How does the United States view the land conquered in the "Westward Movement"

Yes, it will also be regarded as "its own country", enjoying equal political rights and equal civil rights.

(1) Land policy. First of all, the U.S. government promulgated the procedures and regulations for the establishment of the West 1. 1784, Jefferson drafted the land law of the plan for the formation of western land ceded by Virginia, which stipulated that the western land should be owned by all Americans. The land between Ohio and Mississippi River is divided into sixteen states. Only when the number of residents reaches a certain number (the lowest number in the original thirteen States) can a new state be established that is completely equal to the western States. Although the proposal of establishing sixteen states in law has not been implemented, the principle of establishing states has been confirmed. 1785, the government promulgated the land law, which made specific provisions on land survey and sale. The land in the west is divided into several towns, and each town is divided into 36 districts, each with an area of 640 square kilometers, of which 4 districts are controlled by the federal government, and 1 district serves as a sponsor of public education. On July 1787 and 13, the Northwest Land Law was passed in the Federal Parliament. This law, based on 1784 Land Law, specifies the land treatment methods in the northern part of the Ohio River basin and the procedures and principles for establishing a new state. The American government's regulations and procedures for establishing a country on the western land have played a positive role in promoting the development of the western region and the stable development of the economy.

Secondly, the U.S. government promulgated the policy of land expropriation for residents. 1785 promulgated the land regulations, which clarified the principle of selling state-owned land to immigrants. According to this law, public land will be sold by block auction, with a minimum land area of 640 acres (about 388 acres) and a minimum land price of $65,438 +0 per acre. 1796' s land law raised the minimum selling price per acre to $2, and the payment period was changed to one year and paid in four years. Later, because this regulation could not meet the land demand of a large number of farmers who moved to the west, the US government continuously reduced the minimum amount of land purchased from 640 acres to 160 acres, which lowered the price of state-owned land. 1802- 1832, the us congress passed several relief laws to delay the confiscation of unpaid land and enable poor farmers to obtain land. During the Jackson government from 65438 to 0832, the government allowed farmers to occupy land, that is, those farmers who occupied land without measurement and consent could buy the land they cultivated and improved at the lowest price. And gradually reduce the price of public land, from $65438+$0.25 per acre to $0.50 for auction. 1862, the Lincoln government promulgated the homestead law, which stipulated that citizens aged 2 1 have the right to 160 acres or 65438 as long as they pay 1863 1 0 dollars from1. In short, the land policy of the American government during this period provided institutional and policy guarantees for farmers to acquire land and carry out agricultural development, promoted the development of the western United States, and made the United States rapidly develop into an agricultural power.

(2) Immigration policy. 1787' s American land law not only provides some principles for establishing a new country, but also provides civil rights according to the third part of the law, especially according to these rights, people can freely move to the west. Therefore, the promulgation of American land law has greatly promoted the influx of American immigrants to the west, with Ohio companies bearing the brunt. 1787-1In the winter of 788, their advance team set out from Massachusetts and Connecticut and headed for sunset. Since then, the large-scale westward movement has flourished, and immigrants mainly come from New England, central States and southern States in North America 13 States. In just 1790- 1800 years, all the residents in Maryland 13 counties and 26 counties in Virginia are immigrants. 180. 1820, the United States has a population of 9.64 million, of which 3 million people live in the west of the Appalachian Mountains. By 1840, more than13 of the national population lived there. In addition, a large number of foreign immigrants came to the United States, providing cheap labor for the development of the western United States. 1820 There were only 8,385 immigrants from the United States, but after the failure of the European Revolution in 1848, immigrants from northern Europe and western Europe flooded into the United States, reaching 3 10004 in 1854 and increasing to 427,833. In short, during the period of 1820- 1860, about 5 million immigrants came to the United States, which provided sufficient labor for the development of the western region of the United States.

