Talk about your understanding of the development law of human society.

On the development law of human society

Runo

1February 600 17, Bruno who doubted religious teachings was burned alive. I want to send this document to all those who have the courage to stick to the truth.

Historical materialism put forward the five-stage development theory according to the development law of human society, that is, according to the primitive * * * production society, slave society, feudal society, capitalist society, and finally into the socialist society and * * * production society. The theoretical basis of this theory is that the mode of production of human material means of subsistence determines the nature of society. Due to the continuous development of the productive forces of human material means of subsistence, the production relations will change sooner or later to adapt to the new productive forces. With the change of production relations, society develops in the order of the above five stages.

This theory originated from/kloc-0 at the beginning of the 9th century. There was no socialist society at that time, but the relations of production in the first four stages can be seen in the history of human society. Moreover, the relations of production at each stage germinated in the society at the previous stage. Because the relations of production in the latter stage are more conducive to the development of productive forces than those in the previous stage, the relations of production in the latter stage gradually replaced those in the previous stage.

The socialist ideal originated from 15 16 "A Useful and Interesting Encyclopedia of Perfect State System and Utopia New Island" written by British Moore. By the19th century, Fourier of France had carried out experiments in the cooperative immigrant areas of France and the United States. Owen of England bought 12 14 hectares of land in Indiana, USA in 1824, and established a "harmonious new village" for experiments. But they all ended in failure.

Marxism believes that the socialist system can't spontaneously emerge under the original social system. Only by overthrowing all existing social systems by violence can a socialist system be established under the dictatorship of the proletariat.

After World War I, the violent revolution led by Lenin overthrew Russia's original social system in 19 17. The political system of the dictatorship of the proletariat was established, and the public ownership of the means of production and the planned economic system were implemented. Destroyed the class and eliminated exploitation.

After the Second World War, more than a dozen Marxist political parties in Eastern Europe and East Asia violently overthrew the original social system, established a political system of proletarian dictatorship, and implemented public ownership of the means of production and a planned economy system. Destroyed the class and eliminated exploitation.

The Soviet Union, the first socialist country established by violently overthrowing the original social system, abandoned the socialist system in only 74 years. A large number of socialist countries in eastern Europe can only maintain the socialist system for more than forty years.

China's socialist system abandoned the planned economy in the reform, implemented the market economy and joined the WTO (World Economic and Trade Organization). In rural areas, the collectivization of agriculture and the three-level ownership of commune, brigade and production team have been abandoned, and the management right of household contracted land has remained unchanged for 30 years; Privatize small and medium-sized enterprises in cities and give up public ownership; For the former large state-owned enterprises, the public ownership will be changed into shareholding system by selling shares through listing; Encourage the development of non-public economy. The reform has no established goal, just "crossing the river by feeling the stones". As long as it is conducive to the development of productive forces, the improvement of people's living standards and the improvement of comprehensive national strength, we will affirm it, otherwise we will deny it. Only a few countries where the * * * production party is in power have accepted the lessons of the Party's demise in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, and basically adopted a similar approach to China, that is, consolidating the ruling of the * * * production party, opening up to the outside world and invigorating the economy at home.

The ideal social system is only people's subjective will, but the development of society itself follows objective laws. The objective law is independent of people's subjective will. People can not act according to the objective laws, but they cannot change the objective laws. As early as 300 BC, Plato wrote the Republic, and he suggested that rulers should not have private property and private wives and children. This method is actually very good, which can eradicate the long-standing abuse of power for personal gain. But the ruler will never take this method to restrain himself, and human society has not developed according to his ideal.

Primitive society should be an ideal and bright society, but it has developed into the darkest and most cruel slave society. From the perspective of social fairness and justice, the entry of primitive society into slave society is a great retrogression. From the standpoint of productivity development, the entry of primitive society into slave society is social progress.

History has proved that any absurd social system can be implemented by relying on the rule of the army and bureaucrats after seizing power, and it can last for a long time. For example, the Mongols established the Yuan Dynasty in China. The cruelty of the social system at that time can be seen from its marriage system: Han women had to let the "Tartars" sleep for three days before they could marry their husbands. So Han people always throw their firstborn babies to death. However, the Yuan Dynasty maintained a brutal rule for nearly a hundred years. We can't think that this absurd social system is the result of the development of China society according to its own laws. Therefore, the Mongols were expelled from China in 1368, and China society resumed its initial development.

