The development course and historical contribution of the Song family in Shuidong laid the foundation for Guiyang to become the capital of Guizhou.

Guizhou is located in the east of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in the southwest of China, which has been beyond the reach of the central dynasty since ancient times. From the Han Dynasty, the central government began to bring Yunnan-Guizhou into the territory and began to control it. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Yunnan-Guizhou clan rose and gradually became the spokesman of local forces. After the reunification of Sui and Tang Dynasties, they also recognized the local power of these big families and appointed them as princes and ministers, allowing their descendants to inherit. During this period, Guizhou gradually formed four ethnic groups, namely Shuixiluo, Shuidong Song, Sizhoutian and Bozhou Yang, and later evolved into four chieftains in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Among them, Shuidong Songshi is located in the middle of Guizhou, in the geographical center of central Guizhou, and is the transportation hub of Yunnan, Chu, Guangdong and Shu. Therefore, the economy and culture of the Song family in Shuidong are relatively developed and occupy an important position in the history of Guizhou's development. First, the formation of the Song family in Shuidong During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, after Yelang and other places were incorporated into the territory, Zhang Yu and Qianwei counties were set up here. In order to strengthen the control of this area, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "nourished and enriched the people's fields" in the southwest and moved many influential people from the Central Plains to the middle of Guizhou. These powerful families are powerful. After they arrived in central Guizhou, their power was still very strong, and some even gradually became the leaders of local ethnic groups. In the Han tombs in Qingzhen, Pingba and other places in Guizhou, seals such as "Fan Qianwan", "Zhao Qianwan" and "Xie Mai" were unearthed, which is probably the most popular surname that migrated from the Central Plains to central Guizhou. Among them, Xie was the most powerful surname in Guizhou during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Song family is also one of the most popular names. Three-legged bronze water injector in the Eastern Han Dynasty: unearthed in Pingba, Guizhou during the Sui and Tang Dynasties. The central government set up a large number of Jimifuzhou in central Guizhou, appointed local surnames as secretariat, and allowed hereditary, which opened the precedent of local official system. According to historical records, in the early Tang Dynasty, Ding Song served as the secretariat of Manzhou (now Kaiyang) and went to the DPRK twice. During the Five Dynasties, the Song Dynasty became the secretariat of eight counties in Qingzhou (now Qingzhen). Whether the Song ancestors in Shuidong originated from the Central Plains is still controversial. However, the Song family in Shuidong is very Buyi. Wudang and Kaiyang, where the Song family lived in Shuidong, are called "Twelve Horses", which is the embodiment of Buyi Horse System. In today's Kaiyang County, the settlement of the Song family in Shuidong is still called Matouzhai, and there are some Buyi villages nearby. This can at least prove that there is cultural integration between the Song family and the Buyi people in Shuidong. According to the Sketch of Guizhou Middle Road and Shuidong Song Family Tree, the Song family entered Guizhou in the early Northern Song Dynasty, and its ancestor was Song Jingyang. According to its records, Song Jingyang was born in Calm, Hebei Province, after Song (Li), the king of Qin in the late Tang Dynasty. At the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin and Song Taizu sent Song Jingyang to lead seven sons and one daughter south, and promised: "Your father and son can look forward to it for a long time after they settle down in southern Xinjiang, and their son will take over his father's position and be replaced by heredity." Later, Song Jingyang put down the Manchu rebellion, and Su, Lan, Gao, Zhao, Zhou, Cai and Rong Ju all attached themselves to it and became local leaders. However, this incident is only recorded in the genealogy, and there is no official historical record. Therefore, I think that this is a false lineage of Shuidong Song family clinging to the surname of the Central Plains to show their family background. In ancient China, there were many examples of reforming families and sticking to surnames. For example, after Yuan Lee was a Xianbei nationality in the Tang Dynasty, he attached himself to Li in Guanlong; Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, claimed to be a descendant of Zhu. Of course, the records of the Song family show that the Song family established political ties with the Song Dynasty in the early Northern Song Dynasty. After the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, the separatist regimes of the ten countries were basically unified, and the most people in central Guizhou also expressed their submission to the Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty also inherited the policy of imprisonment of the Tang Dynasty here, conferring these great names as the secretariat and general manager of local state capitals. Among them, Song Jingyang was appointed as "I am the commander of Ningyuan" and "the commander of Manchuria", and his seven sons and a son-in-law were also awarded corresponding titles, collectively known as "seven divisions and eight seals". Thus, Song officially became the toast of Guizhou Zhongda. The former site of the Song Tusi Governor's Mansion II. The formation of Guizhou and the demise of Shuidong