(3) Infrastructure development policy. The United States attaches great importance to the construction of infrastructure in the westward movement, especially the construction of transportation facilities such as railways, highways and water transport. In railway construction, the US government has adopted the policy of "building more railways and getting more benefits". The railway company can obtain a certain area of land along the railway for every mile of railway construction; At the same time, it is stipulated that railway companies can obtain different loans from the government according to the length and terrain of the railway. 1828, the United States began to build railways. 1860 The railway mileage is as long as 30,000 miles, most of which are built in the western region. The railway construction in this period greatly promoted the economic development of the western region. In highway construction, an important policy of the US government is to encourage private investment. In order to solve the shortage of highway construction funds, toll roads have become the earliest priority in the United States. Since 1792- 1794 built the first expressway, the total mileage of the expressway built by 1830 is 6400 kilometers. With the invention and use of steamboats, the US government has strengthened the construction of water transport. 18 17- 1828, the 350-mile Ile Canal was funded by the State of New York, connecting the Hudson Canal in the east with the Great Lakes in the west, and reducing the freight rate of 20 cents per mile to 1 cent. In short, during the period of 18 15- 1840, states invested 654.38+25 million dollars to build a 3,000-mile-long canal, making the United States the most developed country in the world at that time. The construction and great development of transportation facilities in the United States during this period provided convenience for the westward movement at that time.

(4) Policies to support the development of education. The American government attaches great importance to the development of education, especially school education. According to the land law of 1785, each state established in the western region can obtain a piece of land for the establishment of public colleges. At that time, Jefferson also designed and formulated a grand education system including primary and secondary schools and even state universities. Therefore, state universities have been established in the southern and western States, and free education has been implemented. 1862, the US Congress passed the Morel Act, which decided that the government would permanently donate at least 30,000 acres of public land to relevant state institutions. At that time, Aihe Huanong College was established by accepting this land grant. During the 65438+60s, according to the Moreel Act, a number of agricultural colleges and engineering colleges were established in the United States, such as the famous University of Illinois, Maceri Institute of Technology, Cornell University, etc., all of which were established during this period and trained a large number of professionals for agricultural mechanization and industrialization in the western United States. The Hatch Act of 1887 stipulates that each state shall be allocated 15000 dollars annually, which provides new federal funds for agricultural experiments and scientific research. 1907, this fund is doubled to expand agricultural scientific research and popularization; In addition, legislation was passed to increase the subsidy to schools to $50,000 per year. At the same time, under the influence of the first industrial revolution, American science and technology also developed by leaps and bounds. According to statistics, before 1860, the United States issued a total of 36,000 patents, which played an important role in the development of the western United States and the development of agriculture.

2. A period of comprehensive development dominated by industry. From the end of the Civil War to the end of the Second World War, it was the second period of American westward movement, which was mainly a period of comprehensive development with industry as the mainstay. After the American Civil War, especially after the reconstruction of the south, the capitalist economy in the south has made great progress, the northern bourgeoisie and the southern planters have compromised each other, and the political situation is relatively stable. At the same time, the second industrial revolution also rose rapidly, and the United States began to change from an agricultural country to an industrial country from 1. Therefore, the westward movement in this period was an all-round development based on industry. In order to better promote the westward movement, the US government adopted a more favorable and open policy.

(1) Adopt preferential policies to attract foreign investment in infrastructure. In order to further strengthen infrastructure construction, the US government has adopted more favorable subsidy measures to attract private investment companies to build canals and railways. For example, buildings in plain areas provide subsidies of $65,438+06,000 per mile, $32,000 in hilly areas and $48,000 in mountainous areas. In addition, the railway company can also obtain the land ownership on both sides of the line 10 km wide. In order to encourage the construction of railways in the state, each state usually exempts railway companies from taxes, grants preferential construction rights concessions, provides loans, and buys shares or bonds of railway companies. Some states also provide liability guarantees for bonds issued by railway companies. These preferential measures have attracted a lot of foreign investment in infrastructure. From 65438 to the early 1980s, European capitalists (mainly British capitalists) invested US$ 2 billion in American economic undertakings, of which US$153.5 billion was invested in railway construction. By 1900, the number of railway lines operated by the United States increased from 65,438+53,000 miles in the late 1960s to more than19,000 miles, exceeding the total mileage of European railway lines and almost equal to half of the world. 19 13 years, the total length of American railways doubled again.

