Compilation of common knowledge of Chinese and classical Chinese in the first semester of junior high school

A summary of 1-6 classical Chinese phenomena

5. Shang Zhongyong

1. Tongjiazi

Zhongyong paid a visit to Yi people ("pu" connects to "pan", pulling, leading)

2. Accumulation of words

①Key words

Shili Geng (belongs to) < /p>

Referred to as hearing from the past (quite)

Zhong Yong’s enlightenment (reaching wisdom)

His poems are about raising parents and bringing in the family (and the same The people of the clan have good relations with each other)

He is the one who accepts each other (he)

It is like everyone else (complete)

The wiser than the talented person (the wise) ：Excellent. Talented people, talented people)

Visiting people in the city (visiting everywhere)

Those whose literary talents and principles are impressive (literary talents and principles)

< p>For a little while, his father is a guest (gradually)

Or begging for it with coins (asking for it)

Then the recipient will not be able to receive it (failure to meet the requirements)

②Using parts of speech

Adjectives as meaning verbs

The "qi" in "Yi people are strange" means "taking... as a surprise"

The "idi" in "father is different" means "to be surprised by..."

Noun as a verb

The meaning of "father is surprised" The "profit" in "guest" means "taking... as a benefit"

The "guest" in "guest's father" means "treating... as a guest"

The noun is used as an adverbial

The noun "日" in "Ri La Zhongyong paid a visit to the people in Yi" is used as an adverbial, which means "every day"

The verb is used as an adverbial< /p>

The "cry" in "Suddenly crying for help" originally meant the verb "to cry out", but here it is used as the adverbial "crying".

③The word has multiple meanings

Zi: 1. And Zi is its name (noun, self)

2. Zi refers to something that makes a poem (preposition, from)

Wen : 1. I have heard about it for a long time (verb, hear and hear)

2. It cannot be called what I heard before (noun, reputation)

It: 1. His poems are to support his parents (Pronoun, this)

2. A little guest’s father (Pronoun, his)

Ran: 1 The father benefits from it (Pronoun, this)

2 The crowd is gone (the ending of the adjective is like...)

Guest: 1 A little guest’s father (verb, treat each other with the courtesy of a guest)

2 So the guest They always change color and leave the table (noun, guest)

It is: 1 His poems mean to adopt parents and adopt family members (verb, become)

④Different meanings in ancient and modern times

< p>Zi refers to something that is written in poetry (ancient meaning: this, combined with "zi" means "from now on". Today's meaning: judgment verb)

Or begging for it with coins (ancient meaning: indefinite pronoun ,some. Imayoshi: Maybe, or. )

Those whose literary skills are impressive (ancient meaning: literary talent or reasoning. Modern meaning: expressing the order of articles, content or sentences)

A little bit like his father (ancient meaning: Gradually. Today’s meaning: a little. )

Without everyone (ancient meaning: ordinary people. Today’s meaning: many people, everyone.)

3. Sentence structure accumulation

1. Judgment Sentences

Fang Zhongyong, a citizen of Jinxi, lived in farming for generations.

2. Omitted sentences

The omitted object "zhi" in "Don't make students learn" can be supplemented with "Don't make students learn"; it is also omitted in "Ling Zuoshi" The object "Qi" can be supplemented by "asking him to compose poetry".

Omit the subject "I" in "Return from Yangzhou", which can be supplemented by "I return from Yangzhou".

Omit the preposition "Zhi" after "Zhi" "Yu" can be supplemented as "received from heaven"; the preposition "Yu" is omitted after "borrowed" in "borrowed from nearby"

3. Inversion sentence

"Return from Yangzhou" is an inversion sentence, and the correct word order is "Return from Yangzhou"

4. Accumulation of common sense

⑴Author

Wang Anshi, whose courtesy name was Jiefu and whose name was Banshan, was a politician, writer and thinker in the Northern Song Dynasty. He was a poet of the Tang Dynasty. One of the Eight Great Masters of the Song Dynasty, his poetry is powerful and fresh, and his prose is vigorous and upright.

