantian Village, Yamato Takashi County. He built a thatched cottage and dedicated a Buddha statue that the Japanese had never seen before, and worshipped it every day. Although the above two stories are legends, they show that the naturalized Han Chinese played a media role in the process of Buddhism being introduced into Japan. Another important achievement of naturalized people is the spread of Chinese characters to the Japanese archipelago, which created conditions for the formation of Japanese characters. They are engaged in writing work in the royal government of Japan and are responsible for drafting and translating foreign affairs documents. Domesticated people also represent the highest level of knowledge. More than a quarter of the authors of China's poetry collection "Huaifengzao" written in the 8th century are naturalized people or their descendants. Therefore, the famous Japanese historian Naito Hunan once pointed out: "The study of Nara Dynasty is the study of naturalized people." Due to the differences between Japanese structure and Chinese structure, Japanese structures are gradually mixed in the process of Chinese use, and some Japanese proper nouns that are difficult to express their meanings in Chinese gradually adopt the method of phonetic notation with Chinese characters, which has become the bud of Japanese Chinese characters. And this process has always involved naturalized people. In the eighth year (AD 600), Shoto Kutaishi sent envoys to the Sui Empire for the first time. Although the name of the envoy's day is not recorded, there should be descendants of naturalized people in the mission, just like later envoys. In the 15th year of Tui Gu (AD 607), Xiao Ye's elder sister was the ambassador and translation was the welfare, thus forming the second mission to Sui Dynasty. An Fuli is a descendant of Han nationality, and his ancestor An Jiangui moved to Dahe Shangxia Taoyuan area during the reign of Wang Wuxiong. Later, there was a relationship between Anzuo's poems and Suvo's poems, which was once called Anzuochen by Suvo's poems, indicating the deep relationship between them. The Anzuo family has played an active role in the development of Japanese bird culture. Sister Xiao Ye returned to China at the beginning of the fourth year of the Great cause of Sui Dynasty (AD 608) after completing her mission of visiting Sui. Yang Di ordered Wen to pay a return visit to Japan at the same time. When Pei completed his mission and asked to return to China, Shoto Kutaishi immediately took Xiao Ye's sister as the ambassador, Ji Shixiong as the deputy ambassador, and An as the translator to form an escort group to send Pei back to China. There are also 8 international students and monks in this mission, including 3 international students, Japanese Yin Fu, Gao Hua, and Imayashito Daguo as naturalized Han nationality; The other four learned monks, Jinming, Nanyuan Han, Shigeyin and Jinming, Guangqi, are naturalized Han. These overseas students and scholars have studied in China for twenty or thirty years, and extensively studied politics, economy, culture, technology, medicine, art, the establishment of government institutions, the promulgation of laws and regulations and other aspects during the Sui and Tang Dynasties. They have made great contributions to national construction after returning to China. Among them, Gao Xiang, Hyunri, Nanyuan and others went to express their condolences and played an important role in overthrowing the Soviet dictatorship. After overthrowing the Su family, he was appointed by the reformists as Dr. Guo, that is, a political reform consultant. In 654 AD, Gao Xiang, as an important member of the Reformists, personally led a delegation composed of ambassadors and deputy ambassadors to the Tang Dynasty in the name of "emissary". Later, due to overwork, Yu Yonghui died in the Tang Dynasty in the fifth year (654). The influence of naturalized people on Japan is enormous. According to the records of newly written surnames compiled by the Japanese emperor's government in the early 9th century, among surnames with certain political status in the Japanese emperor's government, there are 324 naturalized surnames (some of which are Han) collected in Beijing, Shancheng, Yamato and Shejin, accounting for about 30% of all surnames in Japan. Although these 30% naturalized people are not all Han nationality, the proportion of Han nationality will not be small. Japanese historian Nojiro Murakami said, "Just count the numbers of our ancestors. It can be said that every Japanese in modern times has inherited the blood of all the living Japanese before 1000 years. Therefore, it must be admitted that no matter who we are, our blood contains 10% or 20% of the blood of ancient naturalized people. Although it is popular to say that our ancestors assimilated naturalized people, this is not the case. Naturalized people are our ancestors. The jobs they are engaged in are not suitable for Japanese talents. They are themselves a Japanese who do work. " As he said, the Han people who went to the Japanese archipelago are consciously building Japan as a member of the Japanese, and they objectively played a role in promoting cultural exchanges between China and Japan.