The situation of Mongolians in Ming Dynasty

After the defeat of the Ming Dynasty, the Mongols established the Northern Yuan regime.

Beiyuan (1368-1388? ) is the Mongolian regime in the Mongolian grassland. 1368, Hui Zong moved its capital to Luanjing, still taking Dayuan as its country name. It is called Beiyuan because it is located in the north of Saibei. * * * Pass it on to the two emperors and enjoy the country for 21 years.

1368, the situation in the Central Plains was completely out of control, and the monks fled most of the country and continued to command various Yuan armies to suppress civil strife in Mongolia. Since then, several expeditions to the south in the Northern Yuan Dynasty failed to recapture Dadu, and it was destroyed by the Ming army led by Aquamarine in 1389.

Although Beiyuan settled in the Mongolian plateau, it was a period of economic and cultural prosperity, scientific and technological progress and high degree of opening up in Mongolian history.

The Northern Yuan Dynasty, like the Yuan Dynasty, believed deeply in Tibetan Buddhism, and Li Dan Khan was keen on Buddhism all his life, which not only promoted the spread of Tibetan Buddhism in the 30,000-household area on the left, but also made certain contributions to Mongolian culture. 1604, Li Dan Khan, who had just acceded to the throne, accepted the Gelug Sect (Yellow Sect) precepts of the Yellow Sect lamas, such as Maidali Hutuktu and Zhuoniqiuqi, who were sent by the Fourth Dalai Lama to Mongolia to take charge of teaching methods.

16 17, Shaerhutuketu, a monk of Sakya Sect in Tibet, arrived in Mongolia to find his supporters. Khitan Khan was convinced by Shaerhutuketu's magical power, converted to Buddhism, and accepted the enlightenment of esoteric methods, so Khitan Khan changed from Huang to Catholicism (narrow sense of red religion only teaches, broad sense includes Sakya and Kagyu).

In order to gain the trust of Lidan Khan, Shahhutuktu took away the Mahagara Rakhine Buddha (also known as Daiwada, the patron saint of Mongolian Yuan) jointly cast by Sakya Basiba Lama and his daughter from Wutai Mountain.

Li Dan Khan built the Jinding White Temple in Chahanhaote, and enshrined the Golden Buddha in it. Ligudan Khan tried to imitate the story of Kublai Khan and Basiba, and used his relationship with Shahhutuktu to establish his authority. However, contrary to expectations, it intensified the alienation of Mongolian ministries who believed in Yellow Religion and weakened the appeal of Lidan Khan. ?

After Li Dan Khan moved westward, 33 scholars, led by Kunga Audes, Bandida Ancient History and ananda Ancient History, were called to translate 1628- 1629 volumes of Ganzhur, and copied it in gold on blue paper. Li Danhan's translation of Ganjul is an important contribution to Mongolian culture. Li Dan Khan regarded the Imperial Seal, Maha Garo Buddha and Jin Ganzhur as three magic weapons.

Extended data:

Northern Yuan Dynasty and Ming Dynasty;

When Mongolia entered the Central Plains, many Mongolian aristocratic officials were serving and guarding. When Zong fled Mobei, they still lived in the mainland. For these Mongolian subjects, the Ming government took tough measures to ban Hu customs and correct etiquette, so as to weaken the Mongolian power and strengthen the rule of the new Zhu Ming dynasty.

Li Dan Khan attacked the Ming Dynasty at 16 12 and 16 15, trying to gain trade rights with the Ming Dynasty, and finally got his wish at 16 17. 16 18 years, the late Jin Dynasty invaded the Ming Dynasty. In order to win the silver medal in the Ming Dynasty, Li Dan Khan pursued the foreign policy of "uniting the Ming Dynasty to resist gold" and wrote a letter to Nurhachi in arrogant words in 16 19, which led to a bad relationship with the latter Jin Dynasty.

However, the alliance between Li Dan Khan and the Ming Dynasty did not stop the later Jin Dynasty from annexing Liaodong. 1622, the Ming dynasty was defeated in Guangning, and the reinforcements of Ligudan Khan did not work. Since then, their alliance has cooled down. Li Dan Khan also began to implement the policy of "doing things outside, settling down first", and began to merge the ministries of Horqin and Neckhan to avoid confrontation with the late Jin Dynasty. Therefore, Li Dan Khan never personally fought with the latter.

From 65438 to 0627, Li Gedan Khan marched westward and annexed right-wing ministries (Harahin, Tumote, Ordos, Yongxiebu, etc. One of the important purposes is to obtain the "market reward" given by the Ming Dynasty to the right-wing ministries. The Ming dynasty refused to give Khan, and Khan sent troops to invade Datong, so the Ming dynasty had to resume the reward for Khan.

Later, Jin took advantage of Khan's westward migration to annex Chahar headquarters, and launched a large-scale attack on Khan in 1632. Khan fled to Qinghai when he heard the news. His relationship with the Ming Dynasty completely broke down, and the Ming Dynasty even handed over Li Dan Khan's property and followers to Hou Jin.

Later, Lidan Khan formed an "anti-yellow alliance" with Tubo Bahan, Baili Tusi Yuedun Duoji and Kahachuketuji in Kangqu, in an attempt to make a comeback, but soon died at 1634.

Baidu encyclopedia-Beiyuan