⑵Literary Common Sense

This article is an essay. The narrative part adopts the method of recording observations, and then discusses it. Reveal the truth. The characteristics of ancient essays are that they are diverse in form, short and lively, and have a lot of narrative elements, which are the basis of lyricism and discussion. They do not pursue the vividness of details and strive to express the author's feelings and thoughts through one thing. clarify.

10. Mulan Poems

1. Tongjia characters

Tie Huahuang to the mirror (commonly known as "sticker", paste)

2 , the accumulation of words

①Key words

I left my mother-in-law (morning)

Buying a saddle (cushion under the saddle) in the West Market

But I heard the roar and splashing of the Yellow River (the sound of flowing water)

But I heard the roar and chirping of the Hu cavalry in Yanshan Mountain (the Hu people's war horses)

Going thousands of miles to join the army (war) < /p>

Twelve rounds of Ce Xun (recorded merit)

Reward hundreds of thousands of strong men (more than enough)

Mulan does not want Shang Shulang (unwilling to do it)

Go out to support the general (support)

The male rabbit's feet flutter (move)

Two rabbits walk side by side (run side by side)

②Using parts of speech

1. Noun as verb

The word "ce" in "Cexun's Twelve Turns" was originally a noun, referring to a booklet for recording events. It is used here as a verb, meaning "registration" .

2. Verbs used as nouns

The word "riding" in "Danwen Yanshan Hu Cavalry Tweeting" was originally a verb, but here it is used as a noun, meaning "war horse".

③The word has multiple meanings

Market: 1. Buy horses in the East Market (noun, market)

2. Willing to pommel horses for the market (verb, buy )

General: 1. The general died in a hundred battles (noun, senior general)

2. Go out to support the general (verb, support)

Post: 1. I saw the military post last night (noun, document, notice)

2. Huahuang post against the mirror (verb, meaning "post", to stick)

Machine: 1. No Hearing the sound of a loom (noun, loom)

2. Going to war for thousands of miles (noun, important affairs)

④Different meanings in ancient and modern times

Volume There is a grandfather's name (ancient meaning: refers to father. Modern meaning: refers to grandfather, that is, father's father.)

Two rabbits walk beside the ground (ancient meaning: running. Modern meaning: walking.)

But I heard the roar and splashing of the Yellow River (ancient meaning: only, adverb. Modern meaning: often used as a transitional conjunction.)

He went out to support the general (ancient meaning: outer city. Modern meaning: only Used as a surname.)

2. Sentence structure accumulation

1. Omitted sentences

The object "this" can be added if the object "this" is omitted in "Wish to be the city pommel horse" "I am willing to sell pommel horses for this purpose", "this" refers to the fact that my father joined the army.

2. Inversion sentence

The "what is she thinking" in "asking the girl what she is thinking" is the preposition of the object and is the inversion of "what is she thinking", correct The word order is "ask the woman what she is thinking about".

3. Accumulation of common sense

⑴Author

"Mulan Poems" is also called "Mulan Ci", which is selected from "Yuefu Poems" compiled by Guo Maoqian in the Song Dynasty. This is a Yuefu folk song from the north during the Northern and Southern Dynasties. "Mulan Poetry" is a popular and excellent poem in Chinese classical poetry. It is a masterpiece of northern folk songs in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and a wonder in the history of Chinese poetry. "Poetry of Mulan" and "Peacock Flying Southeast" are known as the "Two Jewels" in Yuefu folk songs.

⑵ Literary common sense

Following the "Book of Songs" and "Chu Ci", a new poetry style that can be sung with music appeared in the literary history of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, called "Yuefu". It has shone brightly and has become an integral part of the outstanding cultural heritage of the Chinese nation. "Yuefu" was originally the name of an official office, which was responsible for composing music, training musicians, and collecting poems and ballads for the court to sing during sacrifices and banquets. It could also observe the local customs and examine political gains and losses. It later became the name of the poetic style. . The music collected and composed by the Yuefu official office in the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties is referred to as Yuefu. Although the poems written by poets in the Wei, Jin, Tang and later dynasties are not in Yuefu, they are also called Yuefu or Yuefu.

