Is the bigger the fruit apple, the better?

There is no such thing as different varieties.

Apple belongs to Rosaceae, a deciduous tree with oval and serrated leaves; The fruit is spherical, sweet and crisp. It is an ordinary fruit and the most common fruit. Rich in nutrition, it ranks first among the four major fruits (apples, grapes, oranges and bananas) in the world. Apples are usually red, but there are also yellow and green ones. Apple is a dicotyledonous plant with reddish or purplish red flowers, most of which are self-sterile and need cross-pollination. Fruit is developed from ovary and receptacle. The flesh is crisp and sweet, which can help digestion. Note: The apple core is slightly toxic, so spit it out when eating to prevent swallowing, even if the juice is squeezed, it is best to remove it.

Apple is a low-calorie food, which only produces 60 kilocalories per100g. Apple is known as "living water" because its nutrients are soluble and easily absorbed by the human body. It is beneficial to dissolve sulfur and make skin smooth and tender. Apples also contain elements such as copper, iodine, manganese, zinc and potassium. Without these elements, the skin will be dry, fragile and itchy. Apply it to the area under dark circles, which can help to eliminate dark circles. [ 1]

The trunk is generally as high as 15 meters, but it is generally only 3.5 meters when cultivated. The trunk is grayish brown, and the bark has fallen off to some extent.

gingkgo

apple

Latin scientific name

apple

Another name

Peace fruit, wisdom fruit, Yan Bo, extraordinary child, natural child, ordinary woman

boundary

plant kingdom

door

Vascular endothelial cell

summary

Magnolia

subclass

Rosa subclass

eye

Rosales

suborder

Rosesuborder

The branch of academic or vocational research.

Rosaceae

Yako

Apple subfamily

belong to

Compass constellation

grow

apple

Distribution area

Temperate regions of the northern hemisphere

Main producing area

Tianshui, Guanzhong, Yantai, Wanrong and Luochuan

English name

apple

Gong Yong

Promote fluid production to quench thirst, clear away heat and relieve annoyance, strengthen stomach and promote digestion.

Sexual taste

Flat in nature, sweet in taste and slightly sour.

country of origin

Europe, Central Asia and West Asia

Name and year

Mill, 1768

catalogue

1 quality characteristics

Apple origin

morphological character

nutritional ingredient

2 growth habits

bloom and bear fruit—yield positive results

Fruit quality

Fruit development

Climatic requirements

Main categories

Cultivation history

Cultivation status quo

China advantage

3 cultural elements

Folk implication

Ornamental value

nutritional ingredient

4 food taboos

Clever treatment of asthma

Antibacterial sterilization

Treat diarrhea

bring down the blood pressure

cancer prevention

Strong bones

Treat insomnia

Beauty function

Weight loss effect

Disadvantaged population

Matters needing attention

Edible method

Matters needing attention

5. Select and store

system of selection

Family storage

1 quality feature editing

Apple origin

Apple has been cultivated in China for more than 2000 years. According to legend, the "purple" eaten by Yu Xia is the red apple, which shows that apples have a long history in China. Guo of the Jin Dynasty wrote: "There are many cases in the west, and every family takes cut dew as preserved fruit, and hundreds of them are accumulated, which is called regular food." At that time, it was known that "on the second day of the first month, if the axe is mottled, it will spare the child." That is, it is similar to modern girdling technology and promotes more achievements. The technical level of apple planting in China in Jin Dynasty has reached a quite high level. Li, a poet in the Song Dynasty, wrote a poem in "100 Poems on the South China Sea", which has been recited: "There is autumn wind in the house, and the green leaves are not exhausted. I mistakenly think it is a flower, but I don't know that the pods are scarlet." By the Ming Dynasty, there were not only "plain naphthalene and bamboo green" ripened in summer, but also "Liangzhou had winter, which was ripe in winter, and the color was green" (Li Shizhen "played with the net, and smelled several steps"), and "if you taste Gan Song, those who are not ripe will eat it like cotton wool, while those who are over-ripe will rot the sand".

