Where does the surname Qi come from in my country? Is there a family tree and relevant details?

In Pingshu Village, Shouyang County, Jinzhong Prefecture, Shanxi Province, there is a Qi family. In the middle and late Qing Dynasty, the family produced a celebrity named Qi Zuozao, who was known as the "Third Generation Emperor Master". Qi Zuozao (1793-1866), whose courtesy name was Shuying and nickname was Chunfu, later changed to Shifu. In the 19th year of Jiaqing, he became a Jinshi, and was promoted to a bachelor of Tiren Pavilion and a minister of military aircraft. He served in four dynasties and was called a celebrity in the three Jin Dynasties, and the family also became a famous family in the three Jin Dynasties. Unfortunately, the academic community has always paid more attention to Qi Yuzao's personal life story, but has not paid much attention to the development of the Qi family. As everyone knows, Qi Zuozao's personal development is closely related to the development history of his family. Therefore, studying the development and evolution of the Qi family can actually deepen our understanding of Qi Yuzao. At the same time, since the construction of the family is always rooted in rural society, the author will closely combine the development and evolution of the Qi family with the local society in which they live.

1. Overview of the development of the Qi family in Shouyang

Shouyang County was Ma Shouyi of the Jin State in the Spring and Autumn Period, and later belonged to Zhao. In the Han Dynasty, it was to the east of Yuci, Taiyuan County. In the Western Jin Dynasty, Yuci was divided into Shouyang and belonged to Leping County. In the tenth year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign in the Jin Dynasty in the Sui Dynasty, Shouyang City was placed in Mengyang County and placed under the jurisdiction of Bingzhou. Later, Bingzhou was abandoned and renamed Taiyuan County. In the eleventh year of Emperor Wude's reign in the Tang Dynasty, Shouyang was still renamed Shouyang and placed under the jurisdiction of Bingzhou. In the eleventh year of Kaiyuan, the state was renamed Taiyuan Prefecture. In the second year of Jin Xingding, Shouyang County was transferred to Pingding Prefecture. In the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, it was affiliated to Taiyuan Prefecture. In the second year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty, it was changed to Pingding Prefecture. ①

In the early Ming Dynasty, Shouyang was divided into thirty miles, later cut to twenty-six miles, and then to twenty-four miles. But Shouyang folk custom is to divide several villages into one, and the larger village is the head, so that official affairs can be handled. According to the local chronicles recorded during the Guangxu period, "according to the statistics of the current villages, there are six out of five hundred and forty in the city, and two out of ninety"②. Pingshu Village, where the Qi family lives, is one of the two villages under the jurisdiction of Ping'an Station, one of the sixteen villages in the northwest, thirty miles away from the city.

According to family tree records, the origin of the Qi surname can be traced back to the son of the Yellow Emperor, which is the so-called: "Five of the twenty-five sons of the Yellow Emperor, one of them ate from Qi, so he became the surname." ③ And "My ancestor, the Qi family, is descended from the Zhou and Jin Dynasty official Xi, and has lived in the Jin Dynasty for generations." "Since the ancestor and above, there is no examination of the genealogy, and it is said that he was a Hongdong person in Hedong County" ④. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the ancestor Hedong Gong Qi Wang "since The big locust tree in Hongdong County moved to Shucun, Beiping, Shouyang County"⑤, "Suijiayan"⑥. The 15th generation Sun Qi Yunshi also wrote in the poem "Visiting the ignorant people in the big locust tree that they have done something generously": "It is said that the family lived in Hongdong where the locust tree was planted. In the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, immigrants took various routes. The fortune of the house is in Shuiyang. , crossed Longmen Ferry in the north. "⑦ After that, the family was divided into four branches: south, east, west, middle. "Zhongzhang, the ancestor of the second generation family, is the south branch, Fuwei, the ancestor of the fifth generation family, is the east branch, and Zhao, the ancestor of the sixth generation family, is the west branch." Qi Yuzaoyi. The branch is the middle branch, "the sixth ancestor of Jidi of Zhao is Siam, and he is the ancestor of Yu Zhonggu", and among these four major branches, "those who live in Pingshu Village have the most complicated household registrations". ⑧