15. Sun Quan encourages learning

1. Tongjiazi

Why do I want you to become a doctor in the classics (tong "ye", modal particles)

p>

Qing Jin is in charge of Tu (through "road", road)

2. Accumulation of Ci

①Key words

Qing Jin Dangtu Zhangshi (Qing, a term of endearment between kings and ministers or friends in ancient times. Dangtu, in charge, in power)

Dangtu Zhangshi (but, only. Dabble, a rough reading)

Treat each other with admiration (wipe)

Su Sui paid homage to Meng’s mother (therefore, he went)

Why do I want you to become a doctor in the classics (Gu, the ancient king’s self-proclaimed , can be translated as "I". Governance, research)

Mengnai began to study (that is, so, just., close to)

And Lu Su passed Xunyang (and, It’s time to... (passed, arrived)

That’s it, look at it with new eyes. Look at it with new eyes. Wipe your eyes with admiration.

Brother, it’s too late to see this. (See things, recognize things clearly.

Huh, ah, expresses an exclamation tone)

②The word has multiple meanings

Dang: 1. When Tu is in charge (used with "Tu", it is translated as "in power, in power") < /p>

2. When you dabble (should)

See: 1. See the past (verb, know)

2. See the fisherman and be shocked ( verb, see)

3. Brother, why did you see something so late (verb, recognize, recognize)

If: 1. Who is alone (verb, compare) < /p>

2. As if there is light (preposition, as if)

It: 1. How come it is so late, brother? (particle, cancels the independence of the sentence, not translated)

2. In the northeast corner of the hall (particle, of)

Nai: 1. I didn’t know that there were Han people (Jing)

2. Meng Nai began to study (so , just)

For: 1. Why do you want me to become a doctor in the classics (verb, do)

2. Not enough for outsiders (preposition, right, to) < /p>

③Different meanings in ancient and modern times

But when you dabble in it (ancient meaning: only. Modern meaning: turning conjunction.)

Why do you want me to become a doctor in the classics ( Ancient meaning: research. Modern meaning: governance.)

See the past (ancient meaning: history. Modern meaning: past things.)

And Lu Su Guo Xunyang (ancient meaning) Meaning: to arrive. Today’s meaning: to pass through. The preposition "yu" is omitted after "worship" and can be supplemented as "Su Sui worshiped Meng Mu".

2. Inverted sentence

In "Brother, why did you see the matter so late?" "He saw the matter" is the preposition of the object. The normal word order should be "Brother, why did you see the matter?" It's too late."

"The Mongolian and Israeli army have many affairs in their words" is an inverted sentence, and the normal word order should be "the Mongolian and Israeli army has many affairs in their words".

4. Accumulation of common sense

⑴Author

Sima Guang, historian and writer of the Northern Song Dynasty. The courtesy name is Junshi, a native of Sushui Township in Xia County, Shaanxi Province (now Xia County, Shanxi Province), and is known as Mr. Sushui in the world. He determined to compile "Tongzhi" as a reference for feudal rule. Emperor Shenzong gave the book the title "Zizhi Tongjian".

⑵Literary common sense

"Zi Zhi Tong Jian", written by Sima Guang of the Northern Song Dynasty. There are 294 volumes, and there are 30 volumes each of examination and table of contents. Chronological General History. Shenzong named it "Zizhi Tongjian" because "in view of the past, he is qualified to govern Taoism".

20. Ventriloquism

1. Tongjiazi

Manzai Jieran ("Si" is connected with "seat", seat)

Man All the guests sitting there stretch their necks (tong "seat", seat)

2. Accumulation of words

①Key words

There are people in Beijing who are good at oral skills (good at oral skills) , a person who is good at...)