(2) Adopt an open policy to attract excellent foreign labor. During this period, the focus of immigration was to take preferential measures to attract foreign excellent labor. 1878, the United States promulgated the Timber and Stone Act, which allowed any citizens and expatriates who had applied for American citizenship to buy 160 acre of land unsuitable for planting at the price of $2.50 per acre, and its main value was timber and stone, which increased the attraction of foreign immigrants to the large-scale demand for timber and stone in American railway construction at that time. At the same time, the US government established the Bureau of Land Management and the Immigration Bureau, and their propaganda agencies were active in the European continent. They attract immigrants by giving priority to credit, offering preferential fares, promising agricultural cultivation guidance and providing necessary assistance. As a result, many countries in northern Europe, eastern Europe and southern Europe have experienced the "American craze", and hundreds of dreamers have taken the trouble to cross the ocean and come to the American "western garden" they yearn for. As a result, immigrants increased rapidly during this period. 186 1- 1880, with more than 5 million immigrants; 1890- 19 14 years rose to13.5 million. During the period of 188 1- 1890, new immigrants accounted for 18.3% of the total number of immigrants, increasing from1891-kloc-0/9065438 to 52%. After immigrating to the United States, a few of them stayed in the eastern cities, and most of them moved to the central and western regions to find jobs in steel mills, textile mills, railways, livestock farms or mines. In short, during1861-1914, more than 27 million foreign immigrants settled in the United States. They often have certain capital and technology, and have made indelible contributions to the development of the western region and the prosperity of the United States.

(3) Pay attention to environmental protection and the application of science and technology. With the development of mineral resources and agriculture in western China, the problem of environmental protection has become increasingly prominent. Especially after the 1970s of 19, the land destruction became more serious due to the expansion of railways and the subsequent increase of settlers. Therefore, during this period, the American government adjusted its land policy and began to pay attention to environmental protection, especially soil and water conservation and vegetation protection. 1873, the U.S. government promulgated the afforestation law, which allowed the homestead winners to be redistributed to 160 acres of land with fewer trees, provided that trees were planted on 40 acres of land within four years. 1877 stipulates that anyone who can pay cash in time at the price of $2.50 per acre and promise to irrigate the land within three years can get 640 acres of land. 1888, the national assembly conducted an investigation on agricultural irrigation. 1894, the Kaili law was passed, and one million mu of public land was allocated in each state for water conservancy projects, allowing private individuals to participate in the operation of irrigation. Farmers should pay their due expenses in installments according to the price approved by the government. 1902, the federal government promulgated the "New Reclamation Law", which stipulated the establishment of engineering funds in the western states in urgent need of irrigation in 17, which increased the financial resources needed for water conservancy construction. At the same time, the U.S. government also attaches great importance to using scientific and technological achievements to protect natural resources. For example, in water supply, windmills are produced and water is pumped from wells by wind power for irrigation.

(4) Pay attention to the balanced development of industry and mining in the east and west. During this period, in the westward movement of the United States, the industry and mining industry in the west developed greatly. 19 in the 1950s, a gold mine was discovered in California, which triggered a mining craze. With the discovery of petroleum and bituminous coal resources in Appalachian mountains and excellent iron ore resources in superior mines, the mining industry in the Great Lakes Plain has developed rapidly, and on this basis, this area has been built into a new base for American petroleum industry, steel industry and automobile industry. 19 10, the industrial output value of the western United States greatly exceeded that of agriculture, and industry developed into the main body of western development, thus realizing the transformation from agriculture to industry. 1860- 19 13 The textile industry in the western United States increased by about 6 times, and the steel industry and coal industry increased by dozens of times. At the same time, small cities in the central and western regions have risen rapidly, close to the vast raw materials, sales and labor markets, forming professional small towns such as Beer City, Textile City, Jinzhen Town, Yin Zhen and Coal Town. Moreover, the original city has gradually changed from a commercial city to an industrial city dominated by large-scale machinery industry. However, in the process of American westward movement, economic development and urbanization also showed great imbalance. For example, in the process of urbanization, 1890, half of the country's urban population was concentrated in the northern Atlantic coastal States, and only 7.7% of the population lived in the southern Atlantic coastal States. In 1900, six of the 10 residents in the States along the North Atlantic lived in cities; In the midwest, only 3 out of every 10 residents live in cities. Therefore, until the "World War II", the western economy still lagged behind the old industrial areas in the east.

