What is the origin of Hakka people in Guangdong and Hakka dialect?

The formation of Hakka is mainly related to the Song Dynasty, especially in the era of the alternation of Song and Yuan Dynasties, when people from the Central Plains moved south because of the war. Why did you move to the south? This is caused by geographical factors and ethnic factors. To the east of China is the ocean, to the west is the snowy mountain plateau, and to the north is the conquered ethnic minorities. It can be said that it is besieged on three sides, and moving south is the only choice; Further, it can be said that it is a nomadic people in the north. These areas are short of water, and agricultural civilization cannot spread to grasslands. Nomadic tribes formed conquered minorities several times, and then invaded the Central Plains many times. In order to resist this invasion and gain an advantage in the north-south confrontation, the Han nationality should emphasize increasing population and safeguarding national unity. However, there are always fatuous emperors who lead to the decline of national strength, military weakness, occupation of territory and even change of ownership. The strength of the Song Dynasty was weak, the whole country was not martial, and the emperor was taken hostage. The people of the Central Plains could not bear the bullying and torture of foreigners, so they had to start the climax of moving south, and they had to cross the Yangtze River from Henan and Huaihe River basins, and then went south along the Ganjiang River, gradually drifting away from their homeland. ...

Central Plains people began this group migration from the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Few ethnic groups in the world are forced to migrate in this way (in fact, they have become refugees who can't return to their hometown). What kind of scene is this? Behind the scenes, there are wars and sad howls everywhere, and the original clan society has become fragmented. In the chaos, people take their children to a strange and desolate place to seek peace for their whole life or generations. Walking into Ganzhou, we can know that the southeast mountainous area is a natural barrier; However, Hunan is prone to floods, and the southwest is the mountainous area of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, so agricultural civilization cannot develop. In contrast, southern Ganzhou is a hilly and mountainous area with developed water system, and a small amount of cultivated land can be developed along the wasteland along the river. In this way, people from the Central Plains poured into Ganzhou during the war. Ganzhou new immigrants are divided into two waterways. One waterway is Zhangjiang, and those who cross Dayuling into Guangdong are "Guangfu people". A waterway is the Gongjiang River, and it is the "Hakkas" who cross the stone wall and enter Fujian. Later, Hakkas entered Guangdong from Yanting River and Hanjiang River in Fujian. Since then, these immigrants have been a guest in a wild foreign land, and it is difficult for them to predict the future misfortune. They dream of a scene and a thing around their homeland, far away from the political and cultural center in the north, looking back at the glory that the clan once had, retaining the traditional culture of the Central Plains and forming the habit of "farming and reading", hoping to compete for the Central Plains again through the imperial examination. ...

To Ganzhou City, the word "Gan" in Ganzhou is a combination of the word "Zhang" in Zhangjiang and the word "Gong" in Gongjiang, and Jiangxi is also commonly known as "Gan". There are many Hakkas in Ganzhou, including the neighboring Ji 'an. However, in Ganzhou, "Mandarin" is the main language. Outside the city, most farmers speak Hakka. Some people say that Hakka people have preserved the culture of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and Hakka dialect also carries the pronunciation of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Hakka's survival and destiny, migration is a passive behavior and a painful process, which creates a glimmer of life in the pain of migration. On the one hand, according to the surname, we should reunite and gather strength, and fight with Man Liao (estimated to be dominated by Yao and She, formerly called Baiyue) who occupy Nanling to gain a foothold; On the other hand, in order to feed a family, land must be reclaimed. Moreover, mountainous areas are "densely populated and sparsely populated", so we should consciously continue to migrate. With the change of stars, Hakkas took a typical migration route-starting from Ganzhou, developing in Tingzhou (Fujian), thriving in Meizhou (Guangdong) and going abroad in Chaozhou (Guangdong). What a long migration route it is, it embodies the hardships of immigrants and stubbornly explores a way out for Hakkas ... In addition, a branch moved westward from Fujian (or Guangdong) to Sichuan and Guangxi.

Ganzhou city reached its peak in Song Dynasty, which may be related to the agricultural civilization and cultural thought brought by the migration of Central Plains people, and it was far away from the war in Central Plains at that time. Therefore, Ganzhou also has a name called "Song Cheng". There are also large-scale Confucian temples and old city walls in Zaoer Lane, an old street in Ganzhou. These landscapes can show that Ganzhou has a profound human history, which makes people linger. In addition, Li Bo, a descendant of the royal family of Li Shimin in the Tang Dynasty, served as the secretariat of Ganzhou, leaving a famous sentence in Yugutai: "Relieve the past and present, and keep the heart of heaven and earth alone". When you board Yugutai, you can see that Zhangjiang and Gongjiang meet to form Ganjiang River, which flows from south to north. Yugutai also has a statue of Xin Qiji, a famous person in the Song Dynasty. That year, he was exiled to Ganzhou because of lack of talents. His situation is a realistic portrayal of Yugutai couplets.

In a village called Li Laoshan, there is a Bogong Temple. It is said that when Li Bo was a secretariat in Ganzhou, one of his descendants lived here. Li Bo moved to Lushan Mountain in Jiujiang in his later years and founded Bailuyuan Academy, which became the first academy in the world. It is understood that this atmosphere of attaching importance to reading has always been very strong in Jiangxi. It is really rare for colleges and universities of all sizes to blossom everywhere in the wild mountainous areas. Those obscure literati who inherit the culture of the Central Plains.