How much land did Russia occupy in China?

Tsarist Russia invaded China's territory10.5 million square kilometers. During the Soviet period, the Soviet Union occupied 1.7 million square kilometers of the territory of the Oulianghai Sea in Tang Nuo, China. The Soviet Union occupied about 6,543.8+700,000 square kilometers of territory in China. The Soviet Union also separated more than 6,543.8+0.5 million square kilometers of China's outer Mongolia region from China by force. The Soviet Union lost more than 3.2 million square kilometers of territory to China.

1) 1689 On September 7th, the 27th year of Kangxi, after the signing of the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu, about 250,000 square kilometers of land west of Xing 'an Mountains and Ergon were lost.

2) 1727 10 year1October 2 1 day (the fifth year of Yongzheng), about 100000 square kilometers of land in the south and southwest of Lake Baikal were forced to sign the Chaktu Treaty and lost.

3) 1790 (55 years of Qianlong), about100000 square kilometers of Sakhalin Island was secretly annexed by the Russian emperor.

4) 1840 (twenty years of Daoguang), originally a state of Kazakhstan, was invaded by the Russian emperor, covering an area of about one million square kilometers.

5) 1840 (the 20th year of Daoguang) was originally bulut, with an area of about100000 square kilometers, which was later annexed by the Russian emperor.

6) 1858 (eighth year of Xianfeng) On May 28th, the vast areas to the west of Tongjiang, to the north of Heilongjiang and to the south of Outer Xing 'an Mountains were occupied by the tsarist Russia, and the Qing court was forced to sign the "Love Faint Treaty" for recognition.

7) In June1860165438+1October 14 (the tenth year of Xianfeng), about 430,000 square kilometers of land near Xingkai Lake and east of Huntong River and Wusuli River were occupied by Russian emperors, forcing the Qing court to sign the Beijing Treaty to recognize it afterwards.

After 8) 1864 (three years of Tongzhi), the Russian emperor forced the Qing court to conclude the Tacheng border agreement and other border agreements several times, starting from Shazhida Baja and ending in Congling, and recognized them.

9) 1868 (the seventh year of Tongzhi), the Bukhar khanate with an area of about one million square kilometers was invaded and annexed by the Russian emperor.

10) 1876 (the second year of Guangxu), originally a vast China with an area of about 350,000 square kilometers, was annexed by the Russian emperor.

11)1year (the seventh year of Guangxu), from the shadow of Tianshan Mountain in the southwest of Yili, from Halleck Mountain Pass to Calda in the northwest of Yili, about 20,000 square kilometers of territory was lost, and the Russian emperor forced the Qing court to conclude the Ili Treaty.

12) 1883 (the ninth year of Guangxu), when the Russian emperor forcibly demarcated Cobdo Talbahatai, about 20,000 square kilometers of land near the Irtysh River and Zhaisanpo were lost.

13) 1895 (in the 21st year of Guangxu), the Pamir region in the westernmost part of Xinjiang Province, covering an area of about 10,000 square kilometers, was divided between Russia and Britain.

14) 1900, Nicholas ii came to power, sent troops to occupy 64 villages (3,600 square kilometers) in the east of the river, and more than 6,000 China residents were killed.

15) 192 1 (Republic of China 10) The Russian emperor first instigated the independence of Liang Hai, and 1944 (33 years of the Republic of China) officially invaded and annexed the whole country, with a total area of about170,000 square kilometers.

16) 1929 When Stalin was in power, the Soviet Red Army invaded the northeast, competed for the Middle East Railway (Harbin-Dalian Line), defeated the defenders of China and occupied Heixiazi Island.

17) 1944 as soon as Stalin came to power, he forcibly incorporated the Tangnu Wulianghai area of China into the Soviet Union and renamed it "the Republic of Tuva Soviet Socialist Autonomy * * *". In 200 1 year, China and Russia signed the treaty of good-neighborliness, friendship and cooperation, officially recognizing Tang Di as Russian territory (article 6 of the treaty), and the land of170,000 square kilometers was finally owned by Russians.