After European apples were naturalized in China in the middle of19th century, they gradually replaced cotton apples in China. European apples first settled in Luochuan County, Yan 'an City, Shaanxi Province.

[ 1]

morphological character

Apple in Rosaceae is a deciduous tree with a height of15m, grayish brown trunk and irregular longitudinal cracks or peeling of old bark.

Apple (3)

Falling, the branchlets are densely villous when they are young, and then become smooth and purple-brown. The leaf order is simple, alternate, ovoid to ovoid, 4.9 ~ 10 cm long, with a sharp apex and a obtuse and serrated edge. When I was young, I had hair on both sides, and my back was smooth and dark green. The white ribbon is red with a diameter of 3 ~ 5 cm. Pedicels and calyx have gray hairs. Calyx leaves are long and persistent, with 20 stamens and 5 styles. Most varieties are self-sterile and need to plant pollination trees. The fruit is slightly oblate, more than 5 cm in diameter, with concave ends and often ribbed ends. Flowering from April to June; The fruit period is from July to 1 1.

Apple buds are divided into leaf buds and flower buds according to their properties. Leaf buds are triangular, long and curved, and grow into branches after spreading leaves, which are called new shoots or vegetative branches. Branches can be divided into long branches, common branches, slender branches and leafy branches according to their growth. The flower buds of apples are mixed buds. The fruiting branches of mixed bud germination are generally divided into:

Short fruit branches: the length is less than 5 cm, the internodes are short, and the terminal buds are flower buds;

Medium fruit branches: 5 ~ 15 cm long, short internodes, stout branches, and the terminal buds are flower buds;

Long fruit branch: the fruit branch whose length exceeds 15 cm, and the terminal bud is a flower bud. Long fruit branches and developing branches are not easy to distinguish, and can be judged according to the fullness of terminal buds.

Axillary flower buds are buds formed in the axils of leaves of branches of the same year, and those that can blossom and bear fruit in the next year are called axillary flower buds. The flower bud differentiation of most apple varieties began in early June and ended before winter. The whole process is divided into three stages: physiological differentiation, morphological differentiation and sexual cell maturation. The flower buds are mixed buds and the inflorescences are corymbose cymes. There are 5 ~ 8 flowers in each inflorescence, mostly 5. The central flower blooms first, and the marginal flower blooms later. The central flower has the best quality, stable fruit and large fruit. When thinning flowers and fruits, the central flowers and fruits should be kept, and the marginal flowers and fruits should be thinned more. The bud leaves first, then blooms, and shoots from the fruit table. The number and length of branches on the fruit table vary with varieties and nutritional conditions of fruiting mother branches.

nutritional ingredient

Apples are fragrant and crisp, green apples are sour, and red apples are sweeter. Take the first bite of the apple, and you will definitely want to eat the second bite.

Apple is rich in sugar, mainly sucrose, reducing sugar and protein, fat, phosphorus, iron, potassium and so on.

apple

Materials; It also contains 76% malic acid, quinic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, tannic acid, pectin, cellulose, B vitamins, vitamin C and trace elements.

Every 100g of fresh fruit contains 52 kilocalories, 0.06 mg of thiamine, 4 mg of calcium, 0.2 g of protein, 0.02 mg of riboflavin, 4 mg of magnesium, 0.2 g of fat, 0.2 mg of nicotinic acid and 0.6 of iron. Manganese 0.03 mg, dietary fiber 1.2 g, vitamin E 2. 12 mg, zinc 0. 19 mg, vitamin A 3 mg, cholesterol 0 mg, copper 0.06 mg and carotene 0.2 mg. Phosphorus 12 (mg), retinol equivalent 85.9 (μ g), sodium 1.6 (mg), selenium 0. 12 (μ g).

2 growth habit editor

Apple is a deciduous tree with strong polarity, usually vigorous growth, tall crown and high trees.

