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Evaluate Zhuge Liang

Here I quote Mr. Tan's four theories about Zhuge Liang's employment. According to Mr. Tan, Zhuge Liang appointed about 63 economic, political, military and cultural talents. Judging from the regional awards, there are 28 people in Jingzhou, 29 people in Yizhou, 3 people in Yanzhou, 2 people in Yuzhou 1 person and Yongzhou. If Liu Zhang, Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang are the top leaders of Yizhou in different periods, among the above 63 people, 1 1 belongs to Liu Zhang's old subordinates, 24 to Liu Bei's old subordinates, and 28 to Zhuge Liang himself, including two from Cao Wei. Of course, whether the above statistics are completely correct remains to be verified. Although Zhuge Liang may not have contributed to the promotion of the above 63 people, it is not easy to make full use of talents. Zhuge Liang's concept of employing people and Liu Bei's concept of "everywhere, each doing his best" "where there is a will, there is a way" (see the biography of ancestors). Isn't the method of employing people the same? Compared with Cao Cao, who was "meritocratic" at the same time. There are six ways for Cao Cao to acquire talents. That is, Cao Cao's relatives, conquest, surrender of talents, and then recommendation, surrender and forced expropriation of talents. In other words, Cao Cao relies more on the so-called "willingness to take the bait" in employing people, and does not do much in cultivating talents, or it is not entirely due to Cao Cao. Doesn't this obliterate Cao Cao's "meritocracy" again?

By the way, Li Yan. It is precisely because Li Yan is outstanding, not a coward, that Zhuge Liang also valued Li Yan at first. First of all, we should analyze why Liu Bei left Li Yan in Yong 'an. Li Yan is a man with good military ability. In the 23rd year of Jian 'an (AD 2 18), Ma Qin and Gao Sheng launched an armed uprising, gathering tens of thousands of people and reaching Zizhong County. At that time, Liu Bei was fighting fiercely in Hanzhong, and the troops in the middle school were quite nervous. Li Yan never asked the central authorities for a single soldier, but only used his 5,000 soldiers and horses to quell the rebellion. "When the party branches are scattered, it will be known to recover the Republic of China", and later defeated the Nanyi Army in Weixindao County, showing its outstanding military talent. To this end, Liu Bei added Li Yan as the assistant general of the Han Dynasty, "and Zhuge Liang was inherited by the young master Zhao Fu; Protect with strictness as the center, unify internal and external military affairs, and stay in Yongan. "Let Li Yan stay in Yongan town, just want to use Li Yan's military talents to defend Wu Dong. Zhuge Liang also called Li Yan "partly like a stream, wasting time." But after the battle of Yiling, Zhuge Liang revised his strategic policy, abandoned Jingzhou and joined forces with Sun Wu. With the improvement of the relationship between Shu and Wu, Li Yan's role and significance in Yong 'an gradually decreased. Therefore, Zhuge Liang "moved Li Yan to Jiangzhou and left the imperial army in Yong' an, both of which were strict." Li Yan was dissatisfied with this and felt that he underestimated himself. Therefore, Zhuge Liang stationed troops in Hanzhong. "If you want to get Ping (Li Yan) to take the town of Hanzhong, it is difficult to level the poor and have no purpose." Instead, I ask you to divide the five counties into "Bazhou Secretariat", in other words, to create another central government and get rid of the addiction of "local emperors". In the eighth year of Jianxing (AD 230), Cao Wei attacked Hanchuan, and Zhuge Liang ordered Li Yan to lead 20,000 people to attack Hanzhong. Li Yan, on the other hand, ignored national security and demanded to be summoned to the government like Sima Yi. Zhuge Liang is not ignorant of Li Yan's character. When Kyle went to Wudong, Kyle told Zhuge Liang that Li Yan "had scales in his belly, and the hard time emerging thought that he could not get close". However, Zhuge Liang, considering the overall situation, thought that "the balance is not the ear of a criminal, so don't try to recover Su and Zhang's things." (See Biography of Kyle). So although he didn't agree with Li Yan's idea, he still made Li Feng, Li Yan's son, the governor of Jiangzhou, "the encounter of a dragon". As a result, all the officials were dissatisfied with Zhuge Liang's practice and thought that Zhuge Liang was cheating in private. Zhuge Liang thought that when the Northern Expedition was in full swing, it was better to praise Li Yan's shortcomings and let Li Yan repay his kindness. However, Zhuge Liang never dreamed that Li Yan would be so corrupt. He first wrote a secret letter to Zhuge Liang, asking him to "be honored with nine tin medals and be promoted to be king"; Again, in clever words, having sex on both sides of the late Lord and Zhuge Liang in an attempt to escape the big mistake of "failing to transport food" can be said to be heinous and unforgivable. However, Zhuge Liang just "abandoned Ping (Li Yan) for the people and moved to Zitong County", considering Li Yan's many contributions to the Shuhan regime. It can be said that it is not "extra-legal mercy"! (See Biography of Li Yan) and with Zhuge Liang, Ada, Wei Yan, Lin Yuan, Wu Yi, Gao Xiang, Wu Ban, Yang Yi, Deng Zhi, Liu Ba, Fei, Xu Yun, Ding Xian, Liu Min, Jiang Wei, Shangguan Diao, Hu Ji, Yan Yan, Cong,. ! (See Biography of Li Yan, and Pei Zhu highlights the official document of Shangshu). It seems that Li Yan's crime has reached the point of "betraying others and alienating relatives". ?

