Australia's humanistic environment

Australia is a self-governing territory of the Commonwealth. To put it bluntly, it is a country that has just been independent from British colonial rule and has not yet left this colonial system. It can also be said that it is an immigrant country. The nation is mainly British, right? 190 1 year, when the six colonies jointly declared independence, the population reached 3.8 million. Among them, England (53%), Ireland (23%) and Scotland (13%) are dominant. They combined with each other, assimilated and absorbed immigrants from other European countries, and formed a unified modern nation at the beginning of the 20th century. In addition, there are a small number of local aborigines, which should be rare. They were all driven to the desert in the midwest of Australia.

Australia is located in the southern hemisphere, ranking sixth in the world, only next to Russian, Canadian, China, USA and Brazil, and equivalent to four fifths of China. It borders the Pacific Ocean in the east and the Indian Ocean in the west, with a coastline of 37,000 kilometers. It is the only country in the world that monopolizes a continent. The topography of Australia is very distinctive. There are rugged rock areas, vast deserts and lush Pingdingshan mountains in the west and middle, continuous plateaus in the east, and a narrow beach gentle slope near the sea, which gradually turns into a plain to the west. The coastal areas are full of wide beaches and lush vegetation, and there are various landforms here: the cliffs of the Blue Mountains in the west of Sydney, the tall, beautiful and eroded volcanic neck in the Glasgow Mountains in the north of Brisbane, and the flat Yuan Ye on the south coast of Adelaide. Murray river and Darling River are the two longest rivers in Australia. These two water systems constitute the Murray-Darling Basin, with an area of about 1 10,000 square kilometers, which is equivalent to 14% of the total area of the mainland. Lake Aier is a huge salt lake near the center of the mainland, covering an area of more than 9,000 square kilometers, but it has already dried up. Most of Australia's land, about 70% belongs to arid or semi-arid zone, and most of the central part is not suitable for living. Australia has 1 1 great desert, which accounts for about 20% of the whole continental area. Because of the little rainfall, more than one third of the continent is actually covered by desert. Australia is the flattest and driest continent in the world. The central depression and western plateau are arid deserts, and the land available for animal husbandry and agriculture is only 260,000 square kilometers. Coastal areas, especially the southeast coastal areas, are suitable for living and farming. The mountains are rolling here, and Australia's famous Great Barrier Reef is rich in water resources and fertile land. Except the south coast, the whole coast forms a "green belt" around the mainland, and it is this "green belt" that feeds this country. However, Australia's barren and arid inland areas are rich in mineral resources. Australia's iron ore reserves rank second in the world, and various minerals have brought a lot of wealth to Australia. The average annual rainfall in Australia is 465 mm, which varies greatly and is unevenly distributed. The driest area is the Aier Lake Basin, and the annual average rainfall is less than 125mm. The wettest places are the northeast tropical region and the southwest of Tasmania. Australia has abundant water resources and fertile land along the coast, and most people live along the coast. The climate in Australia varies greatly. The northern part of the mainland has a humid tropical climate, the central and eastern regions and the western coast have a warm but not too hot climate, while the southern coast of the mainland and Tasmania are cooler. Generally speaking, all parts of Australia are warm in summer and not too cold in winter. In Australia, the highest temperature was recorded in the inland area of northeast China, reaching 53℃ in 1889. The coldest place is Charlotte Pass. 1994, the lowest temperature recorded in the snow field near Arcos Mountain in Cauchy was minus 23℃. Australia's climate is milder than that in Europe and America, especially in the north, and similar to that in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean. In Queensland, Northern Territory and Western Australia, the average temperature in January (midsummer) is 29℃ during the day and 20℃ at night. The average temperature in July (in the middle of winter) is about 22℃ and 10℃ respectively. The average temperature in New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia 1 month is about 26℃ during the day, 16℃ at night and 15- 17℃ in July respectively. Lake Eyre in the middle is the lowest point in Australia, with an elevation of12m. Murray river, the largest river in Australia, has a total length of 2589km and a drainage area of 300,000 square kilometers, with an annual average flow of 1.90 m3/s and a runoff of 5.95 billion m3. Australia is located between the South Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, and consists of islands and overseas territories such as Australia and Tasmania. It borders the Coral Sea and tasman sea in the Pacific Ocean in the east, and the Indian Ocean and its marginal seas in the west, north and south, with a coastline of about 36,700 kilometers. It covers an area of 7.692 million square kilometers, accounting for the vast majority of Oceania. Although surrounded by water, deserts and semi-deserts account for 35% of the country's area. The whole country is divided into three areas: the eastern mountainous area, the central plain and the western plateau. The highest mountain in China, Kosciusko, is 2230 meters high, and the longest river, Melbourne River, is 3490 miles long. On the east coast, there is the Great Barrier Reef, the largest coral reef in the world. The north is tropical, and most of it belongs to temperate zone. The annual average temperature in the north is 27℃, and that in the south is 65438 04℃. The inland areas are dry and lack of rain, with annual precipitation less than 200mm, and the eastern mountainous areas are 500- 1200mm.

Australia is an immigrant country, and multiculturalism is an inevitable feature of Australian culture. Immigration not only keeps Australia's population growing, but also improves the aging of the population. Immigration and multiculturalism have injected vitality into this country. The Australian government encourages residents of different races or nationalities, including indigenous people, to use their mother tongue as English at home or in public places, and also encourages people of any background and race to preserve their own culture. The Australian federal government and state and territory governments even provide various kinds of assistance and subsidies to reward individuals, groups and organizations that develop multiculturalism. From the perspective of mainstream culture, Australia belongs to western culture; Its lifestyle is similar to that of Western Europe and North America. Life in Australia is mostly relaxed and friendly, and most immigrants from all over the world like the life full of opportunities here. Although Australia is often described as a country dominated by rural areas, in fact, it is still dominated by urban culture and cosmopolitan lifestyle, including delicious food from all over the world. Australians like to drink beer. In their spare time, especially on weekends, many people like to go to bars to drink and chat with friends, enjoy music, or barbecue in the park. Australian cities give people an open feeling, with many open parks and green spaces dotted among them. Most parks in Australia are free, and there are no fences in them. There are paths in and out of the park in all directions. Convenient transportation can also easily bring people into national parks on the outskirts of the city.