What was Japan like before the Warring States Period?

(Muromachi, Anshi, the end of the Taoshan era) After the Ren Ying Uprising, great names in various parts of Japan rose one after another, and wars broke out everywhere, making people miserable. /kloc-In the middle of the 6th century, there appeared a lean man who was determined to unify Japan by force and end troubled times. He is Nobutaka Oda. In the third year of Lu Yong (1560), Nobunaga defeated Imagawa Yoshimoto's 40,000 troops with 2,000 men in a narrow wooden barrel and became famous at one fell swoop. Later, we gradually unified Zhang Wei and Feng Jingen, and prepared to attack Yin Shan and Yang Shan. During this period, Nobunaga built the magnificent Antu City. So nobunaga's era is called "An Cheng era". In the tenth year of Tianzheng (1582), the change of Benneng Temple broke out and Nobuka died. Yukio Hatoyama is an important official of Oda. He defeated Akechi Mitsuhide and Shibata Katsuie successively and established his successor status. After that, Japan was gradually unified through the Four Kingdoms Conquest, the Kyushu Conquest and the Battle of Odahara. Later, he was named "Toyotomi's Family" by the Emperor and was awarded the post of "Guan Bai". Toyotomi Hideyoshi's era is called "Taoshan Age". oda nobunaga

In the third year of Qing Dynasty (1598), Toyotomi Hideyoshi died in the Taoshan Castle. Feng Chen's family is divided into two factions: near the river (western army) and Wei Zhang (eastern army). As one of the five elders of the Toyotomi regime, Tokugawa Ieyasu launched the Guanyuan War in the fifth year of Qing Dynasty (1600), defeated the western army and established the Tokugawa regime. In the eighth year of Changqing (1603), the Tokugawa shogunate was established and the Warring States period ended.

The era before the Warring States Period:

Old Stone Age

きゅぅせっきじだぃ The confirmed human history on the Japanese archipelago can be traced back to about 654.38 million years ago, even 30,000 years ago. About 34,000 years ago, stone tools called knife-shaped stone tools came from northern China and were widely used in the whole archipelago. But about 20,000 years ago, the Neolithic, known as the fine stone blade, came from Siberia and mainly spread in East Japan. For a time, the fine stone knife culture in East Japan coexisted with the knife-shaped stone tool culture in West Japan, and soon the fine stone knife also spread in West Japan. About 15000 years ago, the traces of knife-shaped stone tools quickly disappeared. About 65438+2000 years ago, due to the end of the last ice age, it began to heat up sharply, which caused great changes in people's culture and life. Except Ryukyu Islands, the whole island has entered the next rope age. Daxianling Ancient Tomb (Round Tomb)

Wensheng times

じょぅもんじだぃぃぃぃぃぃぃぃぃぃ𞊣𞊣𞊣. At that time, several people or a dozen people lived in a thatched house with a vertical pit, and made a living by hunting, fishing and gathering, which constituted a society with rich and poor and classes.

Yayoi era

やよぃじだぃだぃぃあぃぃぃぃぃぃぃ𞊣𞊣/kloc- Rice farming technology has brought epoch-making changes to Japanese society, expanded production, produced differences between the rich and the poor, and made rural communities tend to be politically collectivized. The beliefs, manners and customs brought by farming gradually spread, forming the embryonic form of Japanese culture.

The era of great tombs

こふんじだぃぃぃぃぃぃ In the middle of the 4th century AD, the Yamato regime unified a small separatist country. With the unification of the country, the ancient graves, represented by the round graves before and after, spread to various places. This period was the period when many knowledge and technologies from China were introduced into Japan. In the 4th century AD, the Yamato regime attracted a high degree of material civilization in the mainland. In the 5th century, foreigners (naturalized people) from the Korean peninsula brought iron making, pottery making, textile, metal technology and civil engineering. At the same time, China's Chinese characters are also used. In the 6th century, Confucianism was formally accepted and Buddhism was introduced to Japan.

