What systems did the Qin Dynasty implement?

While establishing the title of "Emperor", the Qin Dynasty summarized the bureaucratic systems of various countries since the Warring States, and established a set of central government agencies and strict county system to meet the needs of the feudal unified country.

In the central institutions, the system of "three publics and nine ministers" is implemented. "Three publics", namely, Prime Minister, Qiu, and Cure too much. "Jiuqing", namely Ting Wei, Su Zhi Neishi, Fengchang, Dianke, Langzhongling, Shaofu, Wei, Taifu and Zong Zheng. In the "three fairs", the prime minister assisted the emperor in handling state affairs, Qiu assisted the emperor in charge of the national army, and the imperial historian in charge of books and chapters and supervised officials. The "three publics" are not unified with each other, but directly subordinate to the emperor, which facilitates the concentration of imperial power. In the "Nine Nobles" under the "Three Fairs", Ting Wei was in charge of justice, finance, sacrifice, diplomacy, doctors' attendants, royal income, court guards, royal chariots and horses, and Zong Zheng royal affairs. Regardless of the "three public" or "nine Qing", the appointment and removal of the emperor is not hereditary.

Under the central government organization, the Qin dynasty fully implemented the county system. This is a pioneering work that Qin Shihuang adopted Lisi's suggestion and abolished the traditional practice of establishing vassal States. This system conforms to the requirements of autocratic imperial power and unification of the world, forming a huge and orderly feudal ruling network. The county has a county magistrate, a county magistrate and a county governor, and its organizational structure is similar to that of the central government. There are counties below the county level, county orders for counties with 1 10,000 households or more, and county heads for counties with 1 10,000 households or less. The county magistrate is the head of a county, responsible for the government affairs of the county and under the control of the county magistrate. And Wei Hecheng. Wei is in charge of military security in counties, and Cheng is the deputy commander and governor, in charge of county justice. Road construction in remote areas is the responsibility of the uncle. There are townships, villages and pavilions below the county level. Village officials, such as three elders, misers and tourists, are located in townships and are in charge of education, taxation and public security. Below the township, there are Li or Li Dian, who are responsible for administrative affairs and organizing production. In addition, there are special institutional kiosks for guarding and banning thieves. Qin initially divided the whole country into 36 counties, and later with the continuous development of the border, it increased to 40 counties.

The Qin dynasty concentrated the power of the world in the central government through the effective governance of layers of governments. This undoubtedly strengthened the control and management of local governments by the central government and provided a strong guarantee for centralized rule. However, the meticulous and rigorous management system has also seriously bound the active factors in various places. In particular, the harsh laws and extortion of the Qin dynasty not only failed to make Qin Shihuang realize the expectation of immortality, but also soon after his death, the world fell apart and dynasties changed.

Qin Shihuang strengthened centralization in politics and took corresponding severe measures in economy. First of all, the emperor has supreme financial power, the prime minister participates in the formulation of national economic policies and carries out the emperor's orders, and counties are responsible for tax collection and labor collection within their jurisdiction. Governments at all levels should report the financial situation of the country every year, evaluate the merits of political achievements after verification, and give rewards and punishments. According to the bamboo slips of Qin tomb in Shuihudi, county leaders must promptly check the property and accounts of county officials, compensate for any losses, and provide rations to central officials who have been working in the county. It can be said that the actual task of the county is to search for the oil of the people for the emperor and suppress the dissatisfaction and opposition of the people. The strict financial division of labor, strict financial legislation, strict financial supervision and strict financial rewards and punishments in the Qin Dynasty continued to inherit and develop the financial system of the Qin State in the war years, but obviously some aspects could not meet the requirements of a unified empire in the period of peaceful construction. More sadly, the rulers of Qin dynasty not only failed to adjust their policies in time, but also made financial institutions unable to operate normally, and even paralyzed the production management system, with unpredictable consequences.