Apple (14)

15 meters, usually about 3 ~ 5 meters high under cultivation conditions. The trunk is grayish brown, the old bark has irregular longitudinal cracks or flaking, and the branchlets are smooth. Fruit is a kind of kernel, and its color and size vary with varieties. Like light, like slightly acidic to neutral soil. It is most suitable for sandy soil with deep soil layer, rich organic matter and good ventilation and drainage.

Reproduction by grafting. There are two kinds of rootstocks: arbor rootstocks and dwarf rootstocks. Commonly used tree rootstocks are Juglans mandshurica, Haitang Xifu and Vitex negundo, and dwarf rootstocks are mainly imported from Britain. Wide rows and close planting are adopted, and the behavior is north-south. The soil in southern China is planted before freezing in autumn and winter, and in northern China it is planted during thawing in spring. Apple is weak in self-fruiting, so pollination trees must be arranged when planting.

Apple trees begin to bear fruit 2 ~ 3 years after planting. Under general management conditions, the economic life is 15 ~ 50 years, and the poor soil and extensive management are only 20 ~ 30 years. Due to the combined effect of apical dominance and bud heterogeneity, apples usually have strong dryness and obvious stratification. Due to the differences in germination and branching ability among varieties, the obvious stratification degree is also different.

bloom and bear fruit—yield positive results

Flowering: The flowering period of apples varies greatly due to different climates. Usually from April to May,

Apple (4)

There are 3 ~ 7 flowers in each bud, and the central flower blooms first. Apple is a cross-pollinated plant, and most varieties cannot bear fruit by themselves. The proportion of various fruiting branches varies with the age and species of trees. Usually, young trees have more long fruit branches and middle fruit branches. With the increase of tree age, the proportion of short fruit branches increased rapidly, reaching more than 70% in the full fruit period, and almost all of them were short fruit branches in the aging period. From the variety point of view, Jin Shuai and other varieties have more long fruit branches and medium fruit branches, and varieties such as Starkrimson and Red Fuji have a large proportion of short fruit branches, and varieties such as Liaofu are easy to form axillary buds.

Fruit setting: the normal fruit of apple, each fruit has 5 ventricles, and each ventricle has 2 seeds. During fruit development, seeds secrete hormones to stimulate pulp growth, so pollination is good, seeds are full and full, fruit shape is correct, and pulp is full; On the other hand, on the side with poor seed development or no seed, the pulp becomes thin and deformed, so pollination trees must be arranged to improve the pollination effect.

Fruit quality

Apple fruit is a fake fruit developed from ovary and receptacle, in which ovary develops into heart, receptacle develops into meat and embryo develops into seed. The volume expansion of fruit depends on the increase of the number of rapidly dividing cells in the early stage and the volume expansion of cells in the later stage.

Apple (4)

The volume expansion of fruit is faster in the middle period to before ripening, slower in the early and late period, and the fruit weight increases fastest in the month before ripening. The length of fruit development period is generally 65 ~ 87 days for early-maturing varieties, 90 ~ 133 days for middle-maturing varieties and 137 ~ 168 days for late-maturing varieties. Fruit color is an important indicator of commodities. The quality of apple coloring is closely related to the accumulation of sugar, the coordination of mineral elements, environmental conditions, and the types and contents of hormones.

Controlling application of nitrogen fertilizer, increasing application of potassium fertilizer, reducing chlorophyll in peel, improving ventilation and light transmission conditions, improving sunshine, good drainage, reducing air humidity and spraying NAA and 2.4-D hormone can all promote apple coloring.

From the appearance of buds to the harvest of fruits, apples usually have four flowers and fruits. The first time in the final flowering period, the pedicel falls off with withering, which is usually called falling flower. The second time, about a week after flower dropping, the ovary is slightly enlarged and lasts for 5 ~ 20 days, which is called early fruit dropping. 7 ~ 14 days after the third and second fruit drop, the fruit has reached the size of thumb nail, which has a great influence on the yield, so it is called physiological fruit drop. Yunnan usually occurs in May, and the phenology in the north is later than that in Yunnan, which occurs in June, so it is called "June fruit drop".

