Chaoshan history

Chaoshan dialect has a history of 1000 years.

Historical development:

Chaozhou dialect originated from Putian dialect of Fujian dialect. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the Northern Song Dynasty, the end of the Southern Song Dynasty and the end of the Yuan Dynasty, people from Putian, Fujian, migrated to Chaozhou today in succession in the harsh coastal border movement in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The reason for emigration is that Putian, Fujian is overpopulated and fled the war caused by foreign invasion. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the war triggered by the invasion of fleeing foreigners was the largest in the last years of the Southern Song Dynasty, and hundreds of thousands of Fujian Putian people immigrated to Chaozhou today. In fact, Putian immigration is a very famous event. Main immigration route: Putian-Chaoshan. Compared with other immigrants' ancestral homes, Putian is obviously different. The genealogical systems in Chaoshan, Hainan, Zhanjiang, Leizhou and Dianbai are quite complete. These precious genealogies clearly record "ancestors moved to Putian" and clearly remember the names of ancestors who entered the local nation from Putian, Fujian. Most of them are authentic Putian people, and their ancestors have lived in Putian for more than ten generations. Most of them have been naturalized for hundreds of years, and even the surnames of their ancestors are mostly famous families in China, which originated in Putian. For example, the Lins in Chaoshan, Zhanjiang, Hainan and other places are mostly famous in Putian, such as Jiumulin in Putian, Puyang Yellow in Huang, Nanhu Zheng in Putian in Zheng, Puyang Cai in Cai and Li Longxi in Nan 'an, Fujian. Historically, Hakka in Putian flourished and its culture developed. There were more than 2,400 scholars in ancient Putian, and there were more than 1000 scholars in Putian in the Song Dynasty alone. There are four or six clouds in Song Zhu Mu's "Yu Fang wins Lan" and "Xinghua Army": "The land is not greater than Cao Teng, and Guan is already in Zou Lu"; "Living by the sea is good for fishing for salt" and is known as the hometown of cultural relics from Fujian. In the Ming Dynasty, the number of scholars ranked first among all the governments in the country. According to historical records, there were nearly 200 Xinghua officials who were born as scholars in the Ming Dynasty and were above the fourth grade (magistrate). It is on the premise of "more officials and more officials" that a large number of Putian ancestors went out to be officials, and a considerable number of ancestors went on to naturalize locally, especially in Hainan, Guangdong. For example, Zheng Hui, the ambassador to Guangdong during the reign of Emperor Gaozong, was sentenced to James J.S.Wong, Chaozhou, and registered with the government or moved from the government to a third place. Taking refuge and moving out, Putian was the most tenacious area against the Mongolian army at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, and it was also the hardest hit by the "Japanese pirates" in the Ming Dynasty, and even Putian was killed twice. For example, the whole family of Putian people Chen sticks to the city, and uncle Chen Zan and others stick to Putian. Many Putian ancestors embarked on the road of immigration in order to escape the war, flee and participate in the war. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Chen Baxuan and Chen Ruzhen, who lived in Jiangmen, Huazhou and Wuchuan (Chen people who fought against the Mongolian army), were Fang Shizhen, the founder of Jiedong Deng Gang and Han Tao. They lived in the Southern Song Dynasty for six years (1233). In order to escape the war, they came to Jieyi from Hanjiang River in Putian, Fujian, and lived in the Jieyi River valley in the area. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, the Hong family moved from Putian to Chaoshan. According to "Chaoshan Hongshi Genealogy", Chaoshan people's surname is Hong, and they are descendants of Fujian Putian people. Yu Hong lives in Qianhantou Village, Jiuji Town, Putian County, Fujian Province, which is now Hanjiang District, Putian City. Sun Hongpu, the son of, has a suitable son, Gui (Honggui), named Da Ding. In the second year of Tang Dynasty (826), he was a scholar, served as the minister of the Ministry of Industry, and gave it to the doctor. In the seventh year of Tang Zhenyuan, he was demoted to the secretariat of Chaozhou. Seeing that the Chaoshan landscape prevailed, he founded Chaoshan Guishan, and then moved to Jiading to become the ancestor of Hong, and he entered the tide for thousands of years. Huang, the word Zhai, was born in Chaozhou, Wu Zhuangyuan in Qing Dynasty, and was born in Putian. The 30th grandson of Huang An, the founding emperor of the Tang Dynasty in Putian, Fujian. In the first year of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty, Emperor Chen Bing of Jiaqing was the champion of Cohen's martial arts.