Secondly, formulate land policy and confirm private ownership of land. In the thirty-first year of Qin Shihuang (2 16), the decree of "making the first farmland in Guizhou self-sufficient" was promulgated, so that the people of the whole country could declare the real amount of cultivated land to the state, and the state registered the land accordingly and collected the land rent. This policy means that private land is protected by feudal regime and marks the establishment of feudal land ownership. This is not only the inevitable result of the development of land system in Qin dynasty, but also the summary and generalization of the development of land system in various countries. There is an inscription "Land of the Son of Heaven within Liuhe" in Historical Records of Qin Shihuang, which shows that the emperor, that is, the country, has the highest ownership of the land in the country. And "making the head of state stand on his own feet" shows that the imperial power has recognized the inheritance and domination of the land owned by the subjects of the whole country from generation to generation. As a result, the bipolar structure of land ownership in China feudal society was formed, which was neither completely owned by the state nor completely owned by the private sector, but the combination of state ownership and private ownership made the land ownership uncertain and fluid. Land ownership is divided by the state and private parties. On the surface, all members of society have personal freedom, but in fact, people have to rely on land to provide slavery. "Wherever people go, there is no minister", which shows that the feudal land system is an effective means and economic foundation to consolidate feudal rule.

Third, in order to strengthen the control of the subjects in the world and maintain the long-term stability of the feudal regime, Qin Shihuang carried out the movement of moving the rich to emigrate to the real border and directly distributed the population of the whole country. In the year when Qin Shihuang unified the world, he "migrated to the world with the wealth of 120,000 households in Xianyang". Putting all the people in the world under the direct control of the capital not only eliminates the hidden dangers of unrest, but also strengthens the economic advantages of Guanzhong area. It can be seen that this kind of "bullying the weak with the strong" actually strengthens the central government's multiple control over the Quartet. With the continuous expansion of border areas, Qin Shihuang carried out larger-scale immigration activities. In the 28th year of Qin Shihuang (2 19 BC), he "moved to the platform of 30,000 households in the first mansion of Guizhou". In thirty-three years (2 14), he was appointed as Meng Tian to drive the Xiongnu to the north and set up forty-four counties along the Yellow River. In the south, "Guilin, Xiang Jun, Nanhai" just takes out the meaning of soldiers. These measures are conducive to the consolidation and development of the frontier, and also promote the exchanges and integration of all ethnic groups. However, because the activities of transferring the rich and the evil were too hasty and fierce, relying entirely on feudal politics to enforce them, without considering the economic interests of immigrants, the world shook and people's grievances boiled, and Chen Sheng and Uprising started.

Thirdly, in the face of the chaotic situation of long-term division and compartmentalization since the Warring States Period, the Qin Dynasty ordered the unification of national economic measurement in order to facilitate economic exchanges between regions and make the national financial function work normally. The currency of the six countries was abolished and replaced by the currency processed on the basis of Qin currency, which made the world pass. "Historical Records" contains: "On Qin, a country's currency is second-class. In the name of Yi, gold is the currency; Copper coins are commonly called half two, as heavy as their text, and they are one coin. " In recent years, more "half Liang" coins of Qin Dynasty have been unearthed from archaeological excavations. More than 600 "half-Liang" coins, all of which are square coins, were unearthed in the pits of terracotta warriors and horses and the tombs of prisoners. After the unification of the monetary system, it has overcome the disadvantages of different shapes and weights of currencies, solved the difficulties of use and exchange, and is conducive to commodity exchange and financial order, and also promoted the code of conduct in the economic field. The style of Qin half-two-yuan coins, because of its beautiful shape and convenient use, became the origin of copper coins in Han Dynasty and later generations. Qin Shihuang also ordered the abolition of the chaotic weights and measures in different countries in view of the great differences in the weights and measures systems implemented in the Warring States Period, and promulgated them nationwide on the basis of the weights and measures system in the Shang Yang Reform Period. For example, Shang Yang Fang, handed down from ancient times, carved an imperial edict, which is a standard measuring instrument for unified measurement. The Qin Dynasty also produced many new standard instruments, which were engraved with imperial inscriptions and sent to all parts of the country, and were found in Shaanxi, Gansu, Shanxi, Hebei, Henan, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Jilin, Shandong, Jiangsu and other places. It can be seen that the implementation of unified measurement in the Qin Dynasty was indeed vigorous, which was undoubtedly an important means to strengthen the centralized control of the national economy, standardize the currency, and unify the weighing instruments, which was conducive to promoting the integration of social economy and, of course, promoting national knowledge and national development.