The fourth time, before the fruit is harvested, the mature or nearly mature fruit is dropped, so it is called pre-harvest fruit drop. The first and second falling flowers and fruits are mainly caused by insufficient nutrition and poor pollination and fertilization. The third fruit drop is caused by the fierce competition for nutrients among fruits and the lack of auxin in embryos. Because the osmotic pressure of leaves is greater than that of young fruits, the power to compete for nutrients is stronger than that of young fruits. Therefore, in addition to pinching and pruning branches to inhibit the growth of new shoots, it is necessary to apply huafei to supplement nutrients in time.

Fruit development

Apple peel color can be divided into background color and surface color. When the fruit is immature, the background color of the peel is generally dark green, and there are three situations when the fruit is mature:

Green fades or even disappears completely, and the background color is yellow;

Green is not completely faded, resulting in yellow-green or yellow-green background color;

Green doesn't fade at all, it's still dark green.

Sliced apple

When the fruit is ripe, the surface color of the peel is generally red, green and Huang San, and there are other colors, but they are rare.

The main pigments that determine the color of fruits are chlorophyll, carotene, anthocyanins and flavonoids. Anthocyanin is an extremely unstable water-soluble pigment, which mainly exists in cell fluid or cytoplasm. It is red at low pH, lavender at neutral and blue at alkaline. When it is combined with different metal ions, it will also show various colors, so fruits can show various complex colors.

Factors affecting the formation of anthocyanins

In addition to the heredity of varieties, the sugar content in fruits is the main factor affecting the formation of anthocyanins in apples. Anthocyanins are proanthocyanidins formed when pentose breathes violently. In addition, anthocyanins often combine with sugar to form anthocyanins in fruits. Therefore, the development of anthocyanins is closely related to the sugar content. Any factors that affect the synthesis and accumulation of sugar will affect the development of anthocyanins. Higher tree nutrition level, reasonable load, suitable ratio of phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen fertilizer and proper water control are all beneficial to the red development of fruit.

The effect of temperature on coloring is also related to the accumulation of sugar. When the temperature of mid-late mature apple varieties is above 20℃ at night, it is not conducive to coloring.

The firmness of pulp is also one of the important indexes of fruit quality. The hardness of pulp not only affects the taste of fresh food, but also relates to the storage and processing characteristics of fruit. The hardness of apple pulp is closely related to the cellulose content in the cell wall, the kind and quantity of pectin in the glue layer in the cell wall and the swelling pressure of pulp cells.

Climatic requirements

● Temperature

Apple pictures (2)

Apple tree is a temperate fruit tree that likes low temperature and dryness. It requires no cold in winter and no heat in summer. The suitable temperature range is the annual average temperature of 9 ~ 14℃, the extreme low temperature in winter is not lower than-12℃, the highest monthly average temperature in summer is not higher than 20℃, the annual accumulated temperature is ≥ 10℃, and the average temperature in the growing season (April ~ 10) is about 5000℃. It is generally believed that apples can be planted in areas where the annual average temperature is 7.5 ~ 14℃. The natural dormancy period of apples is very long. If the temperature in winter is too high to reach the low temperature required for winter dormancy, the germination in spring will be uneven.

Judging from the areas with the most apples in the world, the average temperature in Leng Yue in winter (65438+ 10 in the northern hemisphere and July in the southern hemisphere) is between-10 ~ 10℃, which can meet the requirements of low temperature for apples. The average temperature of the main apple producing areas in China 1 month is within this range. The average temperature 12 ~ 18℃ in the growing period (4 ~ 65438+ 10 month) and 18 ~ 24℃ in the summer (June ~ August) are the most suitable for apple growth. In autumn, the temperature is high during the day and low at night, and the fruit has high sugar content, good coloring, thick peel, more fruit powder and storage resistance.