Chaozhou dialect mainly comes from Putian dialect of Min dialect, which is slightly different from Zhangzhou dialect. Putian dialect is similar to Zhang Quan dialect, so Chaozhou dialect is very similar to Zhangzhou dialect. Because Chaozhou is adjacent to Zhangzhou, it is influenced by Zhangzhou dialect. Although a large number of Putian people immigrated to Hainan, Guangdong Province, a large number of Putian people still stayed in Putian, and the Putian dialect of Putian people who stayed in Putian continued to be influenced by Fuzhou dialect, which was somewhat different from Chaozhou dialect. Chaozhou has long been far away from Putian, whose ancestral home is in southern Fujian, and is not adjacent to Fuzhou, but adjacent to Zhangzhou, which is easily influenced by Zhangzhou dialect and other dialects. However, Chaozhou dialect is a Min dialect based on Putian dialect and influenced by Zhangzhou dialect. Because Fuzhou is the provincial capital, there are many exchanges between Putian and the provincial capital, but Putian is not adjacent to Zhangzhou, so Putian dialect is more influenced by Fuzhou conversation than Quanzhou dialect, and Putian is 200 kilometers away from Zhangzhou, so Putian dialect is hard to be influenced by Zhangzhou dialect. Putian is the earliest and longest place where the contradiction between people and land occurred in southern Fujian. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Putian was overpopulated and became a place of population export, and Putian began to export more people. Some Putian people immigrated to other places hundreds of years after they immigrated to Quanzhou and Zhangzhou, and their Putian dialect has been assimilated into Quanzhou dialect or Zhangzhou dialect. Because a large part of Putian people immigrate to Quanzhou and Zhangzhou every year, ranging from a few hundred to thousands, and from 10,000 to more. Compared with Quanzhou and Zhangzhou, they are a minority, so they are easily assimilated by Quanzhou and Zhangzhou. Moreover, some Putian immigrants have been assimilated by Zhangzhou people in Quanzhou for hundreds to thousands of years. Judging from the phenomenon of archaism, Chaozhou dialect should be the language around Guxing (now Putian), just like Putian dialect today. Because there are a lot of ancient sounds in Putian dialect, many people think Xinghua dialect is "easier said than written" and can't be written. In fact, most of Xinghua dialect can be written in words, and most of the words have their origins, so Chaozhou dialect is considered to be the oldest Minnan dialect.

Most of the ancestors in Chaoshan area were ancient Zhongyuan people and Putian people who moved south to escape the war. Its migration scale was large, which appeared in the wars of the Eight Kings Rebellion, the Five Rebellions and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms in the Western Jin Dynasty, followed by the turmoil in the late Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty's southward migration.

The form of migration of Chaoshan ancestors is "southward migration", that is, the collective migration of the whole family represented by surnames. Up to now, there are still many villages with the same surname in eastern Guangdong, and many ancestral halls are ancestral halls with the same surname, which are marked with the words "Chen Ancestral Hall", "Xie Ancestral Hall", "Yingchuan Family" and "Taiyuan Former Residence". Many genealogical records show that the migration of Chaozhou ancestors is mainly the collective migration of the whole family. The main route of Chaozhou ancestors' southward migration was from the Central Plains to Jiangnan, then to Fujian, Putian and then to eastern Guangdong. In addition to the above-mentioned eight towns in Chaozhou, dapu county is also an early county established by Chaozhou Prefecture, which is called "Nine Towns in Chaozhou" in history. However, its folk customs in the middle and late Qing Dynasty were assimilated by Hakka (Hakka dialect) and could not communicate with Fucheng (Chaozhou dialect). We know that the political system of the Jin Dynasty was aristocratic politics, and the family concept was very strong at that time. "In the old society, Wang Xietang died and flew into the homes of ordinary people." Both Xie and Xie in the Jin Dynasty were high officials. The ancestors of Chaoshan people were Central Plains officials who moved their families to the south.

"Moving to the south" is very important for Chaoshan people. A large number of new immigrants have brought more advanced culture, production technology and economic and political influence than local aborigines, which makes new immigrants have certain strength after arriving at their new residence and can continue to use their original languages and live according to their original customs. Therefore, Chaozhou dialect retains the basic characteristics of ancient Chinese, and Chaoshan folk customs retain a large number of ancient customs in the Central Plains.

/kloc-During the period from 0/8 to the 20th century, Chaoshan residents were one of the main ethnic groups of Chinese immigrants to Southeast Asia, so Chaozhou dialect became one of the main dialects of overseas Chinese. Therefore, many Chinese communities outside Chaoshan area also speak Chaozhou dialect.

With the popularization of globalization, the number of people who speak Chaozhou dialect as their mother tongue is gradually decreasing, and they are influenced by the same culture and media. For example, many Chinese-Singaporean teenagers whose mother tongue is Chaozhou dialect have switched to English and Chinese. Chinese has gradually replaced Chaozhou dialect and become the mother tongue of young people. Nevertheless, Chaozhou dialect is still the mother tongue of many Chinese in Singapore, and Chaoshan people are also the second largest ethnic group of Chinese in Singapore, second only to Minnan natives.