From Hedong Gong Qiwang, for eleven generations, they all lived in seclusion in Litian. However, he was quick to understand and loved reading. He and his younger brother Qi and his clan brothers succeeded in becoming famous. The inheritance of poetry and etiquette actually originated from this." After his death, he was "worshiped in the Jie Xiao Temple". ⑨Below Qi Lu, from the 14th to the 17th generation, there are people who have received high school Jinshi in every generation: the 14th generation Qi Wenhan, courtesy name Beiming, was a Jinshi in Guisi Enke during the reign of Emperor Kangxi, and was the magistrate of Lai'an County and Jiangyin County in Chuzhou, Jiangnan : The 15th generation Qi Yunshi, named Xieting and Hegao. He became a Jinshi in the Wuxu Branch of the Qianlong Emperor. He was promoted to a doctor in the Ministry of Household Affairs and supervised by the Baoquan Bureau. Later, he was implicated in the copper deficit case of the Baoquan Bureau and was sent to Yili; the 16th generation Qi Yuzao was the son of Yunshi, a Jinshi of Jiaqing in Jiaqing, and his political career should be regarded as the most important figure of the Qi family; Qi Suzao was the younger brother of Li Zao, named Youzhang, and was a Jinshi of Daoguang Wuxu Branch. He served in Huangzhou, Wuchang and other prefectures in Hubei, and later served as Jiangning The chief envoy died in worry and anger while guarding the city. After his death, he enshrined Jiangning General Xianghou in the shrine to show his loyalty; the 17th Qi Shichang was the son of Yu Zao, named Zihe. Tianfu Yin. It can be said that the Qi family reached its most prosperous period in the middle and late Qing Dynasty.

In the fiftieth year of Qianlong's reign, under the initiative of Qi Yunshi's elder brother Shuhui and others, preparations were made to build the family temple. "The temple was completed at the age of 17." The temple has three couplets, in which the founder of the temple is worshiped, Qi Wang, Duke of Hedong. The left and right are distributed according to the order of Zhao and Mu. Before building the family temple, the Qi family also had a ceremony to worship their ancestors:

"First, the Yu family worships their ancestors. At the beginning of each year and until dawn, all members of the clan have finished their rituals. Collect, hang the family diagram in the hall to worship him, and choose one person to be the master because there is no temple. He will set up a throne in his home and worship him. After that, he will return to visit the wooden master at noon. Although Yongmu's friendship, "(10)

Shortly after the Qi family temple was built, Qi Yunshi considered that "it would be difficult to express the sentiments of the righteous masters in the temple", so " The Lord Kao Yanli was enshrined in the old house, and the great ancestor Mianxiang Gong was enshrined in the third generation." By the Jisi year of Jiaqing, when Qi Yunshi returned to Pingshu Village from Yili, he had already had the idea of ??building a branch temple. "I want to build a temple separately to worship my branch." , purchased the land east of the house for construction." However, the construction was delayed. It was not until the first year of Xianfeng that Qi Zao wrote to his third brother Qi Zao, "The temple was built at the old site of Jiu Gong and Ucai, and the younger brother Tingshi of the clan took charge of the matter, and the temple was completed after a year." The construction of the branch temple cost "one thousand six hundred taels of silver", and it was Qi Zuozao and Qi Suzao who each contributed their salary to complete the construction work.

(11) The ancestors of the Qi family branch enshrined in the temple are:

“I would like to enshrine the 11th generation ancestor Mianxiang Gong and the following three generations of gods, and present it to Guanglu doctor Zu Xiufeng Fujun, the ancestors of the Concubines, Mrs. Wang and Mrs. Jia, visited Shanfujun, Mrs. Concubine Gong and Mrs. Liu, and gave the imperial edict to Dr. Guanglu’s brother, Zhifang Fujun, and his sisters-in-law, Mrs. Ren, Mrs. Liu and Mrs. Xu, and gave the imperial edict to Tongyi. The doctor’s brother Xilunfu, his sister-in-law Zhang Shuren, and the millet master worshiped together in one hall.”(12)

It can be seen that the Qi family’s family construction is accompanied by the development of the clan itself. In the era of development, when many clan members lived in seclusion in Litian, family building activities were hardly carried out. Only when people in the family appeared in the imperial examination and became officials did various family building activities gradually begin. The compilation of the family tree began with Qi Wenwang, the father of Qi Yunshi. It is said that "first of all, there was no genealogy of the family. My father had been in charge of public affairs for a long time and visited extensively, and he actually created it", but "it has not been written" (13). When it came to Yunshi, he "imitated the chronology of historians and organized it into ranks, which belonged to Yuzi Chaoluan generation Luyi Tongzhi" (14). It was only when he arrived in Qizhuanzao that he could publish it. "The temple of the Yu family branch was completed, because Liang Brush many copies, divide them into the same clan, and use the inscriptions to store them in branch temples" (15). The Qi family temple was also built during Qi Yunshi's tenure in the court. After Qi Yunshi returned to Yili from the garrison, although he had the intention to build a branch temple, it was not implemented until Qi Zuozao and Qi Suzao were both serving as officials. It has to be built. This shows that the prestige and status of the Qi Zuozao branch in the entire Qi family have been highlighted, and its independent development trend is also quite obvious.