Tusi. Independent administrative divisions appeared in Guizhou's history very early. For example, there were counties in the Han Dynasty, and the Middle Guizhou Road was set up after the middle of the Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, xian county became the place under the jurisdiction of Jimifuzhou, the middle road of Guizhou, which was called "Qiannan" and was governed by Changzhou (now Guiyang). Before the Northern Song Dynasty, the Xie family was the strongest in Guizhou. From the Five Dynasties to the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, the barbarians in Luodian (Bijie area) invaded Changzhou and expelled the Xie family, which was prosperous for a while. While in Song Taizu, Pu Gui, the leader of Wu Man, went to Beijing. Due to dialect reasons, Pugui pronounced Changzhou as "Guizhou", so the name of Guizhou began to appear in historical books. Therefore, Song Taizu appointed Pu Gui as the secretariat of Guizhou to defend the southern part of Guizhou. In the following hundreds of years, Guizhou changed hands many times. For example, in119, Tian Yougong in Sizhou was powerful, including the whole lower reaches of Wujiang River, southeastern Guizhou and southern Guizhou, and naturally Guizhou (a rectangular state), so he was appointed as the defense history of Guizhou by the court. The situation of Guizhou in Song Dynasty and Song Jiayuan in Manzhou were only one place in Manzhou, only 50 kilometers away from Fiona Fang. The reason why the Song family was strong was related to the Cinnabar minerals produced in its area. In today's western Kaiyang County, it was once the largest cinnabar producing area in the world. Ding Song, the secretariat of Manchuria, and Huasong, the secretariat of Qingzhou, each paid five hundred and twenty cinnabar to the court. Occupy this important cinnabar producing area, which made the Song family have a strong economic strength and provided a foundation for the later expansion. After hundreds of years of development, by the time of Song Yonggao in the late Southern Song Dynasty, the Song family had grown stronger and occupied many areas east of Wujiang River, so it was called "Shuidong Song Family". Song Yonggao moved here after occupying Guizhou City in central Guizhou. 1209, Song Yonggao was appointed as the envoy of Guizhou, the general manager of Du Nan and the general manager of Jiuxi 18 caves in Song Dynasty. Tongzhantuo unearthed in the Southern Dynasties was founded in Pingba Yuan, and the four chieftains in central Guizhou surrendered one after another. The Yuan Dynasty inherited the local official system of the Song Dynasty and popularized it. Among them, the Yuan Dynasty established the largest organization in Guizhou as Bafan Shunyuan Propaganda and Comfort Department, and established Shunyuan House in Qiancheng to administer the land in southern Guizhou. Its jurisdiction area is roughly the same as that of Jizhou in Tang Dynasty and Qiannan in Song Dynasty, with Wujiang River in the north and Hongshui River in the south. The Song family in Shuidong became a part of Bafan Shunyuan's propaganda comfort station. In fact, when the Yuan Dynasty set up a state in Guizhou, it had already begun to "change the soil into a stream", but this would inevitably infringe on the rights and interests of the local toast. 130 1 year, Song Longji rose up against Yuan Dynasty, and soon captured Guizhou City of Shunyuan Prefecture, killing Zhang Huaide, the title of the year. After that, Shuixi Toast also responded. Finally, the longest anti-Yuan war was suppressed in 1304. Since then, the Yuan Dynasty named Song Azhong, the nephew of Song Longji, as the Tongzhi of Shunyuan Fu Xuan, and moved the government to Manchuria. Although the Anti-Yuan War failed, the Song family's self-esteem in Guizhou was greatly improved and they became the chief executive of Shunyuan Prefecture. At the same time, after this war, the two chieftains, Shuixi and Shuidong, actually formed an alliance, which laid the administrative structure of Guizhou in the Ming Dynasty. After the Ming Dynasty established the model of Guiyang ancient city, Zhu Yuanzhang sent troops into central Guizhou, and the four chiefs surrendered one after another. Therefore, the Ming Dynasty set up four propaganda departments in Guizhou: Sinan Propaganda Department, Sizhou Propaganda Department, Bozhou Propaganda Department and Guizhou Propaganda Department. Among them, Guizhou Xuanwei Division also includes Shuidong and Shuixi Tusi, and Zhu Yuanzhang appointed Shuixi 'an (given surname by Ming Dynasty) and Shuidong Songshi as Guizhou Xuanwei ambassadors respectively. In addition, the Ming Dynasty began to "change soil into water" in Guizhou, began to build the walls of Guizhou, set up the capital of Guizhou, and established a large number of health clinics. In this way, the Ming Dynasty could control the four chieftains through Guizhou City. 14 13 years, put down the civil strife in Tianjia, Sizhou, abolished the two propaganda departments of Sizhou and Sinan, and set up eight governments. Judy merged Fu Ba in Sizhou and Xuanwei in Guizhou to form Guizhou Ministry of Foreign Affairs, with the provincial capital in Guizhou City. Since then, Guizhou Province has been established. Since then, the jurisdiction of Guizhou Province has been continuously expanded, and the nearby Duyun and Puding prefectures have been continuously included. 1600, Yang died in Bozhou, which was divided into Zunyi Prefecture and Heping Yuefu Prefecture, Zunyi Prefecture was included in Sichuan, and Pingyue Prefecture was included in Guizhou. The territory of Guizhou Province in the Ming Dynasty was thus laid. In the Ming Dynasty, with the deepening of the influence of the Ming Dynasty and the continuous promotion of "changing soil into flow", the land of Shuidong Song and An was decreasing day by day. By the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Song family in Shuidong had completely withdrawn from Guizhou City and returned to Manzhou headquarters. 