Have a banquet with guests (meet, coincide with, catch up. Banquet, banquet, used as a verb)

Show eight-foot barrier (Set up, place)

All the guests sat together (sitting around)

But I heard a touch of ruler in the barrier (only)

The whole seat was silent, no one Those who dare to make noises (quietly)

There is a woman who is startled and unable to stretch (yawns and stretches)

Her husband talks nonsense (talks in sleep)

The woman touches her Infant milk (breastfeeding)

Everything is ready (all, all)

The guests feel less comfortable (meaning, mood. less, slightly)

Intermediate force The sound of collapse (mixed)

Although people have hundreds of hands (even)

Can’t name one of them (to say it, used as a verb)

Thought it was wonderful (thought, thought. Wonderful, extreme)

Changed color and left the table (color, complexion. Seat, seat)

Stretched out the sleeves and raised the arms (raised, raised )

The two legs are fighting (stocks, thighs. Fighting, shivering, fighting)

I almost want to go first (a few, almost, almost. Walk, run)

p>

Yiwu Xu Xusheng (pull)

②Using parts of speech

There is a good ventriloquist in Beijing (adjectives used as verbs, good at)

Wife

The guest is happy (the adjective is used as an adverb, slightly)

Cannot name one place (the noun is used as a verb, say something)

p>

③Different meanings in ancient and modern times

Gather guests at a banquet (ancient meaning: coincidentally, just in time to catch up. Modern meaning: get together, close up.)

Micro news There are rats making ropes (ancient meaning: vaguely. Today's meaning: small, subtle.)

The sound of pulling and collapsing in the middle (ancient meaning: mixed in. Today's meaning: inside.)

p>

The two legs are fighting (ancient meaning: thigh. Today’s meaning: quantifier.)

I almost want to walk first (ancient meaning: run.

Today's meaning: walking)

④The word has multiple meanings

Refers to: 1. The hand has hundreds of fingers (noun, fingers)

2. It cannot point to one end (verb, point out)

Jue: 1. Think it is wonderful (adverb, extreme)

2. The group has finished the sound (verb, disappear)

Seconds : 1. Everything is wonderful (noun, wonderful point)

2. Thinking it is wonderful (adjective, wonderful, wonderful)

Refers to: 1. The hand has hundreds of fingers (noun, Finger)

2. Cannot point to one end (verb, point out, indicate)

Action: 1. There is a rat making a rope (onomatopoeia)

2. Bai Qian Zuo (verb, beginning, the text is to make a sound)

Time: 1. The sound of pulling and collapsing in the middle (verb, mixed)

2. Then in Outsider interval (verb, discontinuity)

Yes: 1. When is (preposition, this)

2. Ask when it is today (judgment verb)

Sitting: 1. Sitting in silence (noun, "seat")

2. Sitting together (verb, sitting)

Name: 1. Can't name one place Also (verb, to say)

2. To give one’s own name (noun, name, name)

⑤Different meanings in ancient and modern times

But the sound of caressing in the barrier Chi (ancient meaning: only. Today's meaning: a conjunction indicating a transition.)

I heard a rat squirming (ancient meaning: listening. Today's meaning: sniffing with the nose.)

< p>The two legs are fighting (ancient meaning: thigh. Modern meaning: buttocks.)

I almost want to walk first (ancient meaning: running. Modern meaning: walking.)

Although people There are hundreds of hands (ancient meaning: even if, a conjunction indicating a hypothesis. Modern meaning: although, a conjunction indicating a turning point.)

Have a banquet with guests (ancient meaning: coincidentally. Modern meaning: meeting.) < /p>

The guests are less comfortable (ancient meaning: slightly. Modern meaning: small number.)

3. Accumulation of sentence patterns

Omitted sentences

The object "property" of "rob" is omitted in "the sound of snatching and the sound of splashing water", which can be supplemented as "the sound of snatching and splashing water."

Inverted sentence

" The word "guests at a banquet" in "a banquet with guests" is the preposition of the object, and the normal word order should be "a banquet with guests at a banquet with guests".

