The types and countermeasures of land emergencies in China, please answer quickly, without delay! !

The legal definition of the concept of geological disasters in the Regulations on the Prevention and Control of Geological Disasters is as follows: The geological disasters mentioned in these Regulations include mountain collapses, landslides, mudslides, ground collapses, ground fissures, ground subsidence and other disasters related to geological functions that endanger people's lives and property caused by natural factors or human activities. The main definitions in academic circles are as follows: ① Geological disaster is a variation phenomenon of geological environment; (2) Geological disasters refer to geological events such as collapse, landslide, debris flow, ground collapse, ground subsidence, ground fissures, earthquakes, etc., which directly or indirectly worsen the environment, reduce environmental quality and endanger human and biological development; ③ Geological disasters refer to natural and man-made geological processes (phenomena) that cause harm and potential threat to human life and property safety; (4) Geological processes (phenomena) formed under the influence of natural and man-made factors and causing losses to human life, property and environment; ⑤ Geological disaster is a phenomenon that geological activities cause damage or loss to human life, production and environment.

Types of geological disasters

① According to the progress of disaster, it can be divided into two types: sudden and gradual:

Sudden geological disasters: earthquake, collapse, landslide, debris flow, ground collapse, karst collapse, mine collapse and loess collapse.

Slowly changing geological disasters: land subsidence, soil erosion and soil pollution.

(2) According to the nature and location of geological processes causing disasters, there are 48 kinds of common geological disasters in 12:

1. Disasters of crustal activity, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and fault dislocation.

B, ground deformation disasters, such as ground subsidence, ground subsidence, ground cracking (ground fissures), etc. ;

C, slope rock movement disasters, such as collapse, landslide, debris flow, etc.

D, mine and underground engineering disasters, such as spontaneous combustion, collapse, roof caving, slope, floor heave, rock coal, high temperature, water inrush, gas explosion, etc. ;

E, urban geological disasters, such as building foundation and tower deformation, garbage accumulation, etc. ;

F, rivers, lakes and reservoirs disasters, such as bank collapse, siltation, leakage, immersion, breach, etc. ;

G. Coastal disasters, such as sea level fluctuation, seawater intrusion, coastal erosion, harbor siltation, storm surge, etc. ;

H, marine geological disasters, such as underwater landslides, tidal sand bars, shallow gas disasters, etc. ;

1. Special geotechnical engineering disasters, such as loess collapse, expansion and contraction of expansive soil, freezing and thawing of frozen soil, liquefaction of sand, thixotropy of silt, etc.

J, land degradation disasters, such as soil erosion, land desertification, salinization, incubation, swamp, etc. ;

K. Soil and water pollution and geochemical anomalies, such as groundwater pollution, farmland land pollution and endemic diseases. ;

L, water depletion disasters, such as river water leakage, spring water drying up, groundwater aquifer drying up (groundwater level is over-stored and often drops), etc.

3, geological disasters (dangerous) classification

Geological disasters that have occurred and their degree of harm are classified according to Article 4 of the Regulations; The division of danger and threat degree of potentially dangerous geological disasters refers to the spirit of the Notice on Strengthening the Reporting System of Geological Disasters (No.86 [2004] of the State Administration of Land and Resources).

(Basis: casualties, economic loss or potential danger, number of people threatened, potential direct economic loss)

Classification standard of disaster situation (danger) and danger degree (threat degree) of geological disasters

grade

Conditions of disaster

A dangerous state or situation.

Death toll (person)

Direct economic loss (ten thousand yuan)

Number of people threatened (persons)

Potential direct economic loss (ten thousand yuan)

diminutive

﹤3

﹤ 100

﹤ 100

﹤500

medium-sized

3~ 10

100~500

100~500

500~ 1000

large-scale

10~30

500~ 1000

500~ 1000

5000~ 10000

supergiant

﹥30

﹥ 1000

﹥ 1000

﹥ 10000

Geological disaster prevention

(1) Establish a monitoring network for prevention and treatment by groups.