18) 1945 (thirty-four years of the Republic of China), the Russian Empire coerced Britain and the United States to conclude the Yalta Agreement, and in the same year 10, a so-called referendum was held in outer Mongolia (Soviet troops also participated in the voting). Our government was forced to recognize its so-called "independence". The area is 654.38+0.566 square kilometers.

By the end of 1945, China was occupied by Russia, with a total area of 5,883,880 square kilometers, accounting for 60% of the land area of China now, and one-third of the land area of the Qing emperor at that time.

What is the historical truth that the Soviet Union and Russia announced the return of occupied China territory twice?

2015.10.2714: 00: 53 Sina history

Data Map: 65438-0959 In Tiananmen Square, Mao Zedong talked with Khrushchev, and there were many quarrels behind them.

The Sino-Soviet border issue is a long-standing historical unsolved case between China and the Soviet Union. After the founding of New China, due to the establishment of the Sino-Soviet alliance, the two sides never touched the border issue. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the rift between China and the Soviet Union continued to expand. Faced with the strong military and political pressure from the Soviet Union, Mao Zedong began to consider adjusting China's foreign strategy. Especially after the Soviet Union constantly provoked border bloodshed and the border conflict escalated, Mao Zedong incorporated the Sino-Soviet border issue into its foreign strategy as an important struggle means to ease relations with the United States and unite all political forces in the world to concentrate on opposing Soviet hegemonism. From 65438 to 0969, China's self-defense counterattack on the Sino-Soviet border came into being under this background, which directly contributed to the establishment of Mao Zedong's new diplomatic strategy.

The Tsar plundered more than 65,438+500,000 square kilometers of China territory.

The demarcation of the Sino-Soviet border began in the17th century. /kloc-czarist Russia expanded eastward in the middle of the 6th century, and the border issue with China began in the second half of the 7th century. 1689, China and Russia signed the first border treaty "Nebuchadnezzar Chu Treaty", which stipulated the eastern border between China and Russia; 1727, the Blenski treaty was signed, which stipulated the middle boundary between the two countries. At that time, there was no western border treaty between China and North Korea, and the western border was on the north bank of Lake Balkhash. Before the 1940s of 19, on the basis of basic equality, China and Russia initially determined the direction of the border between the two countries through consultation.

After the Opium War, China gradually became a semi-colony. Tsarist Russia forced China to sign a series of unequal treaties involving border issues. On the east-west border between China and Russia, the Sino-Russian Aihui Treaty (1858), the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty (1860), the Northwest Border Agreement (1864) and the Sino-Russian Ili Treaty (65438+) were adopted.

On the Sino-Russian intermediate border, since the end of 19, the Russian government not only controlled the Middle East Railway, but also further expanded its sphere of influence to the interior of China, regarded Outer Mongolia, which belonged to China at that time, as an area with its own special interests, instigated Outer Mongolia to leave China, and occupied the Tangnu Wulianghai area of Outer Mongolia by force. After 19 17, successive governments in China have made many representations and negotiations with the Soviet Union and Russia on the issue of outer Mongolia. By 1946 and 1.5, the Kuomintang government officially recognized the independence of Outer Mongolia, and most of the middle boundary between China and China and Mongolia became the boundary between Mongolia and the Soviet Union. So far, nearly a century after Russia invaded China with a series of unequal treaties, the border line of more than 7,300 kilometers between China and Russia has been basically determined.

The Soviet Union and Russia announced the abolition of the unequal treaties twice, but both failed.

After the October Revolution in Russia, 19 19 On July 25th, the Soviet government led by Lenin issued its first declaration to China. The Sino-Russian treaties to be abolished in the declaration only refer to the Sino-Russian Secret Treaty (1896), the Treaty of Sorrow and Ugliness (190 1) and the aggression against China signed by Russia and Japan from the end of 65438 to the eve of the October Revolution, excluding the 1950s and 1980s of 19. 1920 On September 27th, the Soviet Russian government issued the second declaration to China, explicitly declaring that "all treaties concluded by successive Russian governments with China are null and void, and all territories previously occupied by China will be abandoned". This time, the position on the issues left over from Sino-Russian history seems to be one step ahead of the first declaration, but this is not the case.