Then explain Zhuge Liang's reuse of Jingchu people.

First, there are differences in the cultural level between Jingzhou and Yizhou.

Let's talk about Jingzhou first. First of all, Jingzhou has excellent geographical conditions and extremely convenient land and water transportation. Jingzhou, located in Hubei and Hunan, is the third step of China's topography. The terrain is relatively peaceful, and the current is not as fast as its upstream. Longzhong Dui said: "Jingzhou is a country of martial arts, with the end of the Han Dynasty in the north, the South China Sea in the east, Wu Hui in the east and Bashu in the west." Its land from Xiangyang to the north, through Xinye and Nanyang, can be out of Wan and Luo; South via Jiangling, Changsha to Jiaozhou; To the east, you can go down the Yangtze River until Yangzhou. To the west, you can enter Hanzhong from three eastern counties (Xicheng, Fangling and Shang Yong) via Hanshui River. Secondly, the land here is fertile. Hanshu. Geographical records: "Chu has the kindness of Jianghan, Zeshanlin; Jiangnan is vast, but it is still in flames. People eat fish and rice, fish, hunt and log, and fruit clams often have enough food. Therefore, many people drag out an ignoble existence, die and accumulate, eat and return, and don't worry about freezing and hunger. " ; "Water Mirror Notes" records: "In the thirteenth year of Jian 'an, Wei Wuping Jingzhou was divided into Nanjun and Xiangyang County, and Jingzhou was under the jurisdiction of the secretariat. Living in seclusion (yin), facing each other, the meeting of one capital is also. "Third, there is a relatively peaceful living environment here. It has not been greatly affected by the melee in the Central Plains. At that time, Liu Biao, a shepherd in Jingzhou, formulated a series of measures to stabilize the situation in Jingzhou, such as accepting and surrendering Zhang Xiu, eliminating thieves, and appeasing local landlords with more strength. A few years later, Jingzhou was more stable and prosperous economically and politically than other states. Later Han Dynasty. " Liu Biao wai "records:" The table is good and tempting, and Wei and Huai. Wan Li tidy up, size xianyue. "Influenced by the northern warlord melee and the above three aspects, a considerable number of people came to Jingzhou to avoid disasters. Once wrote in Xun Shu: "The fertile land in Guanzhong was completely destroyed, and more than 100,000 people flowed into Jingzhou" (see Biography). In addition to a large number of refugees who have taken refuge, there are many resourceful people among them. " There are thousands of graduates from Kansai, Yanzhou and Henan "(see Later Han Shu). Liu Biao wai "); "Those who avoid Jingzhou are all heroes in the sea" (see Wang Canchuan). Liu Biao also "learned from Confucianism", so Jingzhou is full of talents. In addition to some famous figures in the Shu-Han regime, there are Sima Zhi, Cui, Xu Shu, RoyceWong, Pang Degong, Han Danchun, He Qia, Du Xi, Zhao Yan, Yin Mo and Du Ji. From this point of view, the level of culture and education in Jingzhou is still relatively high.