1. Geological disaster-prone areas should establish county, township and village levels and group monitoring and prevention points.

The monitoring and prevention of geological disasters within the county-level administrative area shall be organized and implemented by the county-level land and resources bureau under the leadership of the county-level people's government and the city (prefecture) level land and resources bureau; The monitoring and prevention of geological disasters in township administrative areas shall be organized and implemented by the township (town) land and resources under the leadership of the township people's government and the county-level land and resources bureau; Group measurement and prevention of geological disasters in administrative villages shall be organized by villagers' committees according to the specific hidden dangers of geological disasters in administrative villages.

2 township geological disaster monitoring and prevention network responsibilities

The leaders in charge of the township people's government and the director of the township land and resources institute are the heads of the township geological disaster monitoring and prevention network. Its main responsibilities are:

(1) according to the implementation plan of geological disaster monitoring and prevention at county level, the work plan of geological disaster monitoring and prevention in this township group was compiled; After the approval of the Township People's Government, organize the implementation of the work plan.

(2) On-site guide monitoring personnel to select monitoring points and set monitoring signs; According to the specific situation of hidden danger points, put forward the basic requirements of monitoring content, measurement method, observation period, recording format, data collation and preliminary analysis, and supervise the implementation of the above work requirements.

(3) Regularly or irregularly check the monitoring situation of each hidden danger point, master the basic characteristics of each hidden danger point, track the monitoring dynamics of each point, and establish the archives of group monitoring and prevention points.

(4) Collect monitoring data regularly, analyze the dynamic monthly change trend of the disaster site, and guide the monitoring personnel to adjust the monitoring work in time according to the prediction results of the change trend.

(5) Fill in the geological disaster prevention and control work knowledge card and distribute it in place.

(6) regularly submit monitoring data or information to the county-level geological disaster monitoring and prevention network.

(7) Put forward an emergency evacuation order to the township government to assist the government in evacuation and disaster avoidance. In an emergency, people can be directly organized to avoid disasters and save themselves.

3. Responsibilities of village-level geological disaster monitoring and prevention network

(1) Organize the monitoring and prevention of geological disasters in the village according to the requirements of the township (town) geological disaster monitoring and prevention work plan.

(2) according to the specific situation of hidden danger points, arrange and manage the monitoring personnel of each hidden danger point; Implement temporary disaster avoidance places and evacuation routes, specify early warning signals and prepare early warning devices; Under the guidance of the superior group monitoring and prevention management organization, fill in the disaster prevention and avoidance card and distribute it to the threatened villagers.

(3) Monitor, record and report hidden danger points as required. Analyze the dynamic trend of hidden danger points daily or weekly, adjust the monitoring work in time according to the dynamic situation, and report the adjustment to the superior network management organization.

(4) Organize people to evacuate and take refuge in time according to the orders of superiors; Authorized by superiors, people can be directly organized to avoid disasters and save themselves in crisis situations.

(2) Issuing geological disaster understanding cards.

