household registration system

A book registration system established by successive governments in China to master the number of registered accounts. This system was established at the latest during the Warring States period. In the sixteenth year of Qin Shihuang (23 1), men were ordered to register their age regardless of maturity, which supplemented the old household registration system. The household registration in the Han dynasty is also called the name.

Household registration system in Han dynasty

The Han government attached great importance to the number of registered permanent residence, which was the basic basis for the government to deal with the people, collect tribute, make utensils, prescribe diet, promote military service and organize the army. Korea follows the old system of the previous generation, and county and Taoist officials are responsible for registering and checking accounts every year. It was called case comparison or case comparison at that time. On the basis of case comparison, counties and Taoist officials fabricated household registration. The contents of household registration include the population, name, age, native place, identity, appearance and wealth of each household.

Sanguo household registration

Many people lost their nationality when the three countries were at war. After the Western Jin Dynasty unified the whole country, the national household registration system began to stabilize. At that time, the household registration used yellow wooden slips treated with drugs, so it was called yellow registration. The Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties inherited the system of the Western Jin Dynasty, and still used the surname of Huang, but there were temporary accounts for the northern refugees living in the south of the Yangtze River, which were called Bai nationality. Anyone who enters the white nationality has no corvee tax. In addition, folk songs and tenants attached to the gentry were not included in the Yellow Book. In view of this phenomenon, in order to ensure the national fiscal revenue, the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties carried out many "soil breaks". Its central content is to sort out the household registration, include some white households into yellow households, and investigate hidden households. Due to the continuous southward movement of refugees, the land-breaking policy ran through the whole Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties. In the Northern Dynasties, the household registration system was gradually improved. The reform of filial piety, with the decree of land equalization, should be accompanied by a stricter household registration system. There are accounting laws and household registration laws in the Western Wei and Northern Zhou Dynasties.

Household registration system in Tang dynasty

The household registration in Tang Dynasty mainly includes household registration, land and taxes. It is stipulated that it should be built every three years, which is based on annual accounting and hands-on registration. The household registration is very specific and detailed. The purpose is to strengthen control, prevent escape, and ensure that the number of people exploited by tribute will not decrease. However, escape is inevitable, and fraud is also emerging one after another. In Song Dynasty, according to whether private households have tax property or not, the government divided the national residents into two categories: main households and customers. Among the main families, according to the amount of tax or family income, rural families are divided into five grades, and Chinese families are divided into ten grades.

Song dynasty edition

There were two versions in Song Dynasty: hukou version and tax version. The household registration edition is sometimes called version or household registration, also known as family property book, category 4 book, or category 5 book and category 5 book. Two, the tax version is also called tax rent book, summer and autumn tax book, summer and autumn tax management account, etc. It is equivalent to doing household registration every three years and accounting every year in the Tang Dynasty. After Zhao Fu Law and Jia Bao Law were implemented in Xining period, although the fifth-class household book was not explicitly abolished, it was gradually replaced by Jia Bao book. In Liao Dynasty, households were divided into four groups (palace tents), tribes and five counties. In the Jin Dynasty, the registered permanent residence was transferred to Zhouxian and Meng 'an Mouke (Han people and Bohai people were not allowed to fill in Meng 'an Mouke). Its accounts are kept for three years.

Household registration in yuan dynasty

At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China (1206), Mongolia registered nomadic people nationwide according to the household system, registering 95,000 households, and implementing the distribution of leaders among Genghis Khan's children. These are all registered in the youth book. 127 1 year, the great khanate of Mongolia was renamed Dayuan. After the Yuan Dynasty unified the whole country, residents were divided into ordinary civilian households and military households, post-station households, craftsmen households, salt households, Confucian households, medical households, musicians, monks and Taoist priests, eagle houses, hunting and other dozens of types according to their occupations, and were given the names of households with various colors. Once determined

Membership is not necessarily easier, hereditary, and bears different taxes. Because there is no fixed-term household registration system, the divorce of household registration from reality in Yuan Dynasty is particularly serious.

Household registration system in Ming dynasty

Ming Taizu Hongwu for three years (1370), was registered as a national household registration by the Ministry of Life and Household Registration. The format of the post of the Ministry of Housing is formulated by the Ministry of Housing, and the counties issue engravings and send them to Li Jiahu. The Yellow Book of Tax Service has been compiled for fourteen years, but the household posts are gradually not allowed or even abandoned. The so-called tax yellow book is a system used by the Ming Dynasty to manage household registration and collect taxes. Because they are all made of yellow paper, they are named. In the fourteenth year of Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, on the basis of popularizing the Li Jia system throughout the country, he wrote a letter to compile the yellow book on tax service. It is stipulated that every mile (1 10 households) should be compiled into a book, and the first category of the book is always a picture, which records the number of tax and grain accounts. Book IV: One for the introductory department, one for each department, prefecture and county. The yellow book is compiled by all households, so it is also called the yellow book of citizenship. After the yellow book is compiled, a piece of paper will be sent to each household, indicating the number of grain signed by the household in four columns, and the grain will be collected as cop accordingly. The yellow book is made up every ten years. According to the old books, fill in the changes of household population and property. This can not only grasp the changes of family property in the country, but also make the tax burden as reasonable as possible. In addition to civilian yellow books, there are also military yellow books. It is used to manage military households to inherit military posts, repair the army and prevent escape. It is also in quadruplicate, that is, one for the Ministry of War and the province, prefecture and county where it is located.