Let's take a look at Yizhou again. Yizhou also has rich land and a relatively stable environment. However, there is a fatal factor that is extremely unfavorable to the growth of talents and the development of culture, and that is the issue of foreign relations. Looking at the map, we can see that Yizhou is basically on the second step of China's terrain, which governs Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou today. In the north of Yizhou are Qinling Mountains and Daba Mountain. To the east is the mountainous area of Hunan and Hubei; In the south, there is a vast undulating Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. It is a veritable land of four blockades. On the one hand, Zhuge Liang affirmed Yizhou's "fertile land and rich land" in Longzhong Dui, but at the same time pointed out that Yizhou was in danger. General code. There is such a description of Yizhou in the Code of Prefecture and County: "Yizhou has fertile soil, no bad years, repeated mountains and four blockades, and the lack of royal government is the first." And Li Bai's "It's hard to go to heaven!" It also vividly describes the risks of Yizhou. I think we can't deny that traffic problems have played a great role in the economic and cultural development of a country or region, right? Affected by traffic problems, Yizhou's cultural level should be much worse than other areas at that time. Hanshu. "Geography" records: "Ba, Shu and Guanghan originally belonged to the south, Qin thought the county, ... scenery martial arts, Wen Weng guarded Shu, taught the people to read the law and discipline, did not believe in morality, but laughed at them with good words and respected power." Yizhou is connected with the outside world in two ways. One is the passage from Hanzhong to Guanzhong; The other is the connection between the Yangtze River and Jingzhou. At first, with the arrival of Ada and his son, tens of thousands of people poured into Yizhou from Nanyang and Sanfu. However, after Liu Zhang succeeded to the throne, due to the enemy of Zhang Lu, the passage in Hanzhong was closed; The other is influenced by Chinese topography, which is high in the west and low in the east. From Sichuan Basin to Jianghan Plain, the sea level difference between the two places is 1000 meters. The huge difference in sea level means that the water gap of the Yangtze River is very large. If you want to move from Jingzhou in the downstream to Yizhou in the upstream, it will undoubtedly be a huge challenge for the shipping industry, which was not very developed at that time and relied entirely on manpower. According to historical records, "Summer water rises less than a few tens of feet, and it looks like a horse, so boat people dare not enter." At that time, people took Jingzhou to Yizhou, which was sailing against the current and was afraid of the road. This objectively prevented many talents from seeking development from Jingzhou to Yizhou.

Compared with Jingzhou in the same period, Yizhou at that time should be far behind in terms of cultural level. Although Yizhou has had talents such as Sima Xiangru and Yang Xiong since ancient times, as well as many world wizards such as Fa Zheng, Huang Quan and Zhang Song during the Three Kingdoms period, compared with Jingzhou, which has so many talents, it is obviously at a disadvantage in terms of quantity and quality. Moreover, before Zhuge Liang came to power, they were basically dead, and those who surrendered to the enemy did stay in Shu for Zhuge Liang to choose, but few people worked for the Shuhan regime. This is tantamount to virtually forcing Zhuge Liang to choose candidates in Jingchu. Moreover, Zhuge Liang has lived and governed Jingzhou for a long time, and he is much more familiar with Jingzhou talents than Yizhou talents. This is also a successful employment method. Today, such a selection method has also been recognized by us. Look at our desire for key middle schools and famous universities, and then look at the employers' favor for graduates from famous universities. We can't ask employers to treat them equally, so what reason do we have to criticize Zhuge Liang's employment methods?

Second: Zhuge Liang has always attached great importance to the use and arrangement of Yizhou people.

