Immigrant tragedy

Jiangdong 64 Tun area is located on the north bank of Heilongjiang, which was originally the territory of China. 1858 on may 28th, nikolayevich Muraviev, governor of Siberia, Russia, signed the treaty of love fainting with Yishan, general of Heilongjiang province in Qing dynasty.

The treaty made China lose about 600,000 square kilometers north of Heilongjiang and south of Xing 'an Mountains, including Liushitun in Jiangdong, which is located on the north bank of Heilongjiang.

However, due to the large number of Qing residents in Jiangdong 64, the treaty stipulates that:

It is clearly stipulated in the treaty that the residents of Sixty-four Villages in Jiangdong enjoy the right of permanent residence, and the Qing government also enjoys permanent jurisdiction over the people there, but the Qing dynasty has no sovereignty over this place. This separation of jurisdiction and sovereignty laid a hidden danger for later events.

The Aihui Treaty completely overthrew the Nebuchadnezzar Chu Treaty signed between China and Russia during the Kangxi period, and broke the peace situation between the two countries for more than 0/00 years. During the negotiation of the Aihui Treaty, Yi Shan, a representative of the Qing Dynasty, pointed out: "It has never changed for hundreds of years. Today, if you do what you agreed, it will be difficult to accommodate you. "

Although Yishan was tough at first, he signed the treaty under the threat of Russian force.

The treaty is also the biggest unequal treaty signed by the Qing government. The two sides used the Second Opium War to defeat the enemy without fighting, forcing the Qing government to cede a large territory when the Qing government was at home and abroad, as Engels said:

The Russian government was ecstatic after the signing of the treaty of infatuation. The Russian government renamed Hailanbao on the north bank of Aihui as "Baoxin City" (that is, Blagoveshchensk) to celebrate the successful signing of the treaty.

Tsar Alexander II awarded a special prize in recognition of Muraviev's "meritorious service" in signing the aggression contract, and at the same time named Muraviev Earl of Amur.

In fact, after the signing of the Aihui Treaty, it was not recognized by the Qing government at first, and Yishan was also rejected by the Qing court on the grounds of cutting land without authorization. However, only two years later, the Qing Dynasty recognized the provisions of the Aihui Treaty in the Beijing Treaty signed with Russia.

After the signing of the Treaty of Love, Russia stepped up its immigration to the north bank of Heilongjiang and began to occupy a large number of fertile land. With the increase of immigrants, conflicts with indigenous people are inevitable, especially conflicts between lands.

With the accumulation of contradictions, until 1894, czar Russian official Matyunin submitted a report to the czar to completely solve the problem of "Manchu on the Jieya River (namely Jiangdong Sixty-four Village)", and decided to cancel the jurisdiction of the Qing government over the residents of Jiangdong Sixty-four Village and the right of abode of Qing residents in China.

1898, Russia sent troops to 64 villages in an attempt to collect taxes. Aihui authorities of the Qing government "sent officers and men across the river to protect the flag" according to their jurisdiction, but they were forcibly disarmed by the Russian army, which almost turned into an armed conflict.

This is a turning point, which means that the Russian government will not recognize the jurisdiction of the Qing government over the residents of 64 villages in Jiangdong.

But none of this information aroused the vigilance of the Qing government or local officials in Heilongjiang. 1900, while the Qing dynasty was busy with the boxer movement, Russia was ready to seek greater interests by military means again.

1900 on July 9, the tsar ordered two Russian troops to gather in Boli, Shuangchengzi and stand by and attack Harbin and Mudanjiang respectively. On July 15, two Russian ships sailed into Aihui River to provoke, and the Qing army fought back, killing and injuring five Russian officers and men. Using this as an excuse, Russia brazenly sent troops to create the Hailan cannon and the sixty-four villages in Jiangdong.

Russian soldiers arrested the Qing people on the north bank of Heilongjiang and drove the detained China people to the edge of Heilongjiang, which is called "crossing the river". In fact, they drove the arrested people into the river and drowned them alive. According to records:

Russian soldiers not only drove the people into the water, but also killed my compatriots by killing and setting fire to them. According to the records, Russian soldiers "drove the residents of various villages into a big house and set them on fire".

Borderton alone killed thousands of people.

On July 3 1900 and 3 1, at the same time of the massacre, the Hailanpao City Council held a meeting to openly auction the property of residents in Hailanpao and 64 villages in Jiangdong, and used residents' houses and shops as military hospitals and dormitories.

It is shameless to hold a parliamentary discussion in public.

More than 2,000 people were killed in the Liutun massacre in Jiangdong, and 5,000 people were killed in the Hailan gun massacre made by the Russian government. This is just the number of victims, and there are many displaced and homeless people, which can't be counted so far.

When the tragedy happened, Aihui authorities in Qing Dynasty also took rescue measures. Yang Fengxiang, Deputy Commander-in-Chief of Aihui, sent Wang and other soldiers to cross the river with 300 people on the night of July 1900, and ambushed Russian troops in bordo, causing dozens of casualties and being forced to retreat to the estuary of Gyeonggi Province.

Aihui Navy also urgently mobilized 30 warships and 20 merchant ships to pick up and drop off around the clock to help most residents of 64 villages in Jiangdong.

It can be said that if Aihui authorities hadn't taken action, more people would have been killed. Unfortunately, due to the weak national strength of the Qing government, the tragedy could not be contained.

Even Americans and Japanese can't stand the occurrence of these two tragedies. American historian beveridge said:

Japanese spy Shi Guangqing lurked in the Russian Far East and witnessed the tragedy. He pointed out that this is the first time in the history of Heilongjiang River Basin.

Soviet leader Lenin wrote in China's War:

1900 was an eventful year for the Qing dynasty. This year, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing and entered the Forbidden City. Compared with the turbulent situation in Beijing, the tragedy in the distant border did not attract enough attention from the rulers of the Qing Dynasty.

Today, these two tragedies have passed 100 years. We should take history as a mirror, learn from it, and don't let the humiliating years of the past reappear. The root cause of the sixty-four Tun and Hailanpao tragedies in Jiangdong is the backwardness and weakness of the Qing Dynasty. Therefore, only when the country is rich and strong can the people live and work in peace and contentment without being bullied.