The territory of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty

During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Han army was defeated by the Huns in three wars, which led to the situation of pavilions, posts and roads in the vast Mobei area. The ministers of the Western Regions also belonged to the Western Han Dynasty, and the Western Han government set up a capital protection office in the Western Regions to protect all countries. Today, the northern part of the Korean peninsula is directly under the rule of the central government at that time. It has a vast territory, east to the sea, west to Qingji, south to Lingnan South China Sea and north to Russia.

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Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established the rudiment of a country?

"The territory of China was largely formed from the Han Dynasty, which shows that China is not an expansionist country." This is what China's Deputy Foreign Minister Wang Yi said in a recent report. If Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, a unified multi-ethnic country appeared for the first time in China's history; So the Han Dynasty established a preliminary form of the Central Plains Dynasty, and then it thrived and became the territory of China today, among which the territory expansion of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the most pioneering?

"China was not a unified country before the Qin Dynasty, so there was no concept of' total territory'." Professor Ge, a famous scholar and director of the Historical Geography Research Center of Fudan University, said. Therefore, the Qin Dynasty, which destroyed six countries in 22 1 BC, became the initial point for us to trace back to China's "territory" at present. ?

The territory of the Qin Dynasty includes all the old lands of the seven countries at the end of the Warring States period, but some of them were newly seized from other nationalities. "Although the Qin Dynasty established counties in some places, the scope of rule at that time was very small," Ge Xiongjian said. For example, Qin Changcheng starts from Lintao, Gansu in the west, which is actually the western border of the Qin Dynasty; In today's southern Zhejiang, Fujian, Yunnan-Guizhou, southern Sichuan, northern Guangxi and other places, "only control traffic lines and administrative centers." The leaders of the local tribes still maintain their power. However, the most important significance is that the territory developed by the Qin Dynasty constituted the main part of the territory of the Central Plains Dynasty in later dynasties and became the geographical basis of China's reunification. ?

The world of the Qin Dynasty did not maintain "two or three immortals and spread endlessly" as expected by Qin Shihuang. In the second year after his death, Chen Sheng and Guangwu rose up in osawa Township and sounded the death knell of the Qin Dynasty. In 202 BC, Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor and founded the Han Dynasty. ?

"The early Western Han Dynasty actually experienced a process of territory contraction," said Ge Xiongjian. At the end of Qin Dynasty, the peasant uprising was followed by the Chu-Han War, and the Central Plains was in turmoil. The new territory of the Qin dynasty was completely lost, and the southwest and south were all recaptured by local ethnic groups, or a virtually independent regime was established; On the other hand, the Xiongnu in the north took the opportunity to go south, occupied many places and threatened Chang 'an area. "So the territory of the late Qin Dynasty and the early Han Dynasty was not only smaller than that of Qin Dynasty, but also smaller than that of the late Warring States Period." ?

The territory contracted in the early Han Dynasty, and it didn't come to an end until the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Liu Che succeeded to the throne at the age of14/year BC and 16. At that time, it had just experienced "the first time that it was admired by historians since the reunification of China" (in Huang Renyu). The economic strength of the Han dynasty has been greatly enhanced, the grain and material reserves are quite sufficient, and the conditions for opening up are ripe. ?

In the first 40 years of the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (BC 140 ~ BC 100), on the one hand, the Han Dynasty restored and consolidated the original territory of the Qin Dynasty, on the other hand, it further expanded its territory. The development of the northern territory began with the Xiongnu War. The war between Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and Xiongnu began in 129 BC and lasted for 30 or 40 years. During this period, the Han army, with Wei Qing and Huo Qubing as generals, launched three major counterattacks against the Huns, and won decisive victories, retaken the Hetao area and relieved the Xiongnu's threat to Chang 'an. However, the Xiongnu, annihilated by 6.5438+0.5 million people, was forced to retreat to the north of the desert, and people and animals declined sharply and began to decline. Since then, "the Han dynasty consolidated the northern border on the Yinshan line." ?

In BC 12 1 year, Huo Qubing attacked Hexi and captured the son of the evil king of Xiongnu. Soon, the evil king killed Xiutu, who refused to surrender, and led his troops to surrender to the Han Dynasty. In this way, the territory of the Han Dynasty expanded to the whole Hexi Corridor and Huangshui River Basin, that is, the east of Qinghai Lake and the northeast of Qilian Mountain, and five counties including Jiuquan, Wuwei, Zhangye, Dunhuang and Jincheng were set up successively. Since the Han Dynasty took control of the Hexi Corridor, the door to the western regions has been opened. ?

"This area used to be the settlement of Huns and northern nomads. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty linked it to the mainland and has never separated since then. " Ge's evaluation is that "the significance of this move is not only the control of a region by a regime, but also the introduction of Central Plains culture into Central Asia, and the Hexi Corridor has also become an important channel for the exchange of Chinese and Western art, culture and Buddhism." ?