Since Shu was founded in Yizhou, it must make better arrangements for local talents in Yizhou. In the early days of the establishment of Shu-Han regime, Liu Bei paid great attention to gathering local talents. "There will be Dong He, yellow, Li Yan, etc. All of them were awarded by Zhang, Wu Yi and others. They were all married by Zhang, Peng Yang was disliked by Zhang, and Liu Ba was jealous of his previous appearance, with prominent position and dedication. People with lofty ideals strive for merit. " (See previous biography). This can not only give full play to the ability of each talent, but also ease the internal contradictions between subject and object. During Zhuge Liang's reign, he continued to carry out Liu Bei's thought of employing people. There is such a record in the biography of Dewey: "In the second year of Jianxing, the prime minister led Yizhou to shepherd, and the choice of welcoming was wonderful and simple, thinking that the co-driver, no beam, was meritorious, and Wei () was the main book." After Liu Bei decided to go to Shu, he claimed that he was deaf and could not go out. However, Zhuge Liang also "visited the cottage" and finally asked Dewey to be an official and worshipped him as an admonition officer. Another example is recorded in the Biography of Yang Hong: "When Li was Cao, Yan did not come to Qianwei, and Hong was Shu County. Hong Ying's books are brilliant, and he has made great achievements and promoted county officials. I have been a magistrate in Guanghan for several years. Shi Hong is still in Shu County. It is also Zhuge Liang's way of employing people, and people do their best. " At that time, Yang Hong was just a hero under Li Yan, the county magistrate. However, due to his outstanding talent, Yang Hong's position rose rapidly. When he was the prefect of Shu County, Li Yan was still the prefect of Shu County. On an equal footing with the immediate superior. Anyway, this was originally a small warden under Yang Hong. Because of his outstanding talent, he was quickly promoted by Zhuge Liang. Chengdu county order and Pixian county order have been made successively. Later, the ethnic minorities in Wenshan were unstable, and Zhuge Liang promoted He Xiao to Wenshan Prefecture. Under the governance of He Xiao, Wenshan was soon "convinced by the people". He Xiao was successively appointed as Guanghan Taishou and Qianwei Taishou. Yang Hong joked, "How can your horse run so fast?" Why smile replied: "I am my husband's old officer, how dare I run faster than my husband?" It's just that Mr. Wang's fast horse has no whip. "So at that time, everyone admired Zhuge Liang's" making the best of people ".

There are many such examples. Zhang, a native of Shu County, was sent to Sun Quan as a prisoner. Zhuge Liang ordered Deng Zhi and Sun Quan to bring it back and entrusted it with a heavy responsibility. "I thought that joining the army, government affairs, and governing the country brought profits. Leading officials in the prime minister's office. Later, it was added as the Han auxiliary general, and the long history remained unchanged. " (see "Zhang Chuan"). When Zhuge Liang left Qishan, Zhang Yi, Guo Youzhi, Dong Yun and others were entrusted by Zhuge Liang with the important task of "considering gains and losses and striving for loyalty". Wang Ping, a Brazilian, turned out to be just a junior official in the Wei army. After surrendering to Liu Bei in the Battle of Hanzhong, he served as a goalkeeper. When the street pavilion was defeated, Wang Ping ordered his men to "beat the drums and guard themselves". Zhang He, the general of Wei Jun, suspected that there was an ambush and was afraid to pursue it. So Wang Ping was able to retreat and withdraw his troops calmly. Zhuge Liang saw that he had real talent and practical learning, and specially praised Wang Ping: "Joining the army and taking charge of five departments as camp workers won the support of General Kou and sealed the pavilion." (See Biography of Wang Ping) The "Five Units" here refer to an army with strong fighting capacity composed of ethnic minorities in central Sichuan. Brazilian Ma Zhong. It turned out to be just a door inspector in the Prime Minister's Office. In the third year of lite, Zhuge Liang conquered the south and named Ma Zhong as the prefect of Xiangke. Ma Zhong's "nurturing compassion is very powerful". Lite eight years, "called the prime minister to join the army, vice minister jiang wan department to stay. Also engage in governance. " After Ma Zhong pacified Nanyihao Zhou, it was added as "Military Supervisor, General, and Feng Boyang Tinghou". "(see the biography of Ma Zhong). Zhang Qian, Qianwei, served as Zitong House, Guanghan House and Shu County. In the ninth year of Jianxing, he came to surrender the viceroy and the viceroy of Suinan. Zhuge Liang is content to be loyal to his duties. When Zhuge Liang practiced martial arts, he took Zhang Yi as the former army commander and commanded Fufeng County (see Biography of Zhang Yi). A native of Jianning, Zhuge Liang was named General Han Xing and Jia when he was in the southern expedition. Later, he led Jianning satrap. Lv Kai of Yongchang and Zhang Yi of Baxian also belong to this category. They all held important positions in the Shu-Han regime, but they were slightly lower than prime ministers and generals. In addition, it also includes some minority leaders in South China and Central China, and Zhuge Liang also appointed them as officials. For example, Meng Huo became an official, Xi became an official and joined the army, and the official assisted General Han. During Zhuge Liang's reign, the relationship between Yizhou natives and Jingchu foreigners was much better than that between the Eastern Zhou people and Yizhou people in Ada and Liu Zhang. "Zhang is wide and soft, without any power. Zhang Can couldn't help being invaded by the people of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. There are many laws and regulations, and Yizhou is quite disgusted. "(see Biography of Liu Zhang and Biography of Pei Zhu Hero). At the end of Shu, the contradiction between Yizhou people and Jingchu people (excluding the dispute between Wei Yan and Yang Yi, both of whom were Jingchu people) was much more relaxed than the fierce internal struggle between Cao Wei and Dongwu in the same period. Shu Han can compete with powerful enemy Cao Wei because Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang have made great efforts in dealing with the relationship between Yizhou people and Jingchu people.