In order to meet the requirements of politics and economy, the Qin Dynasty established a military leadership system with highly centralized military power and highly unified troops. The emperor is both the head of state and the commander-in-chief of the whole army. All the generals were appointed by him personally, and all the troops were under his full control. At the same time, the system of seal, symbol and festival is strictly implemented, that is, the military order stamped with the imperial seal is valid, and soldiers can only be mobilized when they hold the completed tiger symbol, so that they can March unimpeded under the continuous festivals granted by the court. All three are indispensable, otherwise it will not take effect, so as to ensure that military power will not be lost.

Qiu was ordered by the emperor to command the national army, but he only had the right to transfer troops, not the right to dispatch troops. In the event of a war, the emperor directly appointed a general to lead the battle and returned to the DPRK to hand over military power after the war. In the Qin Dynasty, military generals did not specialize in soldiers except those stationed in the army to guard the frontier fortress, so as to avoid self-respect. Through this highly totalitarian military leadership system, the military power of the whole country was controlled by the emperor. This military system was inherited and developed by later feudal dynasties and became a deterrent force to safeguard the supreme imperial power and world stability.

The military service system of the Qin Dynasty stipulated that all adult men had the obligation to be soldiers. /kloc-Men aged 0/7 must register with the local government and start military service or corvee after registration. Generally, they will serve in the county for one year and receive training to perform tasks. Then serve in the capital or frontier for one year in the order of conscription. In addition, every man of school age needs to serve in this county for one month every year, mainly responsible for building city walls, roads, palaces and delivering materials. The service period is subject to the military title system, and the exemption time depends on the size of the title. This universal conscription system has a great influence on later generations, but it is often carried out in accordance with the wishes of the emperor in concrete implementation.

Qin Jun is divided into two parts: troops directly under the central government and local county troops. The troops directly under the central government include the emperor's guards, the capital garrison and the frontier garrison. The local county troops mainly receive military training and are responsible for local public security, which is also the supplement and reserve of the troops directly under the central government. Qin Jun is mainly composed of the army, which is divided into three arms: chariots, infantry and cavalry. During the Qin dynasty, chariots still shouldered important tasks in the war. When attacking, he took the lead and disrupted the enemy's formation. When defending, hit a base to block the enemy's impact. Infantry is the main arms of Qin Jun, which is composed of brave and strong people selected through formal training. Infantry in Qin Jun are divided into light infantry and heavy infantry according to weapons and equipment. Light infantry do not wear armor, hold weapons such as bows and arrows, occupy the front row in wartime, and shoot arrows to kill distant enemies; Heavy infantry in armor takes precedence over light infantry in wartime. When approaching the enemy, use long weapons such as bows, spears, cymbals and paddles to fight with the enemy. This separation and integration of forces is a great progress in the history of our military system. Qin Jun cavalry mainly cooperates with chariots and infantry, but can't accomplish combat tasks independently. In Qin Jun, the mixed formation of vehicles, infantry and bicycles was adopted to make up for the shortcomings of various arms and give full play to their respective strengths, which was a relatively advanced formation at that time.

Qin Jun is also well equipped. The crossbow machine that appeared in the Warring States period was more perfect at this time, and the scale of spear and sword was also lengthened. The armor worn by soldiers has been made of metal blades and has different forms according to different arms. Qin Jun's combat capability has been significantly improved, and it has undoubtedly become a strong pillar of the feudal centralized state.