IV. Accumulation of common sense

⑴ Common knowledge of the author

Lin Sihuan, also known as Tieya, was a native of Jinjiang, Fujian Province in the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty. Qing Shunzhi first entered the soil. His works include "Collected Works of Tie Ya", "Hu Fang Preserved Manuscripts", "Sea Fishing Chapter", etc.

⑵ The article "Klouchi" of common sense of style is selected from "New Chronicles of Yu Chu? Preface to Autumn Sound Poems". "Yu Chu Xin Zhi" is a notebook-style novel selected and compiled by Zhang Chao in the Qing Dynasty, focusing on narrating stories.

25. Two short articles

1. Tongjiazi

Who is Ruduo Zhihu (tong "zhi", smart).

2. Accumulation of words

①Key words

Drinking in the river and Wei (Yellow River, Wei River)

Drinking in Daze in the north (Big Lake)

Become Deng Lin (Peach Neighbor)

Enter the sun (chase to the place where the sun sets)

See two children arguing (arguing, Argument)

Ask why (reason, reason)

I go when the sun starts to rise and people are close (to, think. Go, distance)

and The middle of the day is like a bowl (and, to. The middle of the day, noon)

The sunrise is cool (meaning cold)

The middle of the day is like a soup (hot) Water)

Confucius could not decide (judgment)

The two children laughed and said: "Which one knows more?" (sneer)

②Using parts of speech< /p>

The "North" in "Beiyin Daze" here is a noun as an adverbial, meaning "go to the north".

In "Tao died of thirst", "Tao" here is a noun as an adverbial, meaning "on the way".

The word "dong" in "Confucius's Journey to the East" is a noun. Here it is used as a Zhuang language, meaning "to the east".

The word "far" in "The sun is far away" is an adjective, and it is used as a verb here, meaning "far away from people".

③The word has multiple meanings

It is: 1. Turn into Deng Lin (verb, become)

2. This is not hot for those who are near and those who are far away Cool (verb of judgment, yes)

It is: 1. This is not far, small and close, big (verb, is)

2. Which one is Ruduo Zhihu? (verb, to say)

It: 1. Ask him why (pronoun, that)

2. Ask him about it (pronoun, it)

< p>3. Abandon his staff (pronoun, his or theirs)

④Different meanings in ancient and modern times

Kuafu and the sun chase away (ancient meaning: run. Modern meaning: Walking. )

The river and Weishi (ancient meaning: Yellow River. Today’s meaning: generally refers to ordinary rivers.)

And its day is like exploring the soup (ancient meaning: hot water. Today's meaning: the juice obtained after cooking food.)

Who knows more (ancient meaning: pronoun "you". Today's meaning: surname.)

I use the sun to rise. Go close to others (ancient meaning: distance.

Today's meaning: from the current location to another place)

3. Accumulation of sentence patterns

Omitted sentences

Omitted subject:

1. The subject "Kuafu" is omitted before "not yet" in "Before he arrived, Dao died of thirst." It can be added as "Before Kuafu arrived, Dao died of thirst."

2. "Ask him The subject "Confucius" of "question" is omitted in "Therefore" and can be supplemented by "Confucius asked why."

Omitting prepositions:

3. The preposition "yu" is omitted in "Drinking in the North from Daze", which can be supplemented by "Drinking from the North in Daze".

Omitting the object:

4. In "Not yet, Dao died of thirst", the object "Daze" of "Not yet" is omitted, which can be supplemented as "Not yet to Daze" , died of thirst."

Adverbials omitted

5. "I think when the sun starts to rise, people will be close to you, but when the sun is at midday, people will be far away." The Zhuang phrase "go to people" is omitted and can be supplemented as " I think when the sun is rising, people will be closer, and when the sun is at midday, people will be far away. The author of the 18 chapters in "The Classic of the Sea" is unknown, and the age of each work is uncertain. Modern scholars mostly believe that 14 of them were written by one person at a time, while the four chapters in the "Hai Neijing" are believed to have been written in the early Western Han Dynasty. The content is mainly geographical knowledge in folklore, and it preserves many ancient myths and legends.