Ten years after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty succeeded to the throne (BC 130), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty recruited troops and advanced to the southwest, establishing more than a dozen new counties in that area. However, due to the arduous road construction project and the Han Dynasty's busy dealing with the Huns, some newly established counties were once cancelled. By 122 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty resumed his exploration of "Southwest Yi". After a period of operation, the Han Dynasty successively established seven counties here, extending the southwest border to the present Gaoligong Mountain and Ailao Mountain. "Now the southwest is basically included, as well as the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and Myanmar, which have become the territory of the Han Dynasty." Ge Xiongjian said. ?

In the northeast, in the early Han Dynasty, Wei Man, a native of the Central Plains, led thousands of people into the Korean Peninsula and established his own political power. In BC 109, Liang Wudi fought against Korea, and Korea surrendered the following year, "pushing the northeast border to the north-central part of the Korean Peninsula and Liaodong area". ?

The unification of Lingnan is the general trend. Although the Qin Dynasty had set up a county in Lingnan before the Han Dynasty, it was not consolidated. In 1 13 BC, Emperor Wu called the King of Nanyue to appear before Chang 'an. In the second year, Lu Jia, the prime minister of South Vietnam who opposed the integration into the Han Dynasty, killed the king and Ambassador China and launched a rebellion. Han army soldiers divided into five roads and captured Lv Jia. In the Han Dynasty, eight counties were set up in South Vietnam, and the following year, two counties, Zhu Ya and Boer, were set up on Hainan Island across the sea. The border of South Vietnam was more extended than that of the Qin Dynasty. "At that time, the border of the Han Dynasty had extended to the middle of Vietnam, and Rinan County was established", so "Vietnam has been a part of China since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty" until the independence of 10 century. ?

Interestingly, we can also smell the breath of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty's campaign more than two thousand years ago from some preserved place names. Liang Wudi Ji: Six years (BC 1 1 1), Liang Wudi marched eastward and came to Tongxiang. Hearing the good news of capturing the capital of South Vietnam, he changed Tongxiang to "Wenxi". The following year, Liang Wudi toured Xinzhong Township, Ji 'an County. His liegeman reported that Lu Jia, the prime minister of South Vietnam, was captured alive and beheaded. He was very happy, so he changed Xinzhong to "Huojia"-this is the origin of the county names of Huojia County in wenxi county, Shanxi Province and Henan Province. ?

The territory of the Western Han Dynasty reached its peak in the later period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. However, due to the rapid expansion and excessive construction, the troops and financial resources could not adapt, and the tyranny of some local officials caused local ethnic resistance, so some areas had to shrink in the future. "Hainan Island was once the territory of the Han Dynasty during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, but later, because of the limited population, there was no need to immigrate to Hainan Island on a large scale from the mainland. Because ethnic relations were not handled well, local resistance forces were together, and the later emperor (Han Yuan Emperor) gave up. " Ge said that the same situation happened in Fujian and southern Zhejiang, which led to the evacuation of all the population. Apart from these local contractions, the territory of the Western Han Dynasty was basically stable until the end of the Western Han Dynasty. ?

The population in the early Western Han Dynasty was estimated to be between1.500 ~1.8 million, and it increased to about 36 million in the early Han Dynasty. From the middle period of Emperor Wudi, the population stagnated, with negative growth, and reached a peak of about 60 million until the end of the Western Han Dynasty. The action of expanding territory in Han Dynasty took place when the population was far from the maximum. When the population approached the peak, instead of taking any measures to expand territory, it contracted. Therefore, Ge believes: "Generally speaking, the expansion of the Western Han Dynasty has nothing to do with population pressure." ?

The expansion of the territory of the Han Dynasty seems to show that the Han Dynasty still inherited the strong frontier character of the northern nationalities in Qin Dynasty, and its vitality expanded on the geographical boundary. Although he went deep into the Mongolian plateau many times, he retreated to the Great Wall as soon as the war ended, and the stable territory did not exceed the scope of the Qin Dynasty. Therefore, in Ge's view, the conquest of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was characterized by a powerful agricultural society. ?

"At that time, most of the places suitable for farming became the land of the Han Dynasty. During the Han Dynasty, it hit the Mongolian Plateau many times, but no administrative districts were set up, because administrative districts were only set up in places suitable for agriculture. In this sense, China's territory does not expand wherever it wants. " Ge Xiongjian said. ?

Ge Xiongjian's observation may coincide with Huang Renyu's observation. Huang Renyu wrote that in the third year of Dungee, Liang Wudi (BC 138), there was an official record that "the river overflowed the plain and people were hungry for food". About Emperor Wu, there are often narratives about worrying about flood disasters. "The national defense line stretching for more than 2,000 miles in the north coincides with the'15 inch rainfall line'. Northwest of the line, the annual rainfall is insufficient 15 inch, so it is impossible to operate agriculture. It is only a place where nomadic people enter and leave, and this threat also forces China to respond in a unified manner. " Expanding territory may be another manifestation of the need to expand agricultural production. ?

"The embryonic form of China was basically established in the Han Dynasty". In Ge's view, although the territory of China has changed in the next thousand years, "the main agricultural areas have not changed much", and the changes are concentrated in the border areas. "The Yuan Dynasty established the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Mongolia, and it was not until the Qing Dynasty that it was really settled." ?

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