● Precipitation

The precipitation per mu during the apple growing period is about 180mm. Generally, natural precipitation can actually be absorbed by fruit trees, which is about 1/3, so it is enough to have a precipitation of 540 mm during the growing period. Areas with rainfall below 450 mm from April to September need irrigation. The distribution of precipitation in northern China is uneven, with 70-80% concentrated in July and August, and the amount of water is insufficient in spring. There is little precipitation and water shortage in inland areas, so irrigation conditions and soil and water conservation measures must be considered when building gardens and selecting land, and drainage measures should also be paid attention to in rainy season.

● Sunshine

Apples (2)

Apple is a light-loving tree, and it can grow normally only when there is enough light. According to the measurement of Shandong Agricultural University, the light compensation point of Jinguan and emerging areas in Tai 'an is 600 ~ 800 m candle, and the saturation point is 3500 ~ 4500 m candle. In this range, the light intensity increases and photosynthesis is also strengthened. Insufficient sunshine will cause a series of reactions such as excessive growth of branches and leaves, weakness, poor resistance to pests and diseases, less differentiation of flower buds, less nutrient storage, low flowering and fruit setting rate, affected root growth, low sugar content of fruits, and chromatic aberration.

● Soil

Soil has a great influence on the growth, yield and quality of apples. The main factors are soil layer, soil ventilation and soil quality. In short, apples need deep soil, good drainage, rich organic matter, slightly acidic to slightly alkaline.

● Wind

Strong winds often bring many adverse effects to the growth and development of apples, such as causing crown deflection, affecting flowering, pollination, destroying leaf organs, fruit dropping and so on. Therefore, it is necessary to build windbreaks to establish apple orchards in windy areas.

Eliminate pests and diseases

Main diseases of apple:

Apple mottled defoliation

apple powdery mildew

Apple tree rot

Apple brown spot

Apple ring rot

Apple scab

Apple anthracnose

The main pests of apples:

red spider

Tetranychus urticae

Carnivorous insect

Lepidoptera golden insect

Leaf roller moth

Apple yellow aphid

scale insect

Apple aphid

Physiological diseases:

Apple bitter pox

Apple leaf spot

Apple tiger skin disease

Apple pitted

Apple water heart disease

Apple lobular disease

Apple yellow leaf disease

Apple atrophy disease

Main categories

There are about 25 species in this genus, most of which belong to this species or the sum of this species.

Apples (6)

A hybrid of other species. There are two varieties of this species: Daosheng apple and Paradise apple, which are often used as dwarfing or semi-dwarfing rootstocks. There are other species used as rootstocks in production, such as Xifu Begonia, Begonia fruit, Hubei Begonia, Henan Begonia, Shandingzi and so on. Most apple trees are cross-pollinated, and 2 ~ 4% of apple trees have ideal fruit setting. Although the size, shape, color and acidity of mature apples vary greatly with varieties and environmental conditions, they are generally round, with a diameter of 50 ~ 100 mm and a reddish or yellowish color.

There are thousands of varieties of apples, which are divided into three categories: wine varieties, cooking varieties and tail foods. The three varieties are different in size, color, fragrance, smoothness (and possibly crispness and flavor). Many varieties have high sugar content, moderate acidity and low tannin content. Besides raw apples, there are many cooking methods, which are often used as snack fillings. Apple scones may be the earliest American dessert. Fried apples are often eaten with sausages, pork chops and other dishes, especially in Europe. The latest taxonomic evidence shows that there are only more than 38 members of apple "family" (genus), so it is necessary to make clear.

apple

A "genealogy" doesn't seem difficult, but every species seems to have something in common with the apples we eat today. Each species can provide some fruits, although some tastes really bad. From this point of view, every variety of Malus may have contributed to the sweetness of apples in supermarkets. About 2000 years ago, there were orchards all over the world.

