How to evaluate colonialism and nationalism

Colonialism means that capitalist countries use military, political and economic means to occupy, enslave and exploit the colonial history, nationalities and backward areas of small and weak countries and turn them into colonies and semi-colonies. Western powers oppress, enslave and exploit' backward' countries and turn them into their own colonies and semi-colonies. Its manifestations change with the different stages of capitalist development. In different periods of capitalist development, colonialism has different manifestations. During the primitive accumulation of capital period, naked violence was often used, such as armed occupation, overseas migration, piracy, fraudulent trade and bloody slave trade. In the period of free capitalism, underdeveloped countries, nationalities and regions are mainly turned into their own commodity markets, raw materials producing areas, investment places, cheap labor and mercenaries through the form of "free trade".

Colonialism has caused two completely different consequences. For colonial countries, they plundered a lot of wealth from the colonies, transported it to Europe and turned it into capital, which made Europe develop and prosper. For the vast number of colonial people, colonialism is a disaster and scourge, resulting in the backwardness of Asia, Africa and Latin America. Until today, its sequelae have not been completely eliminated.

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It brought great disasters to the colonial people. Belonging to a kind of political and economic expansion, the relationship between the immigrant city-state and the original home country is the relationship of aggression, dual service and exploitation. Greek colonists invaded the land of the aborigines, plundered slaves, plundered materials, engaged in commercial exploitation and piracy, which caused great disasters to the aborigines in the colonies.

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It promoted the development of industry and commerce and strengthened the industrial and commercial slave owners. The alliance between industrial and commercial slave owners and civilians is a major feature of Greek urban political development, especially in the industrialized city-states represented by Athens. The industrial and commercial slave owners and civilians joined forces to resist the exclusive regime of the gentry and nobles, and finally won through the struggle with the nobles, and finally replaced the aristocratic politics with slavery democracy. Only Sparta, the regime has maintained the form of aristocratic politics for a long time. Therefore, the development of industry and commerce, the growth of the industrial and commercial slave class, and the alliance with the civilians have promoted the struggle of the civilians against the nobility to a certain extent.

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It strengthened the contact between the polis and overseas places, objectively promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between the polis and the Greeks and colonists, and provided convenience for Greece to contact and absorb the cultures of Egypt, Babylon and Phoenicia. Capitalist countries use military, political and economic means to occupy, enslave and exploit weak countries, nationalities and backward areas, turning them into colonial and semi-colonial aggressive policies.

Nationalism is a kind of nationalism that pursues national interests after the emergence of modern nation-states. It is also one of the three people's principles advocated by Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the father of our country. Nationalism is a political idea, political goal and political pursuit with national rights and interests and national feelings as its core content.

Nationalism is a historical concept. Nationalism of feudal monarchs existed as early as feudal society. After the emergence of capitalism, nationalism developed continuously and gradually formed a complete ideological system.

The definition of any kind of ideology involves a wide range of levels, and nationalism is no exception.

In order to avoid this vague phenomenon, we can divide nationalism into the following categories according to the different emphases emphasized by various scholars:

1, Political Nationalism Political nationalism first emphasizes the political attribute of nationalism, which is the most representative classification of nationalism and actually the most remarkable feature of the rise of nationalism. Its basic goal is to establish a country and government belonging to its own nation, which is closely related to the political practice of "pursuing national identity". Many scholars actually put this political attribute of nationalism in the first place to demonstrate. Nationalism does not simply refer to national feelings, but refers to the ideology and social movement aimed at promoting the integration of social life and determining the political development of modern countries through mass mobilization. It is the group consciousness of great value in the nation-state, which guarantees the complete loyalty to the nation-state. This group agrees that the nation-state should maintain unity, independence and sovereignty and pursue a wide range of mutually acceptable goals. " These views all reflect the tendency to put the political attribute of nationalism in the first place and other attributes in the second place. Because political nationalism pursues the specific goal of establishing a sovereign state, it naturally tends to split and violence. Among all kinds of nationalism, political nationalism is also the most destructive one.

2. Economic nationalism Economic nationalism is relative to political nationalism. Generally speaking, economic nationalism refers to the nationalism with economic independence as the main content advocated by developing countries, especially Latin American countries, in the 1950s and 1960s. "Those countries that have not yet achieved' modernization' or developed status are increasingly wary of attempts to control their natural resources and economic destiny, and are aware of this necessity. This phenomenon is characterized by economic nationalism, which directly reflects the view that these countries often complain: although they have achieved political sovereignty and independence, they are still colonies economically. " A more extreme view holds that economic nationalism is "a process in which a political system develops economic resources within its geographical boundaries and exercises state or private control." It is a process in which domestic resources are replaced by foreign or transnational economic control for domestic economic control. "In fact, economic nationalism is the inevitable result of each country's political independence in the development stage, that is, after completing the historical task of independence, a nation must further develop its own economy to truly stand up. Today, from a macro perspective, the modern national sovereign state is still the basic unit for the distribution of resources and wealth among citizens of all countries in the world, so even in western developed countries, economic nationalism is still very strong. But slightly different from political nationalism, it generally does not lead to violence and war, but mostly appears in the form of trade war or economic friction.

3. Cultural nationalism Cultural nationalism refers to those factors in nationalism that emphasize the need to maintain and develop their own national culture. It advocates taking the homogeneous cultural tradition as the link, trying to establish the cultural space unit of national identity, and then achieving the result of consolidating or decomposing political entities. Some scholars believe that cultural nationalism has the following three characteristics: cultural nationalism is manifested in cultural integration and cultural symbols; Cultural nation is a nation of non-violent and non-military expansion; Cultural nation has the connotation of "respecting culture". The cultural nationalism derived from this "reflects a condescending attitude that the spirit of national culture and historical tradition is superior to others". Cultural nationalism often has different manifestations in countries with different levels of development. Generally speaking, cultural nationalism at a lower stage of development often has a strong defensive mentality. Because it can't be compared with more developed countries economically and politically, it can only maintain or restore national self-esteem with a sense of superiority in culture. Therefore, cultural nationalism in backward countries often hides a sense of inferiority behind the fragile psychological defense line, which is an inferiority complex that cannot compete with developed countries in other aspects. On the contrary, cultural nationalism in developed countries appears in another way, that is, using their own economic and political advantages to carry out various forms of cultural "export", that is, the so-called "cultural colonization." Therefore, the manifestations of cultural nationalism in different countries are quite different from the first two kinds of nationalism. But generally speaking, cultural nationalism generally does not lead to violence and war. Only when it is combined with political nationalism will it be destructive.

Of course, no matter what kind of nationalism, it has some basic characteristics of nationalism, but its social and political consequences are also very different due to different emphasis. It can also be considered that a nation's nationalism has different emphases in different periods. Around these emphases, nationalism often emphasizes its own different levels. Therefore, when we analyze and predict the development prospect of nationalism, it is very necessary to grasp the characteristics of various nationalism that are both related and different.

Nationalism is a national egoism that starts with one's own nation and ends with one's own nation. It consists of the principle of * * * and the principle of exclusion. The principle of * * is the sum of all material and spiritual factors and structures that this nation can effectively maintain the collective recognition of its internal personnel, including the mode of production, social system, geographical environment, spiritual values and beliefs, living habits, language and culture, etc. The principle of exclusion only regards the sum of this collective identity as the interests and value standards of one's own nation, thus excluding the equal status of other nations. Therefore, the essence of nationalism is national egoism, which excludes the equal interests and values of foreign nationalities.