Household registration in Qing dynasty

In the Qing Dynasty, the system of levying tax was established along the Ming Dynasty, and the number of people was determined by Ding Kou, so it was necessary to check the number of people to levy Ding Fu, so the system of editing and auditing accounts was established. Edited about once every five years. The compilation method divides households into four categories: military, civilian, craftsman and stove, and each category is divided into upper, middle and lower levels. Every 1 10 households in urban and rural areas is a unit. The city is called Fang, the city is called near the township, and the countryside is called Li. Fang, Xiang or Li, ten of them are considered as the length of a, and the remaining 100 households are divided into the length of a. Each household reported the number of men aged 65,438+06 ~ 60 (individual provinces, such as Jiangxi, once included women) to the length of A, and the number of men above A was reported step by step, and the household department summarized the national total and reported it to the emperor. There were many disadvantages in editing and editing in Qing Dynasty. Small officials at all levels extort money by this, and the people are unbearable; Some officials are afraid that it will be difficult to urge extra food because of the increase in population, deliberately concealing accounts and unwilling to report real figures; Businessmen and refugees cannot be registered in time; It is difficult to count the population of remote areas and ethnic minorities. So the edited figures are often false. In the fifty-first year of Kangxi (17 12), it is stipulated that people born in prosperous times will never pay taxes, and the tax payment service will always be based on the number of Ding in the fifty-year money and grain book of Kangxi. During the Yongzheng period, Ding tax and local tax were combined into one, and Ding Yin spread into the field. In this way, it is meaningless to compile people for the purpose of fixing taxes, so the fourth year of Yongzheng (1726) was suspended. After five years of Qianlong (1740), every governor has to make a newspaper with the number of households and valleys every November. After thirty-seven years of Qianlong, he was ordered to stop editing and publishing forever.

Jianguo household registration

From 65438 to 0953, China entered the era of planned economy, and the country began to implement the first five-year plan.

1954, China promulgated and implemented its first constitution, stipulating that citizens have "freedom of movement and residence".

1In June, 955, the State Council issued the "Instructions on Establishing a Regular Household Registration System", which stipulated that all cities, towns and villages in China should establish a household registration system and start to unify the household registration work in urban and rural areas throughout the country.

In less than two years (1956 and 1957), the state has successively issued four documents to restrict and control farmers' blind inflow into cities.

1958 1, marked by the regulations on household registration in People's Republic of China (PRC), the China government began to impose strict restrictions and government control on the free flow of population. For the first time, urban and rural residential areas are clearly divided into two different types of household registration: "agricultural registered permanent residence" and "non-agricultural registered permanent residence". In fact, 1954 Constitution's provisions on freedom of migration were abandoned and migration was strictly restricted. In the era of China's planned economy, people who could migrate generally moved from other places to a certain place according to the distribution of the country at that time.

1975, the constitution officially abolished the freedom of movement, and it has not been restored since then.

1984 10 the State Council issued the Notice on Farmers Entering Market Towns, allowing farmers to take care of their own rations and settle in market towns.

1In July, 1985, the Ministry of Public Security promulgated the Interim Provisions on the Management of Urban Population, and the internal index of "rural to non-agricultural" was set at two ten thousandths per year. At the same time, the resident identity card system, which is the basis of population management modernization, was promulgated and implemented by the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) in September 1985. The gradual establishment of the socialist market economy has finally led to the corresponding preliminary reform of the household registration system.

1In June, 1997, the State Council approved the Pilot Program for the Reform of Household Registration Management System in Small Towns and the Opinions of the Ministry of Public Security on Improving the Household Registration Management System in Rural Areas, which clearly stipulated that * * * should be paid to those who work or set up secondary and tertiary industries in small towns, managers and professional technicians employed by organs, organizations, enterprises and institutions in small towns, and residents who buy commercial houses or legally build their own houses in small towns.

1In July, 1998, the State Council approved the Opinions of the Ministry of Public Security on Solving Some Outstanding Problems in Current Household Registration Management, which solved the problems such as newborn babies settling down with their fathers, husband and wife living apart, elderly people taking refuge in their children, citizens who invest in commercial housing in cities and their immediate family members living with their fathers. Anyone who has a legally fixed house in the city, a legally stable occupation or source of life, and has lived for a certain number of years meets the relevant requirements of the local government.