The famous varieties in the United States are snake fruit (Hong Kong called geographical snake fruit, referred to as snake fruit; Taiwan Province province is called five-claw apple), delicious gold and so on. A new variety is being discovered in Badsey Island, North Wales, England, which is healthier than ordinary fruit trees. Except for pests, it will not get sick, and it is called the rarest apple in the world by the media.

The main varieties are: Liaofu; Geneva is early; Green in summer; Fu Shuai; Anna; Tengmu1; Jesse Mike; Royal Gala and its budding series; Shouhong; New red star; Super red; Ruby; Qian Qiu; Crown; New world; Jonathan and his variation line; Qin Guan; Wang Lin; India; Fuji varieties; Lu Ao; Australian green apple; Guoguang;

Generally red; Nong Xin red apple; Meng Huahong; White water apple; Luochuan apple; Pucheng apple; Apple varieties New Jonakin and Shouhong; Lingbao Apple-Huaguan; Qixia Apple-Red Fuji; Flower cow; Beidou; Jin Shuai; Dashahe [2]

Cultivation history

Apples are native to central and southeastern Europe, Central Asia and West Asia, and even China and Xinjiang. In Europe in 300 BC,

Apple varieties (7)

M (short for meter) P. Cato recorded the varieties of apples. Later, the Romans began to cultivate, graft and reproduce. /kloc-in the 0/8th century, J.B. Montessori and T.A. used natural hybridization to select seedlings and gradually popularized cultivation. After European immigrants discovered the new continent of America, they introduced apples to America and cultivated many new varieties in America. During the Meiji Restoration, Japan introduced apples from Europe and America to Asia.

Since then, Oceania and Africa have also introduced apples. In the past hundred years, apples have been planted all over five continents. The earliest Europeans had eaten apples and improved and selected them. Some varieties were seen as early as 2000 years ago. Before colonizing the United States, there were hundreds of known varieties in Europe. With the wave of immigration in North America, apple seedlings spread all over the country, becoming itinerant messengers of local legends, which played an important role in the spread of apples. Among them, john chapman, nicknamed "Apple Guy", grows apples widely in Ohio and Indiana. Indians and hunters may also spread apples.

Cultivation status quo

Current situation of apple cultivation in the world

The annual output of apples in the world is about 32 million tons. In Europe, most apples are used to make cider and brandy. Apples used to brew cider account for 1/4 of the world output. The United States, China, France, Italy and Turkey are the largest producers, while France, Italy, Hungary, Argentina, Chile, South Africa and the United States are the largest exporters. There are more than 80 countries producing apples in the world, and the main producing countries are 12, and the annual output exceeds or approaches10 million tons. According to the output, China (46%), the United States (9%), Turkey (6%), Italy (5%), France (5%) and Poland (5%) respectively. Besides China, Yuan Shuai and Jinguan are two main cultivated varieties in the world. If China is included, Fuji will become the largest cultivated variety in the world. The newly developed orchards in the United States, Italy, France, Chile and South Africa account for more than 50% of Red Fuji, and the cultivated area of Red Fuji in China accounts for 49.6% of the total apple area.

Main varieties planted in various countries:

Japan: Fuji, Guoguang, Tsutsugaru, Wang Lin, Jonathan, Lu Ao, Shanshan, etc.

United States: Jonathan, Enpai, New Red Star, Gallas, Briburn;

Australia: imported marble, Australian green apples, Murray gems, etc.

New Zealand: Gallas, Pacific Rose, Brisbane, Gorgeous;

Korean: Gan Hong, Lu Hong, Shuguang, Qiu Guang, Huahong.

The industry has made great progress and achieved great results. In 2005, the cultivated area was 6.5438+0.89 million hectares, and the output reached 24 million tons, accounting for 2/5 and 654.38+0/3 of the total output of apples in the world respectively. China has become the largest apple producer in the world. The output per unit area increased from 4.7 tons/hectare in 1995 to average 12 tons/hectare.