② "Liezi" is said to have been written by Lie Yukou, a native of Zheng during the Warring States Period. There are eight chapters in "Liezi" that were lost early. The content is mostly folk tales, fables and myths.

⑵Style knowledge

① "Kuafu Zhuri" is a myth. p>

② "Two Children Debating the Sun" is a fable. A fable is a literary work that uses false stories or personification to explain a certain truth or to persuade or satirize.

30. Wolf

1. Tongjiazi

Zhi has remaining bones ("Zhi" connects with "only", only)

2. Accumulation of words

① Key words

Zhi has the remaining bones ("Zhi" is connected with "only", only)

The line is far away (follow closely)

To slaughter fear, throw bones (fear, fear. with, use)

The two wolves are driven side by side as before (together)

To slaughter the big embarrassment, for fear of being attacked by the enemy in front and behind (embarrassment, embarrassment, The situation is critical)

Gu Ye has a wheat farm (looking to the side)

The owner of the farm has accumulated salary (firewood)

Thatch is covered into a hill (covering, covering) )

Tu Nai ran and leaned under him, holding the knife (leaning, leaning, relaxing, unloading)

Looking at each other (looking at each other)

A wolf walked away (leaved)

A dog sat in front of it (like a dog)

His eyes seemed to be closed, and his mind was full of leisure (closed eyes, leisure, space)

The slaughter started (suddenly)

He was killed with several knives (killed)

A wolf burrowed into it (burrowed)

The intention is to move in to attack the rear (plan)

Stop exposing the buttocks

Butcher the rear and cut off the thighs

Yes Before enlightenment, the wolf pretends to be asleep to lure the enemy (sleep)

The wolf is also cunning (cunning)

The beasts can be deceitful (false, sleep)

It only adds smiling ears (that’s all)

② Inflection of parts of speech

Nouns as adverbials:

1. “The dog” in “one of the dogs is sitting in front” It is a noun, and it is used as an adverbial here, and it means "like a dog".

The verb is used as a noun:

2. In "Yitu returns late", "Tu" is a verb, and it is used here as a verb. Noun, meaning "butcher".

Noun as verb:

3. In "A wolf burrows in it", "hole" is a noun, here it is used as a verb, meaning "to dig a hole".

4. The word "enemy" in "fear of being attacked by enemies from both front and rear" is a noun, here it is used as a verb, meaning "to attack, to intimidate".

5. "Sui" is a noun in "It is intended that the general will enter in order to attack the rear", here it is used as a verb, which means "drilling a hole".

6. In "Wolf dare not step forward", "front" is a noun, here it is used as a verb, meaning "to step forward".

The verb is used as a causative verb:

7. In "Another number of knives to kill him", "kill" is an intransitive verb. Here it is used as a causative verb, "kill" is "Kill him to death".

③The word has multiple meanings

stop: 1. Stop with bones left (adverb, only)

2. A wolf has bones to stop (verb, stop )

Enemy: 1. Fear of being attacked by enemies (verb, hostility, the text means coercion and attack)

2. Cover to lure enemies (noun, enemy)

p>

Zhi: 1. Jiuzhi (supplementary syllable, meaningless)

2. The beasts can change so much (particle, of)

3. Killed with several swords (a pronoun, referring to the wolf)

4. The two wolves drive together as before (a particle, canceling the independence of the subject and predicate sentences, not translated)

Meaning: 1. Very idle (noun, expression, attitude)

2. The intention is to enter in order to attack the rear (verb, attempt, plan)

Front: 1. One of the dogs is sitting in front ( noun, in front)

2. The wolf does not dare to move forward (verb, to move forward)

Fear: 1. Fear of being attacked by enemies from both front and rear (verb, worry)

2. Fear of death (verb, fear)

Its: 1. Fear of being attacked by enemies in front and behind (the pronoun, they, refers to wolves)

