Thank you for the famous historical events in Yangzhou.

The 10th day of Yangzhou was an event of 1645 (the first year of Hong Guang in the southern Qing Dynasty and the second year of Shunzhi), which happened after the Qing army invaded Yangzhou City and massacred the civilians in the city. Due to the desperate resistance of Shi Kefa, the general of Nanming, to the Qing army at that time, on April 25th of the lunar calendar, after the Qing army captured Yangzhou, a massacre was carried out in Yangzhou. Wang Xiuchu, a survivor at that time, wrote "Ten Days in Yangzhou", which recorded that the massacre lasted for ten days, hence the name "Ten Days in Yangzhou". The record of Yangzhou Xunzi mainly comes from Yangzhou Xunzi. However, this book was banned from circulation by the Qing court for a long time, which led most people to know nothing about the massacre before the late Qing Dynasty. It was not until the end of the Qing Dynasty that someone with a heart brought this book back from Japan that the "Yangzhou Ten Days" incident was widely known, which made public opinion preparations for the success of the Revolution of 1911. According to Ten Days in Yangzhou, after the Qing army invaded Yangzhou, it carried out a ten-day massacre and later collected more than 800,000 bodies. However, in recent years, some people have expressed doubts about the authenticity of some contents of Ten Days in Yangzhou written by Wang Xiuchu, and pointed out that there are some contradictions in Ten Days in Yangzhou, and the number of deaths mentioned in it is obviously exaggerated. In their view, from the main aspects of Nanming army, Yangzhou garrison, Qing army and the number of residents, it can generally be explained that the statement that the Qing army slaughtered at least 800,000 people in Yangzhou Ten Days should be exaggerated, but what really happened in history should be the massacre of about100000 people on the fifth day. Speaking of "Jiading Three Slaughters", we need to start with the "tonsure order". The Qing dynasty was very cautious about letting the Han people shave their heads from the full system. After Hong Guang surrendered to North Korea and Prince Yu entered Nanjing, there was an announcement: "Shaving your head is the custom of this dynasty. Today, when soldiers arrive, they will scrape off their weapons, not their words, or their soldiers, or their people. You will have to shave yourself without knowing the law. Before, a shameless official shaved his beard first, and this country has been reviled. Special show. " However, this policy soon changed by 180 degrees. There are two reasons: first, the political situation has made unexpected rapid progress, and half of Jiangnan has surrendered. Except for the southeast and southwest, Manchu has basically controlled the whole central plains, and the appeasement strategy has achieved its goal; Second, Han officials added fuel to the fire. Although some surrendered officials have changed their masters, they are unwilling to be lonely, or they shave their hair automatically to show their loyalty, or write letters and suggestions to seek appreciation. The Qing Dynasty felt that the time was ripe for proper occupation of China, and its doubts were dispelled. In June of the same year, Dourgen issued a strict order to shave his head, saying: "Those who obey are the people of our country, and those who hesitate to disobey are responsible for felony." Shaving hair was psychologically unbearable for the Han people at that time. "Parents are endowed by the body and should not be hurt" has been an ethical concept for thousands of years and a deep-rooted way of thinking. Shaving hair is not only against tradition, but also an insult. Therefore, this policy was not only resisted by traditional intellectuals, but also angered the lower class. As a result, Jiangnan, which gradually calmed down, was ready to move again. Just like many towns in the south of the Yangtze River at that time, after Nanjing surrendered, Jiading once "made a fortune on the road, went out of the city to meet, and competed to expose it at the door with the yellow paper version of Qing Shunmin, sealing the seal of the city and the seal of the county". 