Problems and countermeasures of contemporary marine transportation industry

2 1 century, international shipping is the most important mode of transportation, and two-thirds of international trade is completed by shipping. I mainly want to express the definition and characteristics of international shipping, as well as the problems such as marine pollution, crowded ports and tight container use, and give some countermeasures to solve the problems existing in international shipping, so as to make the international shipping industry develop for a long time. As the most important mode of transportation in international trade, marine transportation has the advantages of large carrying capacity, low cost, high speed, low risk and large throughput. The performance of trade contracts can only be realized by transportation in the end. If there is a problem in international maritime transportation, it will hinder international trade, so we can only promote the smooth progress of international trade by solving the transportation problem. Ocean transportation, also known as "international ocean cargo transportation", is the most important mode of transportation in international logistics. It refers to the use of ships to transport goods between ports in different countries and regions through sea routes, which is the most widely used way in international cargo transportation. At present, more than 2/3 of China's total international trade and about 90% of the total import and export freight are transported by sea. The changes brought by ocean transportation to the world are enormous. Ocean transportation is one of the most important modes of transportation in international commodity exchange, and the proportion of cargo transportation accounts for more than 80% of the total international cargo transportation. Ocean transportation has the following characteristics: 1.2. 1 Natural Waterway Ocean transportation is carried out with the help of natural waterways, which is not limited by roads and tracks and has stronger passing capacity. With the changes of political, economic and trade environment and natural conditions, the route can be adjusted and changed at any time to complete the transportation task.

1.2.2 heavy load With the development of international shipping industry, modern shipbuilding technology is more and more sophisticated, and ships are getting bigger and bigger. The super-large oil tanker reaches more than 600,000 tons, and the container carrying capacity of the fifth-generation container ship exceeds 5000TEU.

1.2.3 The shipping channel with low freight rate is naturally formed, and the port facilities are generally built by the government, so companies that operate shipping business can save a lot of infrastructure investment. Large carrying capacity, long service time, long transportation mileage and low unit transportation cost provide favorable conditions for the transportation of low-value bulk goods.

1.2.4 international maritime transportation is generally an international trade, and its production process involves individuals and organizations from different countries and regions. Maritime transport is also bound by international law and international management, and is also restricted and influenced by politics and laws of various countries.

1.2.5 slow and risky marine transportation is the slowest of all modes of transportation. Because shipping is at sea, it is greatly influenced by natural conditions, such as typhoons, which can drag a transport ship to the bottom of the sea, with great risks. There are also attacks such as pirates, and the risks are not small.

1.2.6 Incomplete ocean transportation is only a link in the whole transportation process, and the ports at both ends must rely on the connection and cooperation of other ocean transportation modes. Ocean transportation also has obvious disadvantages: for example, ocean transportation is easily affected by natural conditions and climate, the sailing schedule is not easy to be accurate, and there is a great possibility of distress.

1.3 international shipping mode

1.3. 1 liner transportation refers to the water transportation mode that sails on a fixed route according to the established port order and the pre-announced schedule. Liner shipping is suitable for general cargo transportation with stable cargo flow, many kinds of goods and small batch. Passenger transport is generally carried by liner. Liner shipping first appeared at the beginning of 19 century and was first adopted by the United States. 18 18 American Black Ball Steamship Company opened a regular liner service between new york and Liverpool, and used sailboats to transport overseas immigrants, mail and goods. 1924, after the United States, Britain opened liner routes operated by steam engines between London, Hamburg and Rotterdam. 19 in the 1940s, it expanded to the Middle East, the Far East and Australia. Since then, Japan, Germany, France and other shipping companies have operated liner shipping, with global routes spanning the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. In 1970s, China started liner shipping along the coast and the Yangtze River from 65438 to 2009. At the beginning of the 20th century, liner shipping was carried out in the Yangtze River and other inland rivers. After the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), Dalian-Shanghai liner freight service was opened. 196 1 year, China ocean shipping corporation was established, and China ocean shipping fleet was established. And international liner routes. Liner shipping is characterized by "four determinations and one responsibility". The route, port of call, shipping schedule and freight rate are fixed, and the carrier is responsible for loading and unloading. The function of liner shipping: (1) is beneficial to the transportation of general groceries and small trade goods smaller than the whole ship. As long as there are shipping spaces, liners can be transported regardless of the number of ports, direct shipment or transshipment; (2) Due to the characteristics of "four fixings", the time is guaranteed and the freight is fixed, which facilitates the negotiation of prices and transportation conditions between trading parties and is beneficial to international trade; (3) Liner shipping has been sailing on fixed routes for a long time, with fixed equipment and personnel, and can provide professional and high-quality services; (4) As the date of shipment and freight rate are announced in advance, it is beneficial for both parties to reach a deal and reduce the content of negotiations; (5) The procedure is simple and the owner is convenient. As the carrier is responsible for loading and unloading and space management, the shipper can save worry and effort as long as he gives the goods to the carrier.

How to solve the problems existing in the international transportation industry

1 strengthen the supervision and management of anti-pollution equipment in ship engine room.

3. 1. 1 Strengthen training management and crew training management, improve the crew's awareness of pollution prevention safety, formulate a scientific and effective assessment mechanism, and clarify the crew's responsibility for pollution prevention safety. Some shipping companies with small scale, poor management and operating domestic coastal routes have large crew mobility and uneven quality. Through publicity and education, organizing some targeted training in theory, operation and relevant laws and regulations, and analyzing some practical typical cases, the crew's awareness of pollution prevention and safety management skills can be improved. Shipping companies should establish strict rules and regulations, formulate scientific and effective assessment mechanisms, make rational use of allocated resources through self-examination and self-correction, and create a good atmosphere for crew members to consciously abide by the rules and laws.

3. 1.2 Strengthening maintenance and management Shipping companies and ships should strengthen the maintenance and management of engine room machinery and anti-pollution equipment, timely solve the phenomenon of "running, leaking, dripping and leaking" of machinery and equipment during ship operation, and reduce the daily sewage generated in engine room. The shipping company should provide necessary and effective shore-based support for the defects of anti-pollution equipment on board, including spare parts support and manpower technical support, so as to correct the defects on board in time and keep the anti-pollution equipment normal and effective. Shipping companies and ships should formulate pollution prevention safety management contents, focus on prevention and create a safe working environment; Take preventive measures-effective preventive measures; Take preplan-perfect emergency measures.

3. 1.3 Strictly pass the ship inspection and certification. The Ship Inspection Bureau should strengthen the certification and inspection of domestic coastal ships' anti-pollution equipment, prevent ships with serious defects in anti-pollution equipment from entering the shipping market at the source, and ensure that all operating ships have effective and up-to-standard sewage treatment facilities in hardware.

3. 1.4 implementing the port seal management system At present, some domestic ports have implemented strict seal management systems for anti-pollution equipment, such as Bohai Bay, Shanghai Port and Shenzhen Port. Some ships operating in Hong Kong, ships with defective anti-pollution equipment, and ships moored in Hong Kong for more than 30 days will be sealed up by the maritime department, and all waste oil and sewage generated by ships will be recovered by the port. This effectively curbed the illegal operation and random discharge of ships in the port. It is suggested that the lead seal management system should be implemented in key waters and conditional ports.

3. 1.5 Strengthen safety inspection. In the ship safety inspection, the maritime department should focus on the anti-pollution equipment of ships, especially some old ships, strictly check their equipment, structure, performance and emission standards, strengthen the crew's operation inspection of anti-pollution equipment, and check their familiarity with international conventions and domestic laws and regulations; On the other hand, the Maritime Safety Administration should regularly carry out special inspections on anti-pollution equipment of coastal ships, form a long-term management system, equip with some necessary instruments and equipment, and strengthen the technical force of on-site inspection. Intensify the investigation and punishment of illegal oil pollution cases, increase deterrence through severe punishment, and enhance the awareness of environmental protection and safety of ships.

3.2 Strengthening Ship Safety Inspection The Maritime Safety Administration strengthens ship safety inspection to prevent the occurrence of major shipwrecks caused by unseaworthy ships, which is the most important thing to prevent marine pollution caused by ships. We should also establish a compensation system for oil pollution damage as soon as possible and improve the civil legislation of oil pollution damage at sea in China.