1569, Guiyang Special Zone was established, marking the realization of land reform and the return of Guizhou to the motherland. Under such circumstances, Shuidong and Shuixi naturally don't want to let go. 1630, two chiefs rebelled together and were quickly suppressed. After that, Shuidong Song Tusi was abolished, and its jurisdiction was changed to "returning to the hometown" and "Kaizhou". Third, the historical contribution of the Song family in Shuidong 1630, the rule of the Song family in Shuidong 1000 years in central Guizhou officially ended, and the central Guizhou region entered an era of comprehensive integration with the Central Plains. However, the Song family in Shuidong has been operating in central Guizhou for 1000 years, which has made important contributions to the economic and cultural development of Guizhou and deserves recognition. Ruins of Dansha Culture in Kaiyang: It is difficult to find relevant historical materials of agricultural economic development in Shuidong Song Dynasty in central Guizhou in Wangbao Temple. However, the Song family in Shuidong contributed greatly to the development of Guizhou's transportation. In the early Ming Dynasty, Shuidong Liu and Shuixisha jointly built the ancient post road, Shexiang built the Longchang Jiuyi from Sichuan to central Guizhou, and Liu built the "Qianchuan State Road" from Kaiyang to Bozhou. This undoubtedly accelerated the economic development of Guizhou. Since then, with Guiyang as the center, Guizhou has formed a number of post roads leading to Sichuan, Yunnan, Hunan, Guangdong and Guangxi, making Guiyang one of the transportation hubs in southwest China. The cultural achievements of Liu's paintings and Shuidong Song are recorded in historical materials. In the early Ming Dynasty, Bin Song, the leader of the Song family in Shuidong, loved Confucian culture and vigorously developed cultural and educational undertakings. He supported the establishment of Xuanwei College in Guizhou and became the earliest official school in Guizhou. Later, Song Ang donated money to expand and became the largest official school in Guizhou at that time, making Guiyang the education center of Guizhou. 1398, Song private school was founded in Shuidong (Shuangliu Town, Kaiyang County) next to Guaixi Longjing, which is the earliest Tusi private school in China history. After Song Bin started a private school, he not only hired celebrities such as Liao Ju to give lectures with high salary, but also personally urged future generations to learn. Under the cultivation of Bin Song, a chieftain site in the Song Dynasty, three famous scholars emerged among his descendants, namely Song Ang, Song Yu and Song Xuan. Song Ang and Song Yuzeng co-authored a collection of poems, Lian Fang Draft, which was published in Nanjing. This is the earliest collection of poems in Guizhou history. Luo Guiqiu, a poet, praised Song Ang's poem "Trying to compete with all the people in the Central Plains" in the preface to Lian Fang's Manuscript. Zhu Yizun, a famous poet in the early Qing Dynasty, not only included several poems by the Song Ang brothers in his Poems of the Ming Dynasty, but also praised his poems for their vivid charm. He tried to recite them with his last name. Elegant south, he can't distinguish them from ignorance. "Jia Xiulou Qiu Jiang farewell to the governor Yang-Song Anjiang clarify Ye Zidan, people send Bai Taiguan. Ten years of locomotive, once a cloud shakes. The wind is clear and the air is positive, the Dongting is high and the waves are far away, and the moon is bright and the Yangtze River is cold and dusk. The scenery from Beijing to Japan is good, with endless flowers and willows. Send the prince back to Jiahe-Song Yucheng goes upstairs and birds go down the female wall, while tourists at the edge of the city pour pots. The autumn wind is bleak one day, and the road to closing the river is slim. The dream of my hometown has gone with the clouds and is getting longer and longer. Whose road is Nanhu Road? He will come fishing sooner or later. Song Xuan, the son of Song Ang, is the author of a collection of poems, Gui Zhuo Xuan Draft, Guizhou Poems, and Jia Xiulou's Fishing in the Rock. In his poem, he said: (1) The water is bright and the clouds meet, and Tangyang leaves a boat. Clouds lock empty rooms during the day, and two lines belong to Yan and Yang. (2) Fog clouds are often painted, and the sky is high and wide. I'm dying when I come back from fishing. I'm laughing at my child picking up a fishing rod. At the same time, under the impetus of the Song family, the cultural level of Guiyang has been developing continuously. During the hundred years from 1425 to 1536, there were 9 scholars in Xuanwei Department of Guizhou, with a total number exceeding 140, while there were 28 scholars in the whole province, with a total number exceeding 300. It can be seen that education in Guiyang has occupied a dominant position in the province. During this period, a number of famous Confucian scholars appeared in Guiyang, such as Wang Xun, Zhan Ying, Yi Gui and Xu Jie. " Often the integrity of the article is comparable to that of the talents in the south of the Central Plains. "1537, the Ming dynasty took the imperial examination in Guizhou, ending the history of Guizhou imperial examination attached to other provinces. The rapid development of Guizhou culture in Ming Dynasty mainly depended on the policy of large-scale immigration and school establishment in Guizhou in Ming Dynasty. The major chieftains in Guizhou vigorously study and support Chinese culture, which is also an important reason to promote the development of culture and education.