In the subsequent Sino-Soviet negotiations, the Soviet representative always insisted on maintaining the old unequal Sino-Russian Border Treaty, but only showed the only concession on "not insisting that the 64 villages in Jiangzuo should be kept by Russia". 1923, the Soviet government indicated that it would re-sign the treaty on the basis of "fully recognizing China's sovereignty over its territory", but the "territory" here only refers to the areas along the Middle East railway and the concessions provided by the China government to the old Russian government. In the face of China's request to "cancel the treaty between China and the old Russian empire", the representative of the Soviet Union expressed his support, except those involving Sino-Russian border affairs.

1924 During the Sino-Soviet negotiations in March, the Beiyang government demanded that the Old Testament be abandoned, but the Soviet side refused. The representative of the Soviet Union believed that the Old Testament was closely related to the border between the two countries. If it is abolished, there will be no basis for the border. It is only agreed that anything in the Old Testament that violates the spirit of the two declarations 19 19 and 1920 and harms China's sovereignty will not be implemented before the new Testament is finalized. Therefore, the representative of China pointed out in his report to the Beiyang government that on the issue of Sino-Russian abandonment of the treaty, the representative of the Soviet Union "took a very tough attitude and even proposed to break up and refused to give in". This actually shows that the statement of abolishing all Chinese and Russian Old Testaments in the second Soviet-Russian declaration to China did not go beyond the scope of the treaty proposed in the first declaration to China, and the Sino-Russian Border Treaty was not abolished. 1924 On May 3 1 day, China and the Soviet Union formally signed the Outline Agreement on the Settlement of Outstanding Cases between China and the Soviet Union. Its abolition of the Old Testament and demarcation of boundaries are the same draft. From then on, to 1926, China and the Soviet Union held talks to discuss the re-demarcation and conclude a new covenant. The negotiations ended without results. In this way, the border between the two countries failed to be redrawn, the new convention on equality between the two countries failed to be signed, and the Sino-Soviet border issue became an unsolved case.

Successive China governments of the Republic of China have never formally raised this issue. However, during the late 1920s and 1940s, the Soviet government took advantage of the domestic chaos in China to delimit more than 600 China islands on the China side of the middle line of the main channel in the Wusuli River and Heilongjiang River, covering an area of 1000 square kilometers. 1929, the Middle East War broke out between China and the Soviet Union due to the intensification of the conflict of interest in the Middle East railway. 65438+ 10 In June, Soviet troops captured Tongjiang, the border area of China, and captured Zhalannuoer and Manzhouli in 165438+ 10/0, and China's army was defeated again and again. In February 65438, the Nanjing government and the Soviet government signed the Protocol of the Sino-Soviet Boli Conference, and almost all of them adopted the opinions of the Soviet side. Later, the Middle East railway was restored to its original state, and the Soviet side stopped military operations and withdrew its troops.

193 1 year "nine. In the 18th Incident, Japanese imperialism invaded northeast China, which led to important changes in international relations in the Far East. 1February, 932, Sino-Soviet diplomatic relations resumed. By the end of World War II, during the conclusion of the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance in 1945, although there were great differences between China and the Soviet Union on northeast China, outer Mongolia, Middle East roads and other issues, the border issue between the two countries was not involved. In a word, before the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), although the Sino-Soviet border was in a complicated state where the Sino-Russian border, the map lines of the two countries and the actual control lines were intertwined, the border situation remained stable.

Khrushchev used the Sino-Indian border conflict to accuse China and stir up trouble.

After the founding of New China, it carried out a "one-sided" foreign policy towards the Oriental Group headed by the Soviet Union, which won a relatively stable international environment and material assistance for the construction of new China. However, in the late 1950s, there were fundamental differences between China and the Soviet Union in the principles, policies and foreign strategies of socialist revolution and construction, which caused serious opposition between China and the Soviet Union. Khrushchev took extreme measures, such as withdrawing technical experts and tearing up economic contracts, to force China to submit and took the first step to destroy state relations. The border issue that has been shelved for decades has been raised again.

