History of Charlemagne Empire

At the beginning of the 4th century, Franks settled in the northeast corner of Roman Gaul as federalists. The Roman Empire's own military strength could not guarantee all its borders, so the Romans allowed some friendly nations called Federalists to enter its borders to help Rome maintain its borders.

When the Western Roman Empire began to disintegrate, the Franks took the opportunity to expand their territory, and at the same time, their southern Visigoths were also expanding their territory. At first, there was an enclave near Soyson in northern Gaul, isolated from the rest of the empire, but still loyal to Rome.

In 486 (or 487), the Franks occupied this place under the leadership of Clovis I, thus extending the territory of the Franks to the Loire River. Clovis was originally just one of many small Frankish kings. He accepted the still-effective Roman government, destroyed other small Frankish kingdoms and established a Germanic-Roman country. In 506, he fought Alamanni, and in 507, he defeated the Visigoths and almost completely expelled them from Gaul.

In the process of Frank's expansion, Clovis confiscated the land where the landlord was killed or fled as the property of the king. Clovis used this wealth to consolidate the kingship and continue to expand. He became the biggest landlord in the whole kingdom. By giving their land to other nobles to buy people's hearts, the system of fief gradually evolved. The king leased his territory to his subordinates in a limited time, thus solving the problem of managing huge property. At the same time, there is almost no currency trade in the Frankish kingdom. This was the foundation of the Frankish kingdom and the early feudal society in Europe.

In addition to the fief system, the Catholic church became the second pillar of the king. Under the influence of Krautil, Clovis converted to Christianity. Through his baptism (about 498 years, the exact time is controversial), he won the support of the Catholic Church. In this way, the Franks were supported by the local Gauls and Romans. It also marks the end of the late Gaul era and the beginning of the early Middle Ages. The king carried out his orders by sending envoys (earl and bishop).

In the Imperial Parliament in May11year, Clovis also gained the power that King Frank could influence the naming of bishops. At the same time, he tried to establish a unified church law throughout the Frankish kingdom. At the beginning of the 6th century (507 years later), Salik Code was promulgated. This is a Latin collection of French national laws. After Clovis died in 5 1 1, his kingdom was divided among his four sons. Although his descendants can unify the whole empire from time to time, under the influence of Germanic tradition, the empire is often distributed to his son after the death of the imperial father.

After the death of Dagbet I in 639, his son was able to inherit a unified kingdom again, but the real power of the country was in the hands of Gong Xiang and Empress Dowager.

These palaces try to control the power of the whole kingdom. From 657 to 662, the son of a court minister was adopted by the king and ascended the throne.

In 687, Pippin, the prime minister of Ostrasia, defeated the rulers of the whole kingdom, paving the way for the rise of Pippin Dynasty and Caroline Dynasty, but Pippin did not dare to usurp power at that time.

After the death of the pipeline in 7 14, there was a power struggle in China, and Charles Martel, the illegitimate child of the pipeline in 7 19, won. Matt, who is famous for his ferocity, is facing internal and external troubles. There are always different tribes in the kingdom trying to overthrow his rule.

In 732, he and his former enemies defeated the invading Arabs in the Battle of Tours. He is regarded as the savior of the Catholic faith in the western world. Later, he defeated Frisian, Saxons, Bavarians and Alamanni eastward, and these victories further consolidated his rule. In addition, he supported Lord Saint Boniface's missionary work in these areas.

After his death in 737, King Frank became the sole ruler of the empire, but like his father, he didn't have the title of king. According to Germanic tradition, Matt divided the empire between his two sons Pippin III and Carloman. In the subsequent struggle, Pipeline III won, and his brother and the last king of the Frankish kingdom, Milovian, were forced to enter the monastery.

In 75 1 year, he anointed the throne according to the ceremony in the Old Testament and became king. Three years later, Pope Stephen III anointed him again.

In 754, Pippin agreed to give Lavaine to the Pope, who recognized the Carolingian dynasty as the king of the Frankish kingdom.

In 755, the Pope began to ask the pipeline to keep his promise. Pippin fought Lombardy twice and gave all the land to the Pope, so Pippin actually became the founder of the papal state.

In 768, Pippin died, leaving his sons a politically and economically prosperous kingdom.