Marxism holds that the contradiction between socialized mass production and private possession of means of production is the basic contradiction in capitalist society. It is this contradiction that causes the periodic economic crisis of overproduction in capitalist society. It is believed that labor is a special commodity, and its price is wages, which can only maintain the reproduction of labor, and proletarians are always in extreme poverty. Therefore, with the growth of the proletariat and the development of productive forces, the total purchasing power of society will be lower and lower than the total value of social goods. Therefore, the economic crisis of overproduction is the inevitable result of the capitalist system. It is believed that the capitalist relations of production can no longer accommodate the huge productive forces that have emerged. Capitalist relations of production have become the shackles of the development of productive forces. It is believed that only by replacing capitalist private ownership and market economy with socialist public ownership and planned economy can the productive forces be further developed. It is believed that state monopoly capitalism in capitalist society has laid a material foundation for socialism.

However, contrary to the expectation of Marxism, the living standards of workers in market economy countries have also been greatly improved, which shows that labor as a commodity, like other commodities, also includes profits in its price, that is, wages. Surplus value is not all converted into capital, but part of it is also converted into social purchasing power. According to the principle of automatic regulation, the cyclical economic crisis of overproduction is actually a shock phenomenon caused by poor regulation of the automatic control system of commodity production. From the beginning of commodity production, profit automatically adjusts production, making commodity production an automatic control system. Because there is a big time lag in the process of profit embodiment, there is a shock phenomenon in the commodity production system. This phenomenon appears with the emergence of commodity production. Only in capitalist society, commodity production has become the mainstream of social production, which has attracted people's attention. With the application of economic cybernetics, systems engineering, operations research and other emerging disciplines to the production planning of enterprises and the macro-control of economic leading departments, the extensive use of computers, the improvement of network information transmission speed and global information sharing have become a reality. The adjustment quality of the automatic control system of commodity production is getting higher and higher. Planned economy just abandoned the automatic control of commodity production and adopted manual control, which is incomparable with automatic control. Therefore, by the end of the 20th century, the national economy of the planned economy countries was on the verge of collapse with the government's actions, and the economic situation obviously lagged behind that of the market economy countries. The necessities of life are seriously lacking, and the people are living in poverty, which cannot be improved for decades.

Although Marx once realized that there might be an economic crisis of overproduction in the commodity economy before the capitalist society, there was no theory of automatic adjustment in the era when Marx lived. Automatic regulation theory is a new subject to solve the instability of automatic control mechanical equipment. Later, people realized that many social instability phenomena are also problems of automatic control systems. Only then did he demonstrate the cybernetics of economic system and apply it to control social and economic systems. This has led to the integration of natural science and social science.

Marx's analysis and criticism of capitalist society was strongly influenced by his capitalist ideal. The basic contradiction in capitalist society should be said to be the contradiction between people's economic activities and people's cognitive ability to the automatic control system of commodity economy in a society dominated by commodity economy. Limited by the times, Marx could not understand "system cybernetics". In the face of repeated economic crises of capitalism, the proletariat is struggling in dire straits, thinking that as long as the planned economy of the whole society is implemented, there will be no economic crisis of overproduction. But under the condition of private ownership, this is impossible. Therefore, it is considered that the socialization of production and the private possession of means of production are the basic contradictions in capitalist society. Therefore, he designed a socialist society marked by public ownership and planned economy to solve the economic crisis of overproduction.

To implement public ownership, it is necessary to forcibly deprive all the people of the means of production; The implementation of planned economy requires people to have a high degree of discipline and screw spirit, obey distribution and complete the work as planned; The basic population should work and live in a unit for life, so as to arrange work plans and living materials supply plans. Production units and scientific research units should carry out production and scientific research according to the projects specified in the five-year plan, and must use funds as planned. New situations, new problems, new discoveries and new inventions between the two five-year plans should be considered whether they should be included in the plan funds when formulating the next five-year plan.

A country that adapts to public ownership and planned economy must be a highly centralized country, a huge bureaucracy that formulates and implements economic plans, and a powerful armed force that suppresses all resistance. Such a political system contradicts the human nature of pursuing freedom and human rights, and requires people to carry out ideological reform for a long time, be the "taming tool" of the party, and "leave it to the party for a lifetime". This makes people live in extreme depression for a long time; The bigger the national organization, the more complicated the relationship and the lower the efficiency. The problems that people care about have not been solved for many years. This makes people live in layers of accumulated dissatisfaction. The enthusiasm of people who live in depression and dissatisfaction can be imagined. Officials in centralized countries must be selected, so it is inevitable that corruption will become more and more serious. The high concentration of power can easily produce dictators who are headstrong, ignorant, do whatever they want and kill innocent people. These have all appeared in the socialist practice in these years.

It can be seen that the socialist society designed by Marx in the19th century is not a society that replaces the capitalist society. According to the law that the relations of production in the later stage of human society germinate in the previous stage, the new relations of production that replace capitalism may still germinate in capitalist society. Therefore, we should look for new relations of production that are prosperous because of adapting to the development of productive forces from capitalist society.