1At the beginning of September, 959, Dimiyanning, director of the Far East Department of the Soviet Foreign Ministry, prepared a 30-page top secret report for Khrushchev's visit to China, entitled "The People of China and the Political, Economic and International Status of China", saying: "Shortly after the 20th Congress of the Soviet Union, China launched a movement against dogmatism, which was called" letting a hundred flowers blossom ",and the" Rightists "raised many questions to the Soviet Union. Despite the clamor of the Rightists, China's friends have never publicly put forward the so-called "territorial claims to the Soviet Union" in official publications. "This is the first response to the attitude of the new China on the Sino-Soviet border issue in the official documents of the Soviet Union discovered so far. Although Sino-Soviet relations had deteriorated at that time, Dimyanin objectively did not regard "right-wing remarks" as the official attitude of China.

At the end of September, Khrushchev ended his visit to the United States and rushed to Beijing to attend the celebration of the 10 anniversary of the founding of New China. 6543810.2, during the seven-hour talks with Indian leaders such as Mao Zedong, Khrushchev accused China of the Sino-Indian border incident for no reason. Zhou Enlai retorted: Your territorial issue has not been handled well either. Do you want to confirm? It shows that there are unresolved territorial ownership issues between China and the Soviet Union. This is the most intense mutual accusation between the leaders of the two countries in internal talks since the "honeymoon period between China and the Soviet Union". The border issue has been put on the agenda of Sino-Soviet relations.

1In August, 960, the Soviet Union provoked the first border incident near Bozi Aigere Pass in Xinjiang, China. 1962 In April, more than 60,000 China citizens fled to the Soviet Union in Yili and Tacheng areas of Xinjiang, and in May, they instigated the Yining riots. In February 65438, Khrushchev accused China of being entangled with India because of the border conflict between China and India.

In order to counter the Soviet Union, from February 1962 to March 1963, People's Daily and Red Flag magazine published seven editorials or commentator's articles successively, among which the editorial statement on American producers on March 8 publicly put forward the Aihui Treaty and the Beijing Treaty. Treaties concluded between successive governments of China and foreign governments left over from history should be recognized, abolished, amended or rewritten according to their contents. For some unresolved issues left over from history, the China government has always advocated peaceful settlement through negotiations, maintaining the status quo until they are resolved. The statement questioned: When you raised issues such as Hong Kong and Macao, "Do you want to turn out all the unequal treaties and conduct general liquidation?"

Mao Zedong "fired" and the Soviet Union began to send more troops to the border.

Subsequently, on September 27th, 1963, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China sent a note to the Soviet government, formally raising the issue of unequal treaties. On June165438+1October 19, the note from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China further clearly pointed out that "there are many issues that need to be discussed along the entire Sino-Soviet border". 1964 From February to August, China and the Soviet Union held border talks in Beijing. China asked the Soviet Union to confirm that the border treaties signed by the Tsar government and the Qing government were unequal treaties, but the Soviet Union refused to recognize the unequal nature of those treaties.

10 in July, Mao Zedong said when meeting with Kenzo Sasaki and other Japanese socialists, "About a hundred years ago, the area east of Lake Baikal became Russian territory, so Vladivostok, Boli and Kamchatka became Soviet territory. We haven't calculated this account yet. " This is the first time that China's top leader raised the Sino-Soviet border issue, which caused great repercussions in the international community. On September 10, Mao Zedong explained the matter to the French guests again, explaining that it was not necessary for the Soviet Union to return more than one million square kilometers of land in China, only that it was an unequal treaty, and there were many such problems. Two months later, Khrushchev stressed in a conversation with Japanese parliamentarians on September 15 that "the territory of the Soviet Union was formed by history" and that "whoever dares to destroy it will be most resolutely countered by the people of all ethnic groups in the Soviet Union". In June+10, 5438, when Mao Zedong met with Cui Yongjian and Baluchistan respectively, he further raised the issue that the Soviet Union invaded China's territory in violation of the unequal border between China and Russia. Mao Zedong pointed out that China is now "taking offensive and empty talk" to make Khrushchev "nervous" and "its purpose is to reach a reasonable border country and border treaty".