2. The owner of the venue has accumulated salary among them (pronoun, wheat field)

3. Butcher is leaning on it (pronoun, firewood)

4. One of the dogs is sitting in front (pronoun, of)

5. It means that the general will enter in order to attack the rear (a pronoun, referring to the butcher)

With: 1. It means that the general will enter in order to attack the rear (a conjunction, indicating the purpose, can be translated as "come")

2. To lure the enemy (preposition, use)

④Old and modern idioms

Zhi Zeng Xiao Er (ancient meaning: ancient classical Chinese) When appearing at the end of a sentence, it is usually interpreted as "just". Today's meaning is: ears.)

To cut off the buttocks from behind (ancient meaning: thigh. Today's meaning: buttocks.)

3. Accumulation of sentence patterns

Omitted sentences

Omitted objects:

1. In "Too with bones", the object "zhi" of "Too" is omitted , on behalf of the wolf, can be supplemented as "throwing it with bones".

2. If the object "zhi" is omitted from "One Wolf Still Follows", it can be supplemented with "One Wolf Still Follows".

Omitting prepositions:

3. "The owner of the venue accumulates his salary among them" omits the preposition "yu", which can be supplemented by "the owner of the venue accumulates his salary among it".

4. The preposition "yu" is also omitted in "A wolf hole is in it", which can be supplemented by "A wolf hole is in it".

5. The preposition "yu" is omitted in "The butcher is running and leaning on it", which can be added as "The butcher is running and leaning on it".

Omitting the subject:

6. If the subject "Tu" is omitted in "Gu Ye has a wheat field", it can be supplemented by "There is a wheat field in Gu Ye".

Inverted sentence

7. "Yi" in "Throw with bones" is a postposition of the preposition structure, and the normal word order should be "with bones to throw".

IV. Accumulation of common sense

⑴ Common knowledge of the author

The author Pu Songling, also known as Liuxian and Liuquan Jushi, was a native of Zichuan, Shandong in the Qing Dynasty. He is a famous scholar in my country. of litterateurs.

⑵Style knowledge

This article is selected from "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio". "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio" is a famous literary work in my country. It is a collection of short stories with 491 articles in total. "Liao Zhai" is the name of Pu Songling's bookstore, "Zhi" means description, and "Yi" means strange stories.

Introduction to must-read masterpieces

1. "Childhood"

Author: Gorky

Content introduction:

"Childhood" is the first of a trilogy of autobiographical novels written by Gorky based on his own experiences (the other two are "In the World" and "My University"). It tells the story of Alyosha's childhood life from the age of three to ten. The novel begins with "I" going to live with my grandfather with my mother and ends with my grandfather asking "me" to go to the "human world" to make a living. It vividly reproduces the living conditions of the lower class people in Russia in the 1870s and 1980s. The grandfather opened a home dyeing shop, but as the family business declined, he became stingy, greedy, imperious, and cruel. He often beat his grandmother and children severely, and exploited his workers ruthlessly. Once, Alexey was beaten to death because he stained a piece of cloth. The young Alyosha was also beaten unconscious by him with a tree branch. He also secretly made loan sharks and even encouraged his helpers to steal things. The two uncles were also rough and selfish philistines. They quarreled and fought over the family property all day long and abused their wives crazily. In such a family filled with cruelty and hatred, young Alyosha experienced the pain and ugliness of the world prematurely.

However, even in such a terrible environment, there is also warmth and light. This is another kind of life for other people represented by my grandmother. My grandmother is kind, kind, smart and capable, loves life, is tolerant to everyone, and has a broad mind like a saint.

She was like a beacon, illuminating Alyosha's sensitive and lonely heart. She often told Alyosha some folk stories about pitying the poor and the weak, praising justice and light. Her influence on Alyosha was just like Gorky later wrote: "Before she came, I seemed to be hiding in the darkness and sleeping, but as soon as she appeared, she woke me up and led me to a bright place... It was her selfless love for the world. Love enriches me and gives me the strength to cope with the difficult life." In addition, there are also the optimistic and simple little Gypsy, the upright old worker Grigory, and the intellectual "good things" dedicated to science. With Alyosha's strength and support, he maintained the courage and confidence to live in a dark and dirty environment, and gradually grew into a strong, brave, upright and loving person.

