On the contribution of Chinese in Australian history (specifically)

Dr. Sun Yat-sen has never been to Australia, but since the establishment of 1905 League, Mr. Sun Yat-sen has had extensive contacts with overseas Chinese of Guangdong nationality in Australia. He sent a special envoy to visit Australia to spread his revolutionary ideas. Overseas Chinese in Xiangshan, Australia, like overseas Chinese in other countries, enthusiastically supported the revolutionary movement led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen at the beginning of this century and made great contributions.

Unlike Southeast Asian countries with a long history of immigration, the overseas Chinese society in Australia was formed in the mid-1950s.

1850 years ago, there were few records about Zhongshan people in Australian history. 1850, gold mines were discovered in Victoria and New South Wales, Australia, which set off a gold rush and attracted many Xiangshan people. By 190 1, there were 29,627 overseas Chinese in Australia. In Victoria, most people are from Guangdong. According to Mr. Zheng Jiale, an old overseas Chinese, he once saw several tombstones of Zhongshan people in Balalle Chinese Cemetery in Dajinshan. It can be seen that there are also Zhongshan people in it, but only a few. But in New South Wales, Xiangshan people account for 40%. Xiangshan immigrants are mainly distributed in Sydney and Brisbane.

1869, after Victoria and New South Wales, gold mines were discovered in Queensland. China people rushed there to make a living after hearing the news.

1873- 1880, there were more than 10000 Chinese in Palma Goldfield near Kensburg in northern Queensland, and there were 17000 Chinese in its heyday, while there were 250,000 Chinese in Queensland that year. Among the Chinese in Kensbou, the number of Zhongshan people is the largest, and a small number are Siyi people. At one time, Zhongshan people accounted for 83.3% of all China people, and Siyi people accounted for 10.7%. Among Zhongshan people, Longdu people account for the majority. So Longdu dialect is very popular in Kemp. 1900 or so, three quarters of the shops on both sides of Chinatown in this area are opened by Zhongshan people, while only one quarter are opened by Siyi people. Around 1890, Zhongshan people established the Xiangshan Guild Hall and a Xiangshan Temple in the local area.

At the beginning, due to the shortage of labor, Australia welcomed Chinese to enter the country. However, due to racial discrimination, economic competition and cultural background differences, Australia has formulated a policy of excluding Chinese. Starting from 1855, Australian states stipulate that every 10 ton of ships transporting immigrants from China should carry 1 person. Otherwise, once discovered, both the contestants and the ship owners will be punished. Immigrants have to pay a poll tax of more than 10, as well as residence tax and protection tax. From 188 1 year, Victoria and New South Wales stipulate that the ship's deadweight will be increased to 1 passenger per 100 ton, and the entry head tax will be 10. Queensland has a quota of 50 tons 1 person, and the poll tax is 30 pounds. 1888, the second interstate conference in Oceania stipulated that the carrying capacity was limited to 500 tons 1 person, and the poll tax varied from state to state, prohibiting overseas Chinese from moving freely. 190 1 Australia also stipulates that immigrants who apply for entry must pass an examination with more than 50 words written in European characters (1905 changed to designated characters) before entering the country. At the same time, various states have enacted various economic laws and regulations to prohibit overseas Chinese from engaging in certain occupations and restrict overseas Chinese from setting up factories, resulting in various Chinese exclusion incidents from time to time and escalating. For example,1On July 4th, 857, more than 2,000 Chinese were robbed, 75 tents, 30 shops and many properties were burned, 3 Chinese were killed, dozens of people were injured, and Chinese property losses amounted to 50,000 pounds. Australian Chinese exclusion reached its peak at 190 1. 190 1 In September, Australia's federal parliament passed the immigration restriction regulations based on South Africa's Natal Act, which discriminated against people of color from entering Australia in the name of "language test", basically putting an end to the possibility of Chinese entering Australia. The situation of Chinese in Australia is extremely difficult, and the number of Chinese is declining. 190 1 year, the total population of Australia is 370,000, and the number of Chinese (including the second generation) is only over 30,000, accounting for a small proportion. All these make Chinese in Australia weaker than Chinese in other parts of the world. 19 In the 1980s, the whole of Australia was shrouded in an atmosphere of racial discrimination, and overseas Chinese lived in fear for many years.

Overseas Chinese in Australia constantly complained to the Qing court and made representations to protect their legitimate rights and interests. The Qing court sometimes protested, but the Australian government ignored the corrupt and incompetent Qing court, persecuted overseas Chinese, and made more and more overseas Chinese see the essence of the Qing government, hoping to overthrow the feudal dynasty, build a prosperous and powerful country, and make the motherland a powerful backer for overseas Chinese. Therefore, when Dr. Sun Yat-sen called for the overthrow of the feudal monarchy and the establishment of a republic, overseas Chinese enthusiastically responded with support.

However, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, who advocated constitutional monarchy, attached great importance to the work of overseas Chinese in Australia very early, and gained the support of overseas Chinese, and achieved certain results. Although Kang Youwei was prevented from reaching Australia by the Australian government, he wrote to overseas Chinese leaders in Australia, urging them to establish a royalist society. 1900 The royalist society established in Sydney has 249 members. From June 1900 to May190, Liang Qichao visited Australia and stayed there for half a year. At his instigation, Australia established 10 royalist association. On June 29th, 1898, the Donghua New Newspaper was published in Sydney, which later became the mouthpiece of the royalist society and puzzled many overseas Chinese.

With the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898 (1898), the revolution led by Sun Yat-sen aroused the awakening of overseas Chinese in Australia. They set up various societies, founded newspapers, donated money and materials, and supported the revolutionary movement led by Sun Yat-sen in various forms. (