What influence does the movement of recovering lost territory have on Europe and the world?

The experience gained by Spain in the movement of recovering lost land enabled it to conquer and manage the new continent, and make it Christianized and Europeanized. For better or worse, the movement to recover lost territory marked the first encounter between old Europe and the new world, which changed the world from 15 to 16 century.

1492 65438+1On October 6th, Granada fell, and the last Sudan surrendered to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain. The movement to recover lost territory is over.

This article is excerpted from World History: Renaissance to16th Century, which was published by New World Press in September, 20 14.

The difference of this war (Granada War) is that the church replaced the royal family as the main source of war dominance and war funds, and professional soldiers also participated. The number of soldiers participating in the war reached a historical record, and artillery was widely used at an unprecedented frequency. The above information shows that the battle of Granada has shown the characteristics of early modern warfare. In addition, in the war of this period, in the name of fighting for kingship, many embryonic forms of early modern political systems appeared. For Spain, the significance of the battle of Granada lies in the fact that the war can closely bind the interests of the royal family with the religious mission, which laid an important theoretical foundation for later conquest of the New World.

There is another important aspect of this war. In Europe in the whole15th century, eschatology (doomsday view) was extremely popular. /kloc-At the end of 0/5, there was a saying in Europe, especially in Spain, that the prophet had predicted that Ferdinand was a key figure in the end of the world. In addition, it is predicted that Ferdinand will conquer Granada, defeat all Muslims across the Mediterranean, convert Jews to Christianity, occupy Jerusalem and establish a brand-new Christian empire. As Ferdinand and Isabella continued to win, these predictions spread more and more widely. The prophecy focuses on the religious purpose of the King's War, and further explains Christopher Columbus's earlier similar thought. Ferdinand and Isabella also lost no time in repeatedly claiming that the battle of Granada (and the subsequent conquest of America) was not only for their personal fame and fortune, but for expanding the influence of Christianity and glorifying the glory of God, which was a glorious cause. Therefore, many propositions put forward by the movement of recovering lost land laid the ideological foundation for conquering the new continent in the future.

The Christian conquest of Granada had an important influence on Spain. First of all, the war ended the movement to recover lost territory. For the first time in 780 years, Christian rulers controlled the whole Iberian Peninsula. At first, Christian conquerors assured Granada Muslims that if they chose to stay in Granada, they would still enjoy property rights and freedom of religious belief. At the same time, Christian rulers also promised to help Muslims who did not want to stay in Granada to leave Granada and immigrate to North Africa. Ferdinand, the first bishop from Tarabella in Granada, was assigned the task of converting to Muslims in Granada. He distinguished the customs and habits of Moors from Islamic religious beliefs, and intended to complete the conversion to Muslims bit by bit through meticulous and patient efforts. However, due to the suppression of religious pluralism in Europe, including Spain, and the king's dissatisfaction with the slow conversion of Muslims, the king sent Cisneros, Bishop of Toledo, to Granada to speed up the conversion of Muslims. Cisneros organized a controversial mass baptism movement, which aroused the chain resistance of Muslims. 1500, fearing that Muslims in North Africa would form an alliance with the Muslim forces in Granada, the royal family used more impolite words than 1492, asking Granada Muslims to choose between attending the Muslim conversion baptism and moving out of Spain. In view of the fact that Christians had established the Spanish Inquisition in 1478 and Jews had been expelled from Spain in 1492, the decision of 1500 was not surprising to Muslims at that time. In the following 100 years, Christians constantly strengthened the position of Christianity as the only legal religious and cultural rule in this country, and issued various decrees prohibiting the use of Arabic and characters in Granada. 1609, even Morisco people (converted Muslims) were expelled from the peninsula. 1492 the conquest of Granada not only marked the end of the movement to recover lost land, but also marked the end of the Convinia plan. The idea of establishing a unified position of one's own religion is the goal of all European countries during the Protestant Reformation, and it is also the inevitable result of the early modern religious war, which makes Christians who conquered America also demand that local aborigines must convert. At the same time, it also created the early modern single nation-state type based on Spain.

If 1492 is the end year of the movement to recover lost land, it is not the end year of its ideological development. It is embodied in the following three aspects: first, it is not new to propose that the movement of recovering lost territory can be used as a part of the plan to further March into North Africa. Aragon and Portugal have been preparing for this for several years. However, after 1492, this plan was shelved because of European diplomatic action and the need to resist the Ottoman Turks. In the eyes of many European rulers, including the Pope, Granada's victory is a prerequisite for defeating the Turkish Empire in the future. Second, some practices of the movement to recover lost land were retained in Spain's domestic policy in the future. Knights Order System and Church Titration System continue to play an important role in Spain's social economy. The tax collected was used for the Mediterranean war, the war with Dutch Protestants and colonial activities in the New World. The Knights closely linked conquest and reconquest, Crusades and imperial rule in the religious field. Many Spanish conquistadors who came to the New World claimed to be members of a certain class.

Columbus, the navigator, met King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain.