A report on the origin of Han nationality in China.

From about 5000 BC, the Huaxia nationality, the main body of the Han nationality, originated in the Yellow River valley and began to develop gradually. It entered the Neolithic Age and went through the stages of matriarchal clan commune and paternal clan commune. In 2700 BC, there was a tribe named Ji in central Shaanxi, with the leader of Huangdi and the leader of a tribe named Jiang in the south. The two sides often clashed. The battle of Hanquan finally broke out between the two tribes. The Yellow Emperor defeated Yan Di, and then.

According to the legend recorded in the pre-Qin literature, the ancestors of the Han nationality lived in the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. The ancestors of the Han nationality generally lived in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, starting from Longshan in the west and Taishan in the east. Yangshao culture and Longshan culture are two Neolithic cultures mainly distributed in this area, which are generally considered as the cultural remains of Han ancestors.

Ancient legends also describe that Han ancestors experienced a long era of primitive commune system. Before the Yellow Emperor, there was a matriarchal clan tribe that "Anemarrhena denied his father" (see matriarchal clan system); The legend about the Yellow Emperor marks the change from matriarchal clan tribe to paternal clan tribe (see paternal clan system) and enters the stage of tribal alliance. Legend has it that Yao, Shun and Yu, who successively served as the leaders of the big tribal alliance after the Yellow Emperor, are considered to be descendants of the Yellow Emperor.

In 2 1 century BC, the primitive commune system in the Central Plains came to the end of history, and a class society appeared on the land in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. After the 20th century BC, Xia (about 2 1 century BC ~ 65438+6th century BC), Shang (about 65438+6th century BC ~1century BC) and Western Zhou (about 165438+ 65438 BC) Then it developed to the vast areas of Huaihe River, Surabaya, Yangtze River and Hanshui River. There were clan names in the Western Zhou Dynasty, which were called Huaxia, Xia or Huaxia, to distinguish them from barbarians, Yi, Rong and Di. But at this time, the distinction between China and foreigners is not very strict.

During the Spring and Autumn Period (770 ~ 476 BC), China people's concept of nobility and inferiority was already very strong. At that time, the standards, race and culture that distinguished China from barbarians were highly valued, and culture was especially the primary factor. Due to etiquette, customs, clothing and other factors, China people and foreigners can often switch places with each other. Qin and Chu are not only as famous as Qi, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei, but also the two most powerful governors in China. The seven chivalrous men joined forces with Lian Heng to fight together, but the ethnic groups were the same, forming the trend of summer reunification; So Huaxia has become a stable ethnic group, and its distribution area has reached the middle and lower reaches of Liaohe River in Northeast China, Taohe River Basin in Northwest China, Bashu and central Guizhou in Southwest China, Hunan and wuyue in Southeast China.

Qin Shihuang unified China and established the Qin Dynasty, followed by the Han Dynasty, which ruled China for more than 400 years. During this period, the territory of China expanded unprecedentedly. At this time, the distribution of Han population is still concentrated in the Yellow River and Huaihe River basins. Since the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Han population has gradually migrated to the Yangtze River, the Pearl River and the southeast of China on a large scale. From the Western Jin Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty, the Han population entered Central Asia and Yunnan. By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the population of the Han nationality in the south had surpassed that in the north, and Manchu prohibited the Han nationality from going out to the northeast. In the late Qing Dynasty, in order to enrich the frontier, Han people were allowed to enter the northeast of China. During Zhang's rule in Northeast China, a large number of Shandong Han people were introduced. From the Ming Dynasty, the Han nationality began to immigrate to Southeast Asia sporadically, and from the19th century, the Han nationality immigrated to Europe, North America and other places.

Lang.

The language of the Han nationality is Chinese, which is written in Chinese characters. Chinese belongs to Sino-Tibetan language family. According to the classification methods commonly used in academic circles, it can be divided into seven dialects: Northern Dialect (Mandarin), Wu Dialect, Xiang Dialect, Gan Dialect, Hakka Dialect, Min Dialect and Cantonese (see Chinese Dialect Entry for many different classification methods). In recent years, many scholars believe that Guangxi Pinghua and Shanxi Jin dialect should be juxtaposed with the other seven dialects. In different areas where Han people live, the provisions of standard Chinese are different. Chinese mainland, Taiwan Province Province and Singapore are regarded as standard Putonghua (languages developed on the basis of Beijing dialect in Putonghua areas are called Putonghua, Mandarin and Mandarin respectively due to different locations), and Hong Kong is regarded as standard Cantonese (Cantonese). Chinese characters are written in traditional Chinese characters and simplified Chinese characters respectively.

In addition, some scholars divide Fujian dialect into Minnan dialect and northern Fujian dialect. These dialects have their own distribution areas, and the interior of each dialect can be subdivided, thus forming a complex language state of Chinese dialects, and the north and the south are not connected with each other. Nevertheless, due to the high unity of Chinese characters, it has a strong cohesive effect on the Han nationality, so it seems no exaggeration to say that there would be no Han nationality without Chinese characters. (1). The Huaxia nationality in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties is a gradually expanding concept. It first refers to the Central Plains and the southern part of Shanxi, directly under the Xia State established by Qi, and then the Shang tribe named Dongyi, who lives in the northern part of Shangqiu today, joined. Dongyi is between Huaxia and Tunguska in blood, but it is not much different from Huaxia in appearance. Their differences are mainly in culture, which can be called Huaxia branch. As for Zhou, it was originally a branch of Xia tribe, but later it moved to Xirong, not Siyi. It's like a man from China who goes to live in the United States and comes back several years later. Perhaps the cultural concept is different from that of Huaxia in the Central Plains, but they are Chinese immigrants in Guanzhong by blood, but they are definitely mixed with a small amount of Qiang descent. Qin is also a branch of Dongyi, which was completely sinicized during the Warring States period. Chu and Huaxia have a strong blood relationship, but their civilization is backward (similar to that of Dongyi), but they were all from China during the Warring States Period.

Qin destroyed the six countries, and Huaxia merged with the Chu people. In the Han Dynasty, a new nation (Han) based on China was formed. The Han nationality in the Han Dynasty is a mixture of Huaxia, Dongyi and Chu nationalities, and some of them are of Qiang descent.

(2) According to historical records, there were 72 million people in the Eastern Han Dynasty, but the population dropped sharply to 1/3, that is, 24 million, and the population at the end of the Three Kingdoms was 25 million. After the truce, Cao Wei, Wu and Han all resumed production and construction, and by the middle of the Western Jin Dynasty (AD 300), the population had increased to 33.79 million. More than half of the population died in the Eight Kings Rebellion in the Western Jin Dynasty, and the Han population was even less than150,000 in 3/7 years after the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty.

There are 800,000 Qiang, Di and Huns in Shaanxi, but the local population of Han nationality is only 800,000 because of war and flight. As for Shanxi, it is the world of Xiongnu clan and Xianbei, with a population of 800,000. Only 654.38 million Han people stayed there. There should be 800,000 Xianbei people in Hebei, while the local Han population is only 1.5 million. As for the Henan-Shandong region, which is dominated by the Han nationality, the population is absolutely dominant, while the Xianbei people who moved here mainly rely on the rice rented by the Han nationality at 50 stone per household; Dunhuang area is mostly Han nationality in exile in the Central Plains and local Han nationality. Later, 300,000 Jie people were basically killed by Ran Min; During the pre-Qin period, 400,000 Miao people were stationed in other places from Guanzhong. Due to the scattered distribution of Di people, they were drowned in Wang Yang of Han nationality for 50 years, Fu Jian was destroyed by Xiyan and Houqin, Fu Pi was destroyed by Houyan, and Mao Deng was destroyed by Xiqin. Western Qin was destroyed by Xiongnu fox in summer, later Qin by Eastern Jin, and Hu Xia by Tugu Hun. The Murong Department and Qiu Fu Department of Xianbei were destroyed by Northern Wei, Fengba and Eastern Jin in the melee. By the time the Eastern and Western Wei Dynasties were united in the north, there were only two major ethnic groups left in the north of China-the Han nationality and the Xianbei nationality. (At the beginning of the 4th century, the total population of Tuoba Xianbei nationality was no more than one million, even far below this figure. )

Due to the gap between Qin and Yan, the folk Han people resumed their growth. From 368 to 407, the population of Han people in China recovered to 30 million, and the population in the Eastern Jin Dynasty was 6.5438+0.5 million, so there were 6.5438+0.5 million folk Han people in the north. In 520, the population of China increased to 52.4 million, including 20 million in the southern dynasties, 23.5 million in the northern dynasties, 4 million in mixed blood and 4.9 million in Xianbei. Xianbei Jie, who was slaughtered in the Erzhurong rebellion, and Xianbei Wei, who started in 534, attacked each other, and the population of Xianbei has dried up. Because qi zhou refused to be sinicized, Xianbei people rarely merged into the blood of the Han people, and finally ended their existence in the history of China with most of them killing each other and a few merging into the Han people.

Because the Hu people took fighting as their profession, most of them died in the 200-year-long northern melee. (Zhu Erjie people were all killed by Hu Situn, and then the Lord Chen Yue killed them again, leaving few Xianbei people. ) So that Yu Wentai in the Western Wei Dynasty had to supplement troops from the Han people, engage in officers and soldiers, and lead troops with the local Han strongmen. Yu Wentai and Yuan Xin are the only Xianbei people in the Eight Pillars, while other Li Bi (descendants of Li Ling), Li Hu, Li Yuan, Zhao Gui, Yang Zhong and Wang Xiong are all Han Chinese. Generally speaking, in the late Northern Dynasties, General Hu was greatly reduced, and Han generals emerged one after another, such as Wei Xiaokuan, the general of the Western Wei Dynasty, Sima Yang Yuanshou of Wuchuan Town, Yang Zhong's father, Gao Huan, the Han nationality in Liaodong, and Qin Gui, the general of the Northern Qi Dynasty. Since then, the Han people have an overwhelming advantage not only in the people, but also in the military. Most of the Han soldiers and ancestors in the Zhou, Qi, Sui and Tang Dynasties rose with the coexistence of the Eastern and Western Wei Dynasties. In the early years of Sui Dynasty, due to the death of Hu people in Guanzhong and Shanxi areas, the growth of folk Han people and the return of Han people from other places, Han people occupied an overwhelming advantage.

By 58 1 year, the population of China was 44.3 million, including 0/80,000 in southern dynasties, 20 million in northern dynasties, 3 million in mixed blood and 3.3 million in Xianbei. Therefore, the lineage of the Han nationality in the Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties is about (2000+ 150)/2630 = 82%.

(3) Let's talk about the Han nationality in the Southern Dynasties. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, there have been a large number of Han immigrants between the Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains and Yangzhou-Zhenjiang-Liyang-Xuanzhou-Huangshan-Jiujiang-Wuhan-Changde-Huaihua-Baise. For example, during the Warring States period, Chu was completely owned by China, and after Sichuan was occupied by Qin, it gradually became part of China and became a part of the Han nationality. There are also Yongjia Rebellion, Anshi Rebellion and Jingkang Rebellion in Nanjing. The Han immigrants in the Central Plains gradually surpassed the local Wu Man. So the Han nationality in this area is 90%, surpassing the Han nationality in the north.

As for southern Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Hunan, there are at most 60% Han descent, so Wu dialect, Gan dialect and Xiang dialect are difficult to understand. Shanghai-Southern Jiangsu has been a mixture of Chinese and barbarians since Taibo entered Suzhou. Later, the number of Han Chinese who fled here in the Northern War gradually increased, surpassing the local barbarians. Zhejiang originally belonged to Yue State, and was later destroyed by the Huaxia Chu State. The Yue people collapsed in the south, and Han people poured into Shanyue (which did not belong to the Miao and Yao nationality of Baiyue, the ancestor of She nationality). In Hunan and Jiangxi, the Han people live together with a large number of Wu Lingren (ancestors of Miao and Yao) and a few ethnic groups such as Yunmeng, Fujian and Yue. But let's not say that Nan Man is closer to the Han nationality than Baiyue in blood and physical characteristics, which is also the basis for the significant differences between the Han nationality in Fujian and Guangdong and other Han nationalities.

Fujian and Guangdong may have a large number of Baiyue lineages. There is no doubt that Fujian people are descendants of Fujian and Guangdong. After the destruction of Fujian and Vietnam by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, although many Fujian and Vietnam aborigines and nobles were forced to move to Jianghuai and Yunmeng, there were still fewer Han people than Fujian and Vietnam aborigines at that time. It was not until a large number of Han people in Gushi moved south that Han people were on an equal footing with the indigenous population. Therefore, the Han descent of Fujian people does not exceed 60% at most, which is doomed to more Baiyue characteristics. Guangdong and Guangxi may have more South Vietnamese ancestry, which can be seen from their similarity with Vietnamese. Guangdong and Guangxi have at most 50% Han descent. Cantonese, Zhuang language, Minnan dialect and northern Fujian dialect are difficult to understand, which can be seen.