Charlemagne's younger brother died in 77 1, so Charley became the sole ruler of the empire. Charlie is still bound by the treaty between his father and the Pope, and he continues to fight the Lombards because they don't recognize the treaty.

He occupied the whole kingdom of Lombardy in 774. At the same time, he supported preaching to the East. It was not until 785 that his war with the Saxons determined his politics.

In 785, Herzogtum Von Sachsen Widgen surrendered to Charlie, but the war between the two sides lasted until 804.

Successive wars promoted the feudalization of the Frankish kingdom, and the number of peasants under feudal rule greatly increased. The power of feudal rulers, especially kings (later emperors) and dukes, greatly increased. The power of the church has also been consolidated. In order to consolidate the power of the country, Charlie established a series of border areas on the border, which were the defense buffer zone and attack assembly zone of the country. These border areas were sealed as privileged earl territories. In fact, these border areas are outside the empire and are not part of it. He immigrated to these areas and asked farmers to guard them and build castles there. The particularly important border area is Kernton and its northern border area, which later formed Austria.

In 793, Charles reformed the internal management of the kingdom and further consolidated the internal rule. The direct management institutions of the king are the palace, the royal court and the prime minister's office. In the kingdom, the count manages the king's property. The king issued orders to the earl through his messenger and ruled the disputes between the earl. Ahern became the center of the emperor's palace and the Frankish kingdom under Charles.

On February 25th, 65438800, Charles was crowned emperor in Rome, which was the peak of his power. Charles ruled for 46 years, and he died in 8 14. His son Louis became emperor.

In 806, Charles stipulated that after his death, his son would divide the kingdom according to the Germanic tradition, but Louis decided to ignore this will and safeguard the unity of the empire.

In 8 17, a decree was issued to prevent the empire from splitting. His reason is that the names of emperors are inseparable, and he appointed his son lothaire as the deputy emperor. In his decree, he stipulated that the eldest son of the emperor should inherit the throne. His decision was supported by the church, which believed that the unification of the empire was the same as that of the church. In this way, the bishops of the empire intervened in politics: they became opponents of the emperor's son. These sons certainly want to leave the country.

There has been an armed conflict between the emperor and his sons since 829.

Lu Yi died in 840, and his son Rotel I became the sole ruler. But in 843, his three sons decided to divide the Frankish Empire into three parts in treaty of verdun.

The empire was later divided into feathers in 855, the Treaty of molson in 870 and the Treaty of Libermont in 880.

Since then, the Frankish Empire has never been unified. Different regions of the empire developed different customs, folkways and languages and became independent countries. At one time, people called the separated countries the Frankish Empire in the East and the Frankish Empire in the West, but after about a hundred years, these names also disappeared. Only "France" in the west continues to use the name Frank, while the Frankish kingdom in the east has evolved into a holy Roman empire, which continues to maintain the tradition of Roman emperors. In his will, Charlie stipulated that the empire would be shared by his three sons, Pippin, Louis and Charlie Junior. However, due to the death of Pipeline and charles ii in 8 10 and 810 respectively, this three-part plan was invalid, and Lu Yi was promoted to vice emperor in 8 13, and succeeded to his father's throne in 8 14.

After Louis decided to carve up the kingdom, he became hostile to his sons and went to war with them. In a palace coup in the early 1930s, Louis was detained by his sons and lost his real power, while his sons became more and more independent in their respective territories. Louis is actually only a nominal emperor.

Three years after Louis' death, Rothel I, Charlie and Louis divided the empire into three parts in treaty of verdun in 843, and the Frankish Empire ended and was never unified again. In 855, lothaire felt that in the feathery division, he gave his Middle Frankish Kingdom to his sons. After the death of lothaire's son, Bald Charlie and Germanic Louis carved up the central Frankish kingdom in the 870 molson Treaty. Finally, West Frank and East Frank carved up Lorraine and Provence, while Italy continued to maintain the status quo.

Bald Charlie tried to occupy the whole central Frankish kingdom, but failed. Louis III acquired the western part of the Frankish kingdom in the Treaty of Libermont, which led to the division of the Frankish empire. Throughout the Middle Ages, the boundary between East and West hardly changed.

Louis III, king of the West Frankish Kingdom, died in 882, Carloman died in 884, and Charles III of the East Frankish Kingdom was regarded as the emperor of the whole empire in 888.

Until the 20th century, France and Germany regarded each other as "heritage rivals".