Third, Han Shu, headed by Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang, must take his own political party as the main ruling party.

In fact, this issue is not worth discussing at all. Which dynasty, which generation, the status of its ruling party has nothing to do with its rulers themselves? If nothing else, take China's leading position as an example. China is the first political party under the current socialist system in China. Insisting on leadership is the political guarantee of socialist construction. The system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation led by China is a basic political system in China. But who doesn't agree with this? (Of course, this does not include some hostile elements. Which political party is in power will definitely improve its position in the country. This is especially true in authoritarian regimes. From the point of view of our descendants, we may get the view of "favoring one over the other", but under the circumstances at that time, this behavior is understandable. Moreover, it is not Zhuge Liang's initiative to reuse Jingchu Group. In huayang country. Li Shouzhi recorded: "Yuzhou entered Shu, and Jingchu people were expensive." Compared with Cao Cao and Sun Quan in the same period, Cao Cao's "meritocracy" is very distinctive. However, during the reign of Cao Cao, the military power of the country was always firmly controlled by Cao Shi's relatives. It was not until Cao Pi's reign that non-Cao Shi relatives became military officials. The situation in Soochow is similar. Sun Wu practiced the "system of awarding soldiers". Generally, there are only a few hundred generals in Wu Dong, but at most there are two thousand. Imperial clan generals generally give more soldiers than foreign generals, up to 3 thousand. Generally, Dongwu only appointed a governor when it was defeated in the Cold War, so that other generals would listen to his restraint.

Here, let's talk about why Yizhou people are not suitable for the power of Shu. In addition to the above-mentioned points, it is also related to the poor governance of Yizhou during the reign of Liu Zhang. "Liu Zhang is weak, since he has the grace of the world, consistent grammar, committed to each other, good governance, coercion. Sichuan people are autocratic, and the way of monarch and minister is gradually replaced by ling; Pet is in a position, and the position is extremely embarrassing. Obedience is slow. " (See "ZhuGeLiangChuan" Pei note cited Guo Chong five things). Due to the bad local atmosphere in Yizhou, many local people have also developed disorderly behavior. For example, Fazheng's "the virtue of a meal, the resentment, all hatred"; Li Yan "cares about the country and the people"; Peng Yang's "pride, neglect, once above the state people, all kinds of arrogance, good self-esteem", while Zhuge Liang's employment advocates having both ability and political integrity, always taking the Han Shu regime as the starting point. Therefore, although Zhuge Liang chose locals in Yizhou, he always cultivated and selected his successors from outsiders. This is one of them. The second reason is that Yizhou people are always easy to form their own local forces and their own parties. This will also easily lead to conflicts between the parties in Yizhou and the Shu and Han regimes living in other States. Therefore, Jiang Wan, Fei and Jiang Wei can be in power not only because of their own talents and good conduct, but also because they are outsiders and have nothing to do with local forces in Yizhou. On the other hand, Cao Wei and Soochow in the same period obviously did not do well in this respect. Wei Wendi xelloss "takes Shang Shuling Xiang Ying Hou Chenqun as the general of the town army, driving the accessory and recording history;" Shang Shu's servant shot Sima Yi, the Hou of Xixiang, as the general of Fujun, leaving Xuchang to supervise the rear army and remember the backstage documents. " (See "Wendy's Collection" and "Wei Lue" quoted from Pei). From then on, it broke the practice that non-Cao Shi relatives could not hold military posts. So Wei Mingdi and Cao Rui handed over the military power to Sima Yi. Sima Yi's prestige has greatly increased since he conquered Mengda in the south, Zhuge Liang in the west and Gongsun Yuan in the east. However, Cao Pi and Cao Rui asked Sima Yi to assist his successor, which objectively laid a political and military foundation for the Wei Dynasty after Sima Yi. In the late period of Sun Dongwu's rise, the contradiction between Sun Quan and Lu Xun, an important official of Dongwu, became increasingly prominent. Finally, based on the fact that Lu Xun is a "great family in the east of the Yangtze River", and because there are plans behind him, I am afraid that the successor can't control Lu Xun, and other factors, I systematically cut off Lu Xun's pro-party, such as exiled Lu Xun's nephews Gu Tan, Gu Cheng and Yao Xin successively, killed my wife who wrote books with the poor, and finally "sent her to poverty because she was tired", so that she was so angry. (see Lu Xun's Biography). Zhuge Liang, however, realized this in advance and formulated corresponding countermeasures, thus avoiding the internal struggle for power and profit in the later period of Shu State. This has to be attributed to Zhuge Liang's correct decision.