In the production relations of material means of subsistence, Marxism attaches the most importance to the property ownership of the means of production. So what ownership systems have emerged in capitalist society that are different from capitalist private ownership of the means of production? First of all, what Marx values and regards as the material basis of socialism is the state-owned ownership of the means of production in the monopoly enterprises of capitalist countries. However, due to the slow technological progress and low efficiency of state monopoly enterprises, capitalist countries privatize them. The iron rice bowl and pot rice of state-owned enterprises in socialist countries have also made employees become hidebound, enterprising, muddle along, and technical equipment has not been updated for a long time. Therefore, with the rapid development of science and technology, technology is becoming more and more backward, and most enterprises suffer serious losses. Therefore, the state-owned system implemented in state monopoly enterprises cannot be a new ownership of the means of production that is conducive to the faster development of productive forces.

1602 The shareholding system adopted by the Dutch-founded East India Company has spread to almost all large and medium-sized enterprises in the world. Through the listing of stocks, the owners of enterprises are distributed to all social strata and different countries. The equity of many enterprises is very scattered, showing the trend of socialization and globalization of the means of production. It should be considered that the ownership of this means of production is different from the original ownership of the means of production privately owned by capitalists. It is replacing the old ownership relationship. Human society has developed from a slave society and a feudal society to a capitalist society. Workers have gradually gained some human rights and freedoms in the process of changing from slaves, serfs and proletarians, but they have never obtained the ownership of the means of production. In many joint-stock enterprises, employees have priority to own shares, and workers not only have human rights and freedoms, but also have ownership of the means of production. Therefore, the production enthusiasm and creativity of workers in these enterprises have exceeded any previous era. As a result, productivity has developed at an unprecedented speed.

The joint-stock economy formed by this society's possession of the means of production shows great vitality. In many of these enterprises, the separation of ownership and management rights, the scientific management of excellent experts using system engineering and operational research, and the management methods based on modern information technology have replaced the experience management inherited by capitalist families. So the market forecast is more and more accurate, and the supply and demand are more and more right. Although this kind of production relationship only partially replaces the capitalist production relationship, it makes the shock phenomenon of the commodity economic system smaller and smaller; In these enterprises, most of them have scientific research institutions, which constantly explore new markets with newly invented high-tech new products and provide rich and colorful products for people's material life and spiritual life; In this kind of enterprises, many shareholders get dividends, which improves the purchasing power of society and alleviates the phenomenon of overproduction. The earliest such enterprise, the Dutch East India Company, used the joint-stock system to concentrate huge funds, set up multinational companies, explored international trade and ocean transportation, and promoted the industrial development of various countries. Many large enterprises use the joint-stock system to concentrate huge amounts of money to continuously establish new multinational companies and become international enterprises; The rapid development of the joint-stock economy is breaking through the national and ethnic barriers, promoting the development of various regions, forming an international division of labor and property possession, and forming a global economy. The main symbol of economic globalization is the establishment of the "Economic United Nations" including major countries, that is, the World Economic and Trade Organization, which attracts more and more countries to apply for membership, and many former socialist countries have also become its members, and the date of global accession to the WTO is getting closer and closer. Economic globalization will also give great resistance to the attempt to launch another world war. Effectively safeguard world peace.

Therefore, what will replace the capitalist society is a society based on the joint-stock economy. On this economic basis, the state will eventually become the authority to maintain the ownership of shares and its economic order. Joint-stock system or private ownership, economic type or profit-regulated commodity economy. Therefore, private property is still inviolable in such a country, and people of different nationalities have to be given more freedom in order to adapt to the economic activities of various industries around the world; People of different nationalities must be given more equal democratic rights.

Does the future development of human society still depend on the mode of production of material means of subsistence? When people lack material means of subsistence, the production of material means of subsistence is of course very important to human society. Therefore, the mode of production of material means of subsistence plays a decisive role in the development of human society.

However, when the material means of life of human beings are quite rich and people are generally rich, the demand for life of human beings exceeds the material means of life. For example, the study and research of scientific knowledge, the curiosity and tour around the world, the exploration and understanding of the unknown universe, the pursuit of the mystery of life, health and longevity, the creation and hobby of literature and art, the pursuit of happy emotional life, the winning of gold medals in the arena, the experiment and planning of natural disaster prevention, the protection and treatment of environmental pollution, and the care and help for the unfortunate people. In response to these higher human needs, many non-industrial and agricultural industries have emerged. By then, human society will enter the era of knowledge economy from the era of material economy. At that time, only a few people were engaged in the production of material life materials, while most people were committed to the production of knowledge materials and products. At that time, the development of human society will no longer depend on the mode of production of material means of subsistence.

However, there is also a possibility that the speed of population expansion is much higher than the speed of productivity development. At that time, the material means of subsistence were scarce and must be distributed as planned. At that time, socialist public ownership and planned economy became the only way for human survival. At that time, the highly centralized political system became the only political system that could be adopted.