Asuka period

ぁすかじだぃぃだぃぃすだぃだだぃす In the 7th century, Shoto Kutaishi devoted itself to political innovation, and took the "great innovation" as an opportunity to establish a centralized country with the emperor as the center. This practice followed the example of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, when it absorbed mainland culture more actively. By the end of the 9th century, * * * had sent more than 10 envoys to the Sui and Tang Dynasties. At the beginning of the 6th century, after the death of Emperor Bretsu, there was no heir to the throne. Great companion Kimura ushered in the male great king from Qian Yue to succeed to the throne. He was the emperor. At that time, on the Korean peninsula, Silla and Goguryeo's power expanded, threatening Baekje, which put Japan's peninsula management strategy of developing power in southern Korea in a dilemma. On the other hand, it has led to the influx of mainland immigrants. At home, after the reunification of the country, the royal family constantly occupied the territory of local aristocrats, expanded their warehouses, and imposed the military burden of invading Korea on them, and the contradiction between the royal family and local aristocrats intensified. The war of aggression against Korea brought disaster to the people and triggered people's resistance. After the mid-6th century, the Ministry of People's System did not adapt to the development level of productive forces, and began to disintegrate, and the Ministry of People's System fled one after another. The struggle between the old and new forces in the imperial court is getting worse. At the beginning of the 6th century, Taipan, who held the real power of the imperial court, was attacked for advocating ceding four counties in Na Ren to Baekje, thus losing political power and being replaced by Wu Bu and Su Wo. Wu Bu's family is an aristocrat who holds military power in the imperial court and an old-fashioned force who maintains the original ruling style. Since the second half of the 5th century, the Su family has been in charge of finance in the imperial court, and its influence has gradually expanded. The Su family has a close relationship with mainland immigrants. At that time, the Su family was a progressive force that actively absorbed foreign ideas and cultures. When Baekje Sage presented Buddha statues and Confucian classics to the Japanese court, Suwo Mimu actively advocated worshipping Buddha, trying to replace the belief in stone gods with worshipping Buddha, so as to unify the national thinking and strengthen the imperial power. On the other hand, Wu advocated believing in the primitive stone gods in order to maintain the surname system and the people's system, and resolutely opposed the worship of Buddhism. The two factions launched a fierce struggle around the worship and exclusion of Buddhism. Horse bucket wheel

In 587, after the death of Ming Chengzu (reigned from 585 to 587), taking the issue of succession to the throne as an opportunity, Suwomazi, son of Suwomi, and Shouwu, son of the Ministry of Materials, launched a life-and-death struggle. Finally, Ma Zi won the battle to destroy the house, and the Wubu family perished. After defeating Wu Bu, Ma Su made King Shu Bu Emperor, namely Shen Chong (reigned from 587 to 592). Emperor Chongjun is not willing to be our girl's puppet. He once pointed to the offering of wild boar and said, "If you break this pig head, you will break the person I suspect." Sue, my daughter was shocked when she heard the news. In 592, Ma Su instigated Naoki of the Eastern Han Dynasty to stab the emperor. In order to monopolize the state affairs, in February of the same year, Ma Zi elected her niece as the first female emperor in Japanese history-Empress Tuiku (reigned from 592 to 628). The following year, in 593, the emperor appointed Prince Yasuhiro, the son of tomorrow's emperor, as the Crown Prince, "Remember the Regent, and have the opportunity to inform the Committee". Later, because of his wisdom and wise management, the world called him Shoto Kutaishi. Shoto Kutaishi is the emperor's Di Zi of tomorrow. According to Japanese records, he is "naturally eloquent, strong and wise, so as not to be crippled by ten complaints" and has the qualities of an official. He studied Buddhism from the Korean monk Huici and Confucianism from Dr. Baekje, and was influenced by mainland ideology and culture since childhood. At the beginning of Shoto Kutaishi's rule, the imperial court was in the midst of internal troubles and foreign invasion. The so-called foreign invasion, China ended its long-term division and established a unified feudal centralized state-Sui Dynasty; On the Korean peninsula, the increasingly powerful Silla occupied the Han River and Luodong River basins, and the relationship with Japan deteriorated sharply after the annexation of Na Ren, a stronghold of Japan in North Korea. The so-called domestic troubles and foreign invasion, the shortcomings of surnames and the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the influence of the famous family represented by the Su family is too great to be lost, and the royal family's influence is too thin. Influenced by China's thought of respecting the king and unifying the whole country, Shoto Kutaishi tried to build an emperor-centered centralization of authority to save the social crisis, so he implemented a series of reforms.

Nara era

In the year of 7 10, Heichengjing (now Nara and its suburbs), the capital of Japan, ushered in a prosperous period with laws to follow. But at this time, the poverty of farmers, the increase of vagrants, and the substantial collapse of the commons citizenship system caused by the expansion of manor began to expose contradictions. During this period, due to the state's efforts to protect Buddhism, Buddhist culture, especially Buddhist art, began to flourish. For example, the bird culture that created Japanese Buddhist culture in the early 7th century; The unique baifeng culture in the late 7th century; In the mid-8th century, under the influence of the culture in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Tian Ping culture embodied rich human emotions in a realistic way, and so on. Compared with Buddhist art, the cultural pyramid of this period is a collection of leaves. In the 400 years before the middle of the 8th century, The Collection of Ye Wan collected about 4,500 songs of peace from civilians to emperors, which truly reflected the simple life feelings of ancient Japanese. In addition, Hongzhi (7 12), The Book of Japan (720) and China's poetry collection Huaifengzao (75 1) are all cultural heritages of this period. Horyuji quintuple tower