To sum up, Zhuge Liang's approach is very wise and necessary for the arrangement between Jingchu people and Yizhou people, whether from the needs of political struggle or from the selection and use of talents. Zhuge Liang has also done a lot of detailed work on how to use local talents in Yizhou. Therefore, it is unilateral, arbitrary and unreasonable to overemphasize Zhuge Liang's reuse of Jingchu people!

Let's look at Zhuge Liang's political and military talents.

From the perspective of comprehensive national strength. Zhuge Liang took over the Shu state, which just suffered a crushing defeat in Yiling. It is also a Shu country with internal troubles and foreign invasion. In the Battle of Yiling, Shu lost tens of thousands of elite troops from the East, countless military equipment, and generals such as Fu Tong, Feng, Du Lu, Liu Ning, Huang Quan, etc., and the new Shu Han regime was greatly weakened. Besides the battle of Yiling, other talents in Shu have also been lost. In the second year of Zhangwu (222), Xu Jing, the master of Shu, Liu Ba, the minister in charge of books, and Ma Chao, the general of a title of generals in ancient times, died one after another, which made the talent crisis in Shu more serious. In addition to the talent crisis, the problem of South China needs to be dealt with more and more. In the early days of the establishment of Shu, Gao Ding, the leader of Cui Yi in South Vietnam, led his troops and the army arrived in Xindao County, which was defeated by Li Yan. Huang Yuan, the satrap of Han Jiajun, heard that Liu Bei was seriously ill in Yong 'an and rebelled in December of the second year of Zhangwu. In March of the following year, Huang Yuan took Zhuge Liang's opportunity to visit Liu Bei in Yong 'an and led his army to burn down the county seat of Lin Qiong. Finally, it was razed to the ground by Shu army. Although these two rebellions were put down, the measure of "Fu Yi Yue in the South" has not been implemented because Shu was not established for a long time. Liu Bei, the master of Shu, died in Zhangwu for three years. The new defeat of Yiling, the loss of vitality, the talent crisis, the Huangyuan rebellion, the South China issue and the new loss of the country's owner are all internal worries of Shu. The foreign invasion of Shu refers to the rupture of the Sun-Liu alliance. It has been mentioned in the analysis of Longzhong Dui. Sun Quan of Donghe occupies an extremely important position in the "Longzhong Dui". Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang were only willing to make a complete break with Sun Wu on the basis that Jingzhou was completely seized and the strategic intention of attacking the Central Plains in two ways was completely impossible to implement. After the Yiling War, the national strength of the newly-born Shu State was exhausted, but the hostile relationship with Wu Dong remained unchanged. At this time, Shu had to face not only Cao Wei, its old enemy, but also Sun Wu, a powerful opponent on the road ahead. If we continue to be hostile to Sun Wu for a long time, Shu will never get rid of diplomatic passivity and crisis, and the goal of "reviving the Han Dynasty and returning to the old capital" will be even more difficult to achieve. It is no exaggeration to say that "defeat is ordered by danger." ?

From a political point of view. Shu, ruled by Zhuge Liang, can be said to be the most organized country among the three countries. In the first two or three years of his administration, he adopted the method of closing the door to the outside world, seeking to restore the vitality of Shu, and then pacified the central and southern regions, further strengthening the national strength. In addition, he also cracked down on "autocratic and arbitrary" corrupt officials and local strongmen with "severe punishment and severe law", and Shu showed a clear and stable situation. It's also good politically. However, Shu was founded shortly after all. If it is counted from Liu Bei's acquisition of Yizhou until Zhuge Liang's death, it will only be 20 years. Compared with the 40-year history of Cao Wei, it is obviously not as long as that of Cao Wei. Furthermore, Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Rui had a relatively high ruling level. As an excellent politician, Cao Cao's ruling ability and level are obvious to all, and the overall political framework of Wei is basically constructed by Cao Cao. During his six or seven years in power, Cao Pi also successively implemented a series of positive political measures, such as issuing some imperial edicts that were beneficial to or concerned about the people; Women, eunuchs and consorts are prohibited from interfering in political affairs; Choose people with wisdom and virtue; Implement the nine-product official law. Before Zhuge Liang's death, Cao Rui also showed outstanding political talent. For example, he has done well in planning, breaking prisons, allowing people to give advice directly, and not killing the admonishers. Therefore, in the early period of Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Rui (before Zhuge Liang's death), the political situation of Wei was also good, but Cao Wei was founded 20 years earlier, which can be said to be crucial for a developing regime. Therefore, as far as the overall political situation is concerned, Cao Wei is still superior to Shu Han, and its ruling foundation is more stable than Shu Han. ?