Government departments fill in geological disaster prevention and avoidance cards according to the designated geological disaster danger points and hidden danger points, and fill in the basic information of geological disasters, inducing factors, disaster-causing personnel and property, early warning and evacuation methods, and distribute them to villagers threatened by disasters and explain them to them. Issuing disaster avoidance cards to people threatened by disasters is an important measure to establish a group monitoring and prevention system and effectively prevent and reduce disasters. But in order for winning numbers to truly understand and play its due role, it needs to go through Sandao Pass. First, we must fill in the card. Knowing the information filled in the card is an important way for the affected people to acquire knowledge of disaster prevention and avoidance, and it is also a "safety manual" for them to correctly deal with and deal with dangerous situations and effectively carry out self-help and mutual rescue. To draw up a practical card, on the one hand, we should correctly understand the main intention of the card design content around the correct "prevention" and effective "avoidance". On the other hand, on the basis of detailed investigation and study, we should design a good one-household, one-policy risk-avoidance measure to ensure that every affected household can evacuate the danger zone safely and orderly in the shortest time. For example, in the precautions of residents, it is necessary to fill in the prohibition of some human activities that have an impact on the disaster body, and pay attention to observing and reporting some abnormal changes in time. Second, we must ensure that the card is issued properly. Knowing that cards can't be issued at once, people threatened by ground disasters must really understand what they usually pay attention to and what to do in distress, so as to scientifically reduce and avoid disasters. The personnel who issue the understanding card need to patiently and carefully publicize and explain to the affected people. The key point is to accurately convey the warning signals, escape routes and other information in the clear card to the affected people, so that every affected people can take their time to deal with the disaster, have a sense of disaster prevention and have ways to avoid it. Especially for some disadvantaged families in remote rural areas, children with low educational level or left behind, mentally retarded people, we should try our best to explain and communicate and give special care and protection. Third, be sure to check the card for verification. When sending winning numbers, it is necessary to further check whether the contents in the winning numbers are consistent with the actual situation of the residents, and whether the avoidance measures can achieve the hedging effect, so as to ensure foolproof. For example, whether the information of the family members filled in is accurate, whether the early warning signal is applicable to the family, whether the on-site disaster avoidance route design is reasonable, and whether some rescuers are in place. Through careful and meticulous work, the life and property safety of the affected people will be guaranteed to the maximum extent.

(3) Geological hazard inspection

During the key prevention period of geological disasters, the township (town) people's government and grassroots mass autonomous organizations shall strengthen the inspection of geological disasters and handle and report the dangers in time. The state encourages units and individuals to provide precursor information of geological disasters. It is necessary to conduct a 100% investigation of the hidden danger points that have been mastered, and at the same time, it is necessary to increase the investigation of areas where ground disasters may occur.

(4) Do a good job in risk assessment of geological disasters.

1. basis

Article 21 of the Regulations on the Prevention and Control of Geological Disasters stipulates that geological disaster risk assessment shall be carried out in the feasibility study stage for engineering construction in areas prone to geological disasters, and the assessment results shall be taken as an integral part of the feasibility welcome report; If the feasibility study report does not contain the results of geological hazard risk assessment, it shall not be approved. In the preparation of urban master plan, village and market town planning in geological disaster-prone areas, the risk assessment of geological disasters should be carried out in the planning area. Article 22 stipulates that the state implements a qualification management system for units engaged in geological disaster risk assessment ... Paragraph 4 of Article 7 of the Measures for the Administration of Pre-examination of Land for Construction Projects stipulates that if a construction project is located in a geological disaster-prone area determined by the geological disaster prevention and control plan, it shall submit a geological disaster risk assessment report. This regulation is to advance the risk assessment of geological disasters of some approved projects to the pre-trial stage. Article 8 stipulates that the project unit shall go through the procedures of geological disaster risk assessment and mineral resources coverage demonstration in accordance with the provisions of relevant laws and regulations after the pre-examination of land use is completed and before applying for land use approval.

2. Geological hazard prone areas and geological hazard risk assessment

Geological disaster-prone areas refer to areas with geological structures, landforms and climatic conditions where geological disasters are likely to occur.

Risk assessment of geological disasters refers to the technical activities of evaluating the possibility of inducing or aggravating geological disasters and the risk of geological disasters suffered by construction projects, putting forward prevention measures and compiling evaluation reports. The specific process of geological hazard risk assessment is as follows: the geological hazard assessment unit accepts the entrustment of the construction unit → collects relevant geological data and conducts on-site investigation (including simple investigation) → determines the assessment scope according to the engineering analysis of the construction project → conducts geological hazard investigation, determines the types and assessment elements of disasters → conducts comprehensive assessment, puts forward prevention measures and suggestions → prepares and submits an assessment report or instruction.