After nearly 10 years of regional layout adjustment, the proportion of apple area in China's total orchard area decreased from 65438+34.9% in 0996 to 18.8% in 2005, but the apple output still kept growing, accounting for 27.2% of the national fruit output in 2005. Bohai Bay and Northwest Loess Plateau are the two dominant apple producing areas, accounting for 40% and 39% of the total apple area and 45% and 35% of the total apple output, respectively. The planting area of excellent varieties such as Red Fuji is over 80%, and the proportion of exported apples and concentrated apple juice is over 90%. The storage and fresh-keeping capacity of apples increased from less than 654.38+10,000 tons in the 1970s to more than 5 million tons, accounting for about 25% of the total output of apples. The level of commercial processing of fresh apples after harvest has gradually improved, forming a number of leading enterprises in apple production, sales and processing. China has become the largest producer of concentrated apple juice in the world. There are more than 35 concentrated apple juice manufacturers in China, with a processing capacity of 10 ton/hour; The processing capacity of fresh apples is increased from 5% of the output of 1996 apples to more than 20%; The production capacity soared from less than 1000 tons in the mid-1980s to 1 10,000 tons.

With the rapid development of apple industry, there are also some problems, such as the increasing constraints of variety resources and land resources; The overall quality of products needs to be improved; Pre-production is out of touch with mid-production and post-production. Therefore, the apple industry should further implement the sustainable development strategy.

Statistical data of Shandong Provincial Bureau of Statistics by region from 2003 to 2007 (ton)

contact area

In 2003

In 2004

In 2005

In 2006

In 2007

National total

2 1, 10 1,776

23,675,473

24,0 1 1,08 1

26,059,298

27,859,934

Beijing

134,8 15

134,753

138,447

13 1,07 1

1 19,459

Tianjin

68,069

64,72 1

66,039

64,076

59,709

Hebei Province

2,002,769

2, 142,882

2,202,273

2,357,620

2,478,845

Shanxi

1,80 1,786

2,02 1,372

1,648,4 13

1,867,049

1,872,68 1

Inner Mongolia

5 1,940

59,327

62,3 19

65,96 1

6 1,672

Liaoning province

1,089,937

1,222, 1 19

1,299,595

1,30 1,399

1,5 14,87 1

Gilling

190, 133

24 1,49 1

252,298

268,055

133, 153

Heilongjiang province

169, 1 15

160,003

177,432

159,759

150,534

Shanghai

139

158

1 14

158

154

Jiangsu(Province)

494,6 1 1

560,87 1

552,794

572,600

6 18,453

Zhejiang Province

8 10

Anhui (Province)

22 1,3 17

283,524

278, 143

34 1,828

403,627

Fujian(Province)

15 1

244

198

189

20 1

Jiangxi

Shandong(Province)

6, 1 18,563

6,690,553

6,7 16,634

6,930,492

7,249,227

Henan(Province)

2,509,6 14

2,869,272

3,006,245

3,227,888

3,523,3 10

Hubei(Province)

13,458

10,934

12,437

1 1,866

10,35 1

Hunan

Guangdong

Hiroshi Fujiwara (male name)

Hainan

Chongqing

6,44 1

6,854

6,094

6,326

6,693

Sichuan(Province)

225,384

240,48 1

242,923

248,022

296,977

Guizhou (Province)

9,262

10,263

10,230

10,628

1 1,023

Yunnan(Province)

1 13,4 14

14 1,239

159,396

20 1,962

234,855

Xizang

5,577

5,327

5,674

3,934

3,994

Shanxi

4,6 17,92 1

5,552,054

5,60 1, 167

6,499,755

7,0 15,682

Gansu

829,959

799,650

1,0 12,568

1,254, 14 1

1,424,253

Qinghai

8,246

7, 198

7,3 16

5,939

5,804

Ningxia

154,927

156,333

222, 126

200,694

275,525

Xinjiang

263,4 18

293,850

330,206

327,886

388,88 1