Background of household registration system reform in Song Dynasty

The background of household registration reform in Song Dynasty;

The rapid development of urbanization and commodity economy in Song Dynasty completely broke the traditional agricultural economic barriers. In the current words, the output value of the tertiary industry in GDP is relatively high, and agriculture only accounts for 30%. The proportion of modern service industry is much higher than that of agriculture, which is the victory of economic structure. This is the first time in China for thousands of years. The highly prosperous commodity economy has brought a large number of floating population, which is different from the modern names of "migrant workers" and "migrant workers". The floating population in Song Dynasty is called "floating guest", that is, floating guest. In many cities in the Song Dynasty, the floating population was much higher than the local registered population, which is very similar to Dongguan today. In Song Huizong, Kaifeng, the capital, has a permanent population of 654.38+500,000, which is a veritable world metropolis. Among them, all kinds of temporary "drifting" people far exceed Kaifeng locals.

There are also a large number of foreign students in the floating population. As a metropolis, Kaifeng, the capital, is a place that people all over the country yearn for. There are not only a large number of young artists, but also students who work hard to immigrate to the college entrance examination. Because the admission index of the capital is much higher than other places, the college entrance examination in different places became a big problem as early as the Song Dynasty. Some students from underdeveloped areas go to other places to study, but the college entrance examination can only be taken locally. In the era of riding donkeys and horses, the mountain is high and the road is long, and sometimes the triennial exam will be delayed. In response, the government relaxed its policy. In the second year of Jingdezhen (1005), the imperial edict was issued, saying that "if you spend a long time in your hometown and live in the capital for a long time, you still have to be appointed by officials in your hometown to be settled in imperial academy". People who live in the capital for a long time far away from their hometown can take the imperial academy exam as long as they have the guarantee of their hometown officials.

Main contents of household registration system in Song Dynasty.

The Song government divided all residents into main households and customers according to the amount of formal production and whether they directly paid state taxes, and also divided main households into five categories according to the amount of formal production. In addition, there are a considerable number of special household registration, which overlap and overlap with the national household registration standards, and are also set separately for easy management. For example, the first-class households are particularly well-off households, privileged official households, national households specially set up for urban population, military families and temple fair households, which are not counted as major customers. Due to the numerous household registration systems in the Song Dynasty, the Song Dynasty has the most complicated multidimensional household registration survey and statistics system in history. Household registration documents are mainly divided into five categories: (1) fifth-class household registration books, which are used for recruitment and service; Impose forced labor and tax; The "two-tax version" of collecting and distributing two taxes: tax rent book and tax rent account; Garbo book used to maintain local security and train rural soldiers (later evolved into vouchers to replace the fifth-class production book to collect taxes); Register family changes in each state. From the fifth-class books to the accounts, the recorded contents are biased, and the compilation time is staggered and supplemented, which is the basis for taxation, scheduling and local management in Song Dynasty. Because the Song government had different privileges and obligations to different classes and strata, and the household registration was directly related to the tax service, the mysterious household appeared as the opposite of the tax service system in the Song Dynasty. Its existence in large numbers not only affected the taxation of the feudal government, but also affected the production and life of people of all classes and strata in society at that time, which became a serious social problem. To this end, the Song government formulated a strict legal system, and the government and private households have been struggling to hide their hukou.