19 1 1 On June 24, 2008, riots broke out in various places, and officials and people everywhere rose up in succession. Wu Zhikui, the commander-in-chief of Jiading, responded by driving away the county magistrate sent by the Qing government and occupying the city. At that time, Li Chengdong was pursuing the remnants of the Ming army that occupied Chongming Island. He came back from Wusong to suppress the troops, and the first massacre in Jiading began. On the first day of July, the two armies fought because Wu Zhikui's regular army had gone to Chongming. Although the local "township army" has gathered hundreds of people, they are all civilians, bustling, crowded and closed, belonging to the mob, without discipline, let alone organization and combat effectiveness. Although there are less than 5,000 troops in Li Chengdong, they are all well-equipped and well-trained soldiers. At the beginning of the war, Li Chengdong attacked with cavalry, and the rural soldiers scattered and trampled on each other, and were beaten out of the water and defeated. Li Chengdong attacked the city with artillery. "It shook all night, and crack day collapsed, and the lead scraps of artillery fell on the houses in the city, rustling like rain." On the fourth day after the destruction of Jiading City, Li Chengdong ordered the massacre and let his men plunder and slaughter. In the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Zhu's note "The Chronicle of Jiading Yiyou" recorded that "every time a soldier meets someone, he needs to call for a gift and wrap it around his waist, which is meaningful. When you meet another soldier, you can hold it as before. I have nothing to offer, so I don't have to chop three knives. Kill when everything is exhausted. Therefore, there are zombies all over the road, and they are all scarred. This kind of repeated chopping cannot be caused by one person. " The massacre lasted for a day, and about 30 thousand people were killed. "From Xiguan to Long Ge Town, the whole river is a floating corpse with nowhere to sail" (Jiading Yiyou Chronicle, the same below). On the other hand, Li Chengdong "seized civilian ships and loaded more than 300 ships with gold, silk, children, cattle, horses and sheep" and returned with full loads. The horror of killing didn't scare people. When Li Chengdong left, the scattered people gathered again. An anti-Qing righteous man named Zhu Ying led 50 people into the city, gathered troops and took control of Jiading again. "Township soldiers reunited and killed people who shaved their hair. Due to burning and looting along the road, smoke and fire are everywhere, and hair care is strong. " Li Chengdong sent Xu Yuanji to suppress it, because Jiading residents fled on hearing the news. This time, the target is mainly the suburbs. "Fiona Fang dozens of miles, vegetation has been destroyed. When the city has no owner, the bodies pile up into mountains ... the folk cigarettes are broken. " Waigang Town and Longge Town, in particular, were almost burned down because of the resistance of the town soldiers. This is the second massacre in Jiading. The aftermath of the resistance continues. On August 26th, green camp rebelled, and Wu, a subordinate of Feng Xianyou, a garrison general in Wusong, surrendered with Feng. However, it was a hopeless uprising, which was soon razed. Li Chengdong was angry, and Jiading suffered another disaster. Rebellion killed civilians in Emma Wu, and more than 20,000 people were killed inside and outside Jiading. This is the third massacre in Jiading. After the three butchers in Jiading, from then on, "from far to near, shaving hair is called clear and obedient to the people." Cruel blood finally suppressed the aftermath of the rebellion. Li Chengdong was promoted to the governor of Jiangnan because of his outstanding achievements in pacifying the south of the Yangtze River, but he was soon transferred to the Longwu Dynasty in southeast China to pacify Nanming, with many achievements, but the more attractive post of governor of Jiangnan was replaced by another commander-in-chief, Liu Liangzuo. It is worth mentioning that after Li Chengdong, the Qing Dynasty, as a great number of Depth Charge, acted as the precursor of attacking Yangzhou, and he also participated in the "Top Ten Yangzhou". However, it is impossible to verify the scale of the massacre in Yangzhou. It can be said that Li Chengdong is an unforgivable national sinner. As for the later anti-Qing dynasty, I felt that I was always being used as a gun, and my desire was not satisfied, but Li Yong's promise was more attractive. In fact, after he surrendered to Li Yong, he once controlled the military and political affairs of Nanming, but his downfall was faster. Such repeated villains, sadly defeated, died not enough.