After 1930, President Roosevelt implemented the "New Deal", and the American government began to pay attention to the balanced development of industry and mining in the east and west. The U.S. government has strengthened its investment in western countries, set up specialized agencies to be responsible for unified planning and management of the development of poor and backward areas, built large-scale hydropower projects, increased loans and financial subsidies, comprehensively managed river basins, and promoted coordinated economic and social development; Implement various preferential policies for the western region and strive to improve the investment environment; The establishment of military enterprises in the west, the development of emerging industries and high-tech industries, and the change of economic structure have gradually shifted the focus of the American economy to the west, and the economic development between the east and the west has gradually become balanced.

3. Deep development period based on high technology. From the end of World War II to the present, it is the third period of American westward movement, which is mainly a period of in-depth development based on scientific and technological development. After World War II, the United States took the lead in launching the third scientific and technological revolution marked by computer network technology, atomic energy technology, biotechnology and space technology. The western part of the United States makes full use of its geographical advantages at the source of scientific and technological revolution, takes scientific and technological development as the main body, transforms traditional industries and develops emerging industries with advanced technology, which greatly promotes the development of the western part of the United States and the prosperity of the entire American economy, and strongly supports the development of the American knowledge economy. The main policies and measures of the American government during this period are:

(1) Establish a high-tech park with venture capital mechanism. In 1930s, the scientific and technological revolution in the United States originated from Stanford University and its surrounding areas, and became the core of high technology in 1960s, resulting in the world-famous "Silicon Valley" in California. In order to further promote high-tech innovation and the application of achievements, the US government encourages the full use of venture capital mechanism and the establishment of high-tech parks. Since the establishment of Silicon Valley High-tech Park in San Jose, California in the 1960s, the United States has established more than a dozen similar high-tech parks in the west and even the whole country. These parks have played an extremely important role in incubating industrial innovation and scientific research achievements, and in the economic and technological development of the western United States and even the whole United States. They not only transformed traditional industries with high technology, but also emerged many new industrial sectors, such as polymer materials industry, atomic energy industry, computer industry, semiconductor industry, aerospace industry, laser industry, etc., which rose in the western region, adjusted the industrial structure of the United States and became a successful model for the in-depth development of the western region of the United States.

(2) Using regional economic management policies to promote the western development. In order to promote the balanced development of regional economy, the American government promulgated many regional economic management policies during this period, which played a positive role in the development of the western United States. 196 1 year, the Regional Redevelopment Law was promulgated, and the Regional Redevelopment Administration was established under the Ministry of Commerce. 1965 promulgated the Public Works and Economic Development Act and the Appalachian Regional Development Act, and allocated 1 1 billion dollars for road construction, medical centers and local resources development, and accordingly established the Economic Development Agency and the Appalachian Regional Committee respectively. From 65438 to 0977, the US Congress passed the Community Reinvestment Act, which encouraged banks and savings and loan institutions to provide loans to their regions, especially low-income people, and the relevant regulatory agencies specifically conducted regular evaluations on the law enforcement of relevant financial institutions. At the same time, in the process of American industrial layout moving westward, the government has increased financial support for the western region and encouraged enterprises to move to the southwest sunshine zone. For example, in 197 1- 1998, the federal government's financial allocation to state and local governments increased from17.8 billion dollars to 965,438+88 million dollars, an increase of 4. 16 times.

(3) Promote the economic development of backward areas by using the power of the market. The American government strongly advocates the use of "market forces to develop backward areas." The westward movement in the United States began under the framework of market economy. Under the influence of market economy, after long-term development, the integration of economic development between the east and the west of the United States has been realized. Especially now, the role of the market is irreplaceable. During the Clinton administration, the task of developing backward areas in the United States was always left to the private sector. 1In July 1997, Clinton visited some relatively backward areas and publicized his "New Market Initiative" aimed at guiding the private sector to invest in the poorest areas in the United States. The main contents of the initiative include: raising about 6 billion US dollars of equity and providing 25% tax reduction for the investment of community development banks, venture funds and other development institutions; The government provides loan guarantees for private investment and encourages large and medium-sized enterprises to transfer to backward areas; Establish an "emerging market venture capital company" to support the development of small and medium-sized enterprises and so on. Sperling, chairman of the White House National Economic Council, said that the "New Market Initiative" is not a charity plan, and its principle is to encourage enterprises to seek profits in the undeveloped market in their own backyard.