In just three months, the high-level officials of China and the Soviet Union exchanged "empty guns" and "made a fuss" with each other, all trying to seize the opportunity in the border negotiations. But the Soviet Union began to send more troops to the border areas between China and the Soviet Union. In July 1963, the Soviet Union signed the Defense Agreement on Helping Mongolia Strengthen its Southern Border. After the Soviet Union moved to Mongolia again, it further signed the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance with the nature of military alliance in June 1966, which pushed the threat of force to a place only a few hundred kilometers away from Beijing, the capital of China. The Soviet Union began to create troubles on the Sino-Soviet border.

Facing the severe international situation, Mao Zedong began to change its "one-sided" foreign policy.

1966 after the "cultural revolution" began, the Soviet border guards repeatedly provoked serious border disputes on the Wusuli River, the border river in the eastern section of the Sino-Soviet border. 1968 65438+ 10, the Soviet army further rammed China border residents with armored vehicles on Qiliqin Island, killing and crushing four China border residents, which caused the first serious bloodshed. By the end of 1968 and the beginning of 1969, the Soviet border guards frequently dispatched armored vehicles and trucks to transport soldiers carrying weapons to treasure island, intercepting and beating Chinese border guards patrolling; 1On February 7th, 969, there was a serious provocation that Soviet submachine guns fired in the patrol direction of China. Finally, a large-scale armed conflict broke out on Zhenbao Island in March 1969. China's army defended the integrity of the country's territorial sovereignty by counterattacking Treasure Island in self-defense.

Facing the increasingly serious military threat of the Soviet Union, especially in the border areas between China and the Soviet Union, Mao Zedong started to adjust China's foreign strategy in the early 1960s from the perspective of safeguarding national security interests, and incorporated the border issue between China and the Soviet Union into its overall foreign strategy, thus taking the border issue as an important breakthrough to ease relations with the United States and unite various political forces in the world to concentrate on opposing Soviet hegemonism.

In the early 1960s, under the severe situation that the United States and the Soviet Union attacked each other, Mao Zedong changed the "one-sided" foreign policy of uniting the Soviet Union to resist the United States, gradually identified "Soviet revisionism" as the object of China's opposition, and put forward the diplomatic strategy of establishing an anti-imperialist and anti-revisionist United front. In the distribution of anti-imperialist and anti-revisionist forces, although Mao Zedong clearly pointed out that the main object of struggle was the United States, his views on the threat of American imperialism to China have begun to change. In Mao Zedong's view, the United States is the strongest and weakest imperialist country, because it "stretches its hand too long", occupies too much space, and its power is scattered, just like "ten fingers hold down ten fleas, but none can be caught" 196 1 May, after the United States launched a "special war" against southern Vietnam, 438+.

1In March, 965, the United States further expanded the Vietnam War, and at the same time constantly sent planes to violate China's airspace, dropping bombs and launching missiles on the Sino-Vietnamese border, posing a war threat to China. On April 2, Zhou Enlai invited Pakistani President ayub? Khan conveyed the China administration's four-point position to US President Johnson: China will not take the initiative to provoke a war against the United States; China keeps his word; Should fulfill its international obligations; China is ready, and China's policy is both cautious and prepared. If the United States uses force against China, no matter how many people come and what weapons are used, including atomic weapons, they can't get in or out.

Although the United States delayed ayub. During Khan's visit, China failed to get a direct reply from Johnson, but Johnson's idea that the United States had no intention of invading China and overthrowing the North Vietnamese regime during the escalation of the Vietnam War was clearly conveyed to China through the American representatives in the Warsaw ambassadorial talks between China and the United States.