3. Why do you want to do geological disaster risk assessment?

China is one of the countries with the most serious geological disasters in the world. More than 80% of geological disasters are caused and induced by various engineering activities that violate the laws of nature. In recent years, with the large-scale construction of infrastructure in China, the number of geological disasters caused or induced by unreasonable engineering activities of human beings has increased sharply, and the harm has increased. The reasons are as follows: First, the site selection of the project did not consider the geological environment conditions, and residential areas and important projects were selected as places threatened by geological disasters. The most typical problem is the construction of Badong new county in Hubei Province during the relocation of Three Gorges immigrants. Because the geological disaster assessment was not carried out when the new county was selected, it was discovered that the new county was built on an ancient landslide group after many high-rise buildings were built, which led to serious landslide disasters and heavy losses from 65438 to 0995 in the new county. Second, improper engineering activities induce geological disasters, such as a large number of excavations, broken corners, and random pushing of soil and slag. Facts have proved that, in this way, the risk assessment of geological disasters in the site selection stage of the project and the targeted measures in the subsequent exploration and design can achieve twice the result with half the effort. Otherwise, you will get twice the result with half the effort, and the future trouble will be endless. With the large-scale development of China's economic construction, it is believed that geological disasters induced by activities will increase greatly. Only by establishing the risk assessment system of geological disasters can we control and mitigate geological disasters and minimize their harm. Through the practice of geological disaster risk assessment in recent years, it has played an important role in standardizing and restraining engineering activities and controlling and reducing the occurrence of geological disasters from the source. On the one hand, it is helpful for government management departments and construction units to make scientific decisions, prevent geological disasters, and minimize construction project risks and maintenance costs. On the other hand, it is also helpful to maintain the safety of people's lives and property and ensure the smooth construction. It can be seen that the risk assessment of geological disasters in construction projects not only has practical basis, but also has very important practical significance for standardizing and restraining human engineering economic activities and reducing the occurrence of geological disasters.

Three. Emergency treatment of geological disasters

Geological disaster emergency refers to the emergency disaster prevention and rescue and disaster relief actions that are different from the normal working procedures in the event of geological disasters or imminent disasters.

(1) Geological disaster emergency categories: impending disaster emergency and disaster emergency.

Emergency response to impending disasters: When the hidden danger body of geological disasters appears in an impending state, it enters an impending emergency period, and the emergency disaster prevention and avoidance actions taken are called impending emergency response.

Disaster emergency: After a geological disaster occurs, it enters the disaster emergency period, and the actions taken to rescue and rescue the disaster and prevent the further expansion of the disaster are called disaster emergency.

(2) Principles of geological disaster emergency work: people-oriented, unified leadership, rapid response, comprehensive coordination, graded responsibility, relying on science and adapting to local conditions. The specific responsibilities of organizations and departments shall be stipulated by emergency plans for geological disasters at all levels.

(C) How to improve emergency response capabilities

The first is to strengthen publicity and training. Improve the ability of cadres and the masses to reduce disasters, avoid disasters, save themselves and help each other.

The second is to strengthen emergency drills for geological disasters.

(4) Emergency handling procedures

1. Upon receiving the danger and disaster of geological disasters, immediately verify the situation and report it in two lines according to the requirements of the quick report system, one is the people's government at the next higher level, and the other is the land and resources department at the next higher level.

2. According to the actual situation, start the emergency plan.

3. Emergency response, organizing emergency rescue and disaster relief under the leadership of the government.

4. Emergency rescue and disaster relief is over. After the danger or disaster of geological disasters is eliminated or effectively controlled by the expert group, the county people's government cancels the designated geological disaster danger zone and declares the end of emergency response.

5. Summarize the experience and lessons.

The prevention and control of geological disasters includes investigation, planning, training and publicity, monitoring and early warning, emergency response and project management. Geological disaster emergency is an important link of geological disaster prevention and control system engineering, including emergency investigation and emergency management. The emergency investigation is mainly attended by geological experts, technicians and leaders and managers of local land departments. The basic requirements for emergency investigation are: 1. Time, place and type of disaster; 2 casualties, losses and impact; 3. Measures taken; 4. Nature and causes of disasters; 5. Follow up the risk assessment and put forward suggestions and measures. Emergency management mainly includes land management (disaster avoidance site, land for recovery and reconstruction), sky management (cooperating with meteorological departments to do a good job in early warning of rainfall disasters), personnel management and project management.