As an autobiographical novel, "Childhood" tells the story of the writer's heavy childhood past. Regarding the people and things he has experienced and left painful memories in his heart, those "ugly scandals as heavy as lead", the writer cannot be in a relaxed mood when describing them, so the overall tone of the novel is Serious and low. But on the other hand, the novel is described from the perspective of a child, which gives the tragic scenes a layer of innocence and innocence. It makes it sad but not too heavy to read, making people read in the dark. See the light, see the goodness in the evil, see the light of humanity in the ruthlessness, and feel the great power of people to overcome the tragic fate in the tragic atmosphere.

2. "Robinson Crusoe"

Author: Daniel Defoe

Introduction:

In the middle of the 17th century, Robinson Crusoe was born in a middle-class family in England. He could have lived a peaceful and prosperous life relying on his abundant family property according to his father's arrangements. However, Robinson, who wanted to go out and make a living, became a sailor full of adventure and excitement, sailing on the rough and dangerous sea.

Due to the crash of the cargo ship, Robinson was alone on a desert island. In desperate situation, Robinson bravely challenged various difficulties with unimaginable strength and perseverance. He had a strong will and relied on his own wisdom and hard work to cultivate land, cut down trees and build houses, raise goats and build ships. With his positive attitude towards life, he not only survived, but also rescued a "Friday" who was about to be eaten by the natives.

Just as Robinson was actively preparing to rescue a man who had become aboriginal, When he was a Spanish crew member, his fate suddenly reversed. A cargo ship was hijacked by gangsters, and the captain and first mate were sent to a desert island. At this time, the resourceful and brave Robinson not only rescued the captain and first mate with clever plots, but also saved the ship and the lives of kind people. Robinson also ended his more than 20 years of desert island life and returned to England.

3. "Insects"

Author: Henri Fabre

Introduction:

"Insects" is an outstanding French novel Entomologist and litterateur Fabre's masterpiece is also an immortal work. It combines the author's lifelong research results and life insights, uses human nature to observe the nature of insects, and turns the insect world into a beautiful article for humans to gain knowledge, interest, beauty and ideas. This book is based on the selection principle of being faithful to the overall style and expression of the original French work, allowing Chinese readers to appreciate the true face of "Insects" for the first time. It is a miracle that a person spends his whole life observing and studying "worms"; it is even more a miracle that a person writes ten volumes of "worms" in his life; and these writings about "worms" His book has actually been reprinted and translated into more than 50 languages. Even a hundred years later, it will cause a sensation in the reading world again and again, which is a miracle among miracles. The creator of these miracles is Fabre, the author of "Insects". Fabre possesses "the thinking of a philosopher, the seeing of an artist, and the feelings and expressions of a writer." In this book, the author combines professional knowledge and life insights, and talks about them in a eloquent way. The author's unique vision of life and world affairs is reflected in the description of various insects, daily habits and characteristics. The words are filled with the author's respect and love for life. The publication of this book is regarded as the birth of animal psychology. "Insects" is not only a scientific masterpiece on the study of insects, but also a magnificent poem praising life. Fabre has also won the title of "Scientific Poet", "Insect Homer", "Virgil of the Insect World", etc. Laurel crown. Human beings are not an isolated existence. All life on the earth, including "spiders", "wasps", "scorpions" and "weevils", are in the same closely connected system. Insects are also an integral part of the earth's biological chain. The missing link is that insect life should also be respected. "Insects" is indeed a miracle. It is a movement of life composed by Fabre, an outstanding representative of mankind, and insects, the numerous ordinary people in nature. It is a book that can never be deciphered. Such a miracle may provide us with more precious revelations at this critical moment when mankind is about to enter the new century and the earth is about to usher in the ecological era.

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