On March 30th, 20001year, the State Council approved the Opinions of the Ministry of Public Security on Promoting the Reform of Household Registration Management System in Small Towns, and no longer implemented the planned index management for those who handle permanent household registration in small towns.

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the changes of China's household registration management system can be roughly divided into three stages: the first stage, before 1958, is the period of free migration; The second stage, 1958 ~ 1978, is a strict control period; The third stage, after 1978, is semi-open.

Foreign system

At present, only three countries, China, North Korea and Benin, have implemented a household registration system that restricts free migration.

United States of America

United States: Implementing the Outline of Birth and Death Registration. Because the implementation of "household registration" cannot pass the laws of the United States, which considers it a violation of human rights, only the birth and death of citizens are registered, and citizens are free to move and immigrate at ordinary times. However, when a citizen moves to a certain place, his living conditions must conform to the city's hygiene and relevant laws and regulations. If he has a certain housing area and a stable income, he can stay there. Otherwise, the relevant departments will come forward to impose legal sanctions to safeguard the harmonious development of a city in this way.

France

France: The contents of household registration management are very detailed, including not only the date of birth, gender, singleton twins, but also parents' occupation, economic income, nationality, religious beliefs and other related contents. French household registration information is closely related to daily life, such as medical treatment and deposit. Once changed, it means that the whole life will change greatly, which can be said that it will affect the whole body. The French government has no compulsory administrative measures for cross-regional population mobility, whether urban people go to rural areas or rural people go to cities. No one will stop me from taking root as long as I want to. If you move, you only need to inform the original social insurance institution and transfer your personal data to the corresponding institution where your new address is located.

Japan

Japan: The household registration system is implemented, and each person's identity, husband-wife relationship, father-son relationship and so on are indicated by the family. Children have no right to establish their own household registration independently before they are 20 years old. Once they come of age, they are completely free. However, the most commonly used household registration text in Japan is called "resident ticket", which is established on the basis of everyone's place of residence, marked with person's name, date of birth, gender, relationship with the head of household and so on. The resident ticket in Japan moves completely with the address.

Thailand

Thailand: Thailand has specially promulgated the household registration regulations, which are divided into two parts: foreigners and domestic citizens. Its household registration (equivalent to that in China) is very strict, and the regulations stipulate that citizens must register in three parts, namely, income status, tax status and resume (including criminal record). Resumes involve citizens' personal privacy, and the state has a strict legal secrecy system, and relevant departments are not allowed to publish them to the public at will. Moreover, the household registration must also let the registered person press the fingerprint, which is very strict. These are all stipulated by law. Unlike China's household registration management, Thailand has detailed regulations on residents' migration and migration. Thailand implements the policy of ex post facto relocation. According to the regulations, for residents who meet the living conditions and have lived for more than 6 months, the relevant departments of the place of residence can register their household registration and recognize their household registration. However, in China, the policy of relocation in advance is implemented, and residents can only move with the permit issued by the relevant departments in the relocation area. Thailand's household registration management adopts the principles of market economy and the effectiveness of laws, which makes citizens who can't live in a city (especially a big city) (including economic income, housing, etc.). You can choose a city that suits your economic level according to market rules. This method is often more effective than administrative means.

Denmark

Denmark: Denmark's population registration system is very advanced and strict, and it is the first country to implement population management. The registration contents include citizen's name, date of birth, gender, marital status, tax payment, guardian, etc. Due to the historical tradition, Sweden is managed by the church, and the population registration has a history of more than 300 years. They also implement the system of resettlement afterwards.

Argentina

Argentina: Argentina in South America implements three registration systems: birth, marriage and death, which are similar to the household registration system in China. The state has a population registration bureau and an identity card system. The country also implements the ex post facto relocation system.

China policy

From April, 2065438 to April, 2004, Nanchang implemented a new policy that newborns settled down with birth medical certificates. No matter whether the newborn baby is born in the plan or not, it is only necessary to rely on the birth medical certificate, parents' marriage certificate and household registration book to register.

Nanchang implements a new policy that newborn babies can settle down with birth medical certificates. No matter whether the newborn baby is born within the plan or not, you can make an account only with birth medical certificate, parents' marriage certificate and household registration book.

No "birth medical certificate" of the baby, the applicant shall be required to apply to the local health administrative department for a replacement.

Children born out of wedlock, who hold the Medical Certificate of Birth, can apply for birth registration with the mother or father specified in the Medical Certificate of Birth; If the father is not indicated in the birth medical certificate, and it is necessary to register the birth with the father, a paternity test certificate issued by the relevant department is also required.

Subsequently, parents in Guangzhou, Nanjing, Zhengzhou, Wuhan and other places spontaneously held "I'm going to Nanchang" activities at local post offices and square gates, and mailed suggestions to local family planning departments and public security bureaus, hoping that humanized measures to decouple household registration from family planning could be promoted nationwide.