peacetime

へぃぁんじだぃぃぃぃぃぃぃぃぃぃぃ At the end of the 8th century, Japan moved its capital to Pingan (now the capital) in an attempt to rebuild the legal system. However, due to the collapse of the commons citizenship system, the country fell into financial difficulties. After sending the last batch of envoys to the Tang Dynasty in 894, it stopped, so it stopped absorbing a lot of mainland culture. 10 ~ 1 1 century, Fujiwara's monopoly regime was based on manor, and its power was the most powerful. However, due to local political chaos and public security chaos, the samurai group became stronger. By the end of 1 1 century, in order to confront Fujiwara, the "imperial government" was implemented (referring to the late Japanese heian period, when the emperor was in office, the French emperor acted as the emperor's authority). Thus, the samurai entered the central political circle. Heian period is the characteristic of China culture. Influenced by the Tang Dynasty in the 9th century, the culture of forbearance and Zhenguan in esotericism and Sinology is still very prosperous. However, after the direct communication with the mainland was cut off after the 10 century, Japan's unique aristocratic culture came into being. His representative works include The First Collection of Poetry, A Collection of Ancient and Modern Harmony Songs (65438+early 20th century), The Tale of Genji, the world's oldest novel (165438+early 20th century) and Essays on Pillow Grass (around AD 1000).

Middle Ages

Kamakura era

(1 185 turn 1333) 12 At the end of the year, the Yuan Dynasty was awarded the title of the first generation foreign general, and the shogunate was established in Kamakura, from which the samurai regime was born, resulting in the opposition between martial politics and public politics (referring to court officials and nobles). /kloc-in the late third century, the samurai rule of the shogunate began to face difficulties, and the kamakura shogunate gradually embarked on the road of extinction. Culturally, based on the aristocratic culture in the past, it absorbed the Zen culture introduced into Japan in the Song Dynasty and cultivated a vivid, realistic, simple and unique martial arts culture. In terms of religion, Kamakura Buddhism was founded by famous monks such as Fran, Qinluan and Rilian, and gained the faith of all walks of life. Zen Buddhism was introduced to Japan in the12nd century, and was valued by the Kanto samurai, and new trends appeared in the art field. In literature, the novel "The Story of Heiping Family" (the original was born at the beginning of13rd century), which is an outstanding representative of ancient Japanese military stories. Dongdasi Giant Buddha

Southern and Northern Dynasties

(1334- 1392) after Daigo destroyed the kamakura shogunate, he resumed the kingship for the first time and implemented the New Deal, which was known as the Jianwu New Deal. Because the New Deal did not meet the requirements of the samurai, it only reused the nobles in Kyoto, which attracted the dissatisfaction of the samurai. Among them, the first step to respect the history of general is even more dissatisfied. Although he was honored by the emperor's name, he still wanted to open a government. As a result, Ashikaga respected the teacher and forced Go Daigo to abdicate. The new emperor Guangming appointed him as the general to conquer foreign countries in the Northern Dynasties. After Daigo abdicated, the three artifacts symbolized by the Emperor retreated to Yamato Yoshino (now Nara Prefecture) for the use of the Southern Dynasties. At this point, the Northern and Southern Dynasties finally formed, and the history books also called "two emperors in Nanjing in one day". After many attacks and defenses, the power of the Southern Dynasties declined. Finally, the Emperor of the Southern Dynasties handed over three artifacts to the Emperor of the Northern Dynasties, ending the era of the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

Muromachi era

/kloc-In the first half of the 4th century, after the conquering foreign general Ashikaga Yoshimitsu stabilized the Muromachi shogunate in Kyoto, the Wu family overwhelmed the government politically and culturally for more than two centuries. Because the Muromachi shogunate was established by gathering powerful names, the ruling ability of the shogunate itself was relatively weak. In January of the first year of Ren Ying (1467), Ren Ying's rebellion broke out, and famous soldiers from all over the country rose in succession. Muromachi shogunate was on the verge of collapse, and Japan entered the Warring States period. In the name of the warring States period, it became a powerful independent regime that ruled the local land and people. In terms of culture, both aristocratic culture and martial artist culture are influenced by Zen. /kloc-At the end of 0/4th century, Beishan culture represented by Jingu Temple and Dongshan culture represented by Yinta Temple were very developed. /kloc-In the middle of the 6th century, Portuguese and Spanish came to Japan and introduced guns and Christianity. It was an era of active culture.

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