From a military point of view. In the ancient cold war, the most important criterion to measure whether a country's military strength is strong is the number of troops in that country. The relationship between soldiers and people is inseparable. Specifically, soldiers come from the people, and the number of people restricts the number of soldiers, which is an absolute quantitative index; The other is the relative quantity index, which refers to the ratio of the absolute total number of troops to the total number of troops. Because soldiers are supported by the people, there must be an appropriate proportion between soldiers and the people. Shu is vast and sparsely populated. There is only one state with a total population of only 900,000. However, Cao Wei owns Kyushu. According to the general code, the death population of Wei is 4.4 million! Of course, during the reign of Zhuge Liang, it is doubtful whether there were so many people in Wei. However, it should be no problem to say that Wei has a population of more than 3 million. At that time, the total number of Shu troops was about 6.5438+0.4 million, with an average of less than two families, which almost reached the limit of Shu troops' bearing capacity. Even so, compared with Wei's army of more than 400,000, it is still much smaller. Therefore, the situation that "Shu soldiers are light and sharp" is objective and realistic.

From an economic point of view. Cao Wei has always attached great importance to economic issues. As early as the third year of Chuping (AD 192), when Cao Cao got Yanzhou, one of his subordinates, Mao Jie, clearly pointed out to Cao Cao the suggestion of "cultivating livestock and horses" (see Biography of Mao Jie). Cao Cao appreciated Mao Jie's suggestion very much. Moreover, in the first year of Jian 'an (AD 196), Cao Cao adopted the suggestions of Zhao Xiao and Han Hao, tried to open up wasteland in Xuchang, and appointed Zhao Xiao as a captain of Diannong. That year, he won the welcome of millions of people in Silicon Valley and achieved great success. After Zhao Xiao's death, Ren Jun succeeded the commander-in-chief of Diannong, set up field officials in various counties, recruited refugees, organized production and promoted reclamation. Due to the implementation of the "farming system", the agricultural production of Cao Wei was promoted, the national strength of Wei State was enhanced, the supply of military grain was well solved, and the labor burden of farmers in transporting grain and grass was reduced. History records that Cao Cao decided to land, "conquering all directions, without the labor of transporting grain, will also destroy thieves and level the world." (See Wei Shu quoted from Wu Di Ji) This laid a solid material foundation for Cao Cao's unification of the North and its future development. In the past, many unproductive refugees became producers. According to "Biography of Guoyuan", "Yuan repeatedly made gains and losses, governed the people, counted the people, set up officials, and studied the law. In the past five years, Cang Fu and the people struggled to persuade him to work. " Therefore, the "reclamation system" also eased the class contradictions at that time to a certain extent. As Cao Cao's successor, Cao Pi not only continued to practice the system of reclaiming wasteland, but also set up a special plan to support the army, plan rations and support the army, further strengthening the importance of agricultural production. From the perspective of Shu, Zhuge Liang also took a series of measures to restore economic production. In response to the new defeat of Shu, Zhuge Liang put forward the policy of "land to the tiller, closed doors to rest the people" to let the people live and work in peace and contentment. He also ordered Li Yan to immigrate 20,000 people to enrich Hanzhong, so that Hanzhong, which was deserted by Cao Cao's massive migration, once again presented the scene of "men and women spreading wild fields and farmers living in acres". (See Biography of Jiang Wan) In order to develop agriculture, Zhuge Liang attached great importance to building water conservancy projects. He specially set up a weir officer to keep 1200 soldiers stationed in Dujiangyan, the largest water conservancy project at that time, for protection and management. Zhuge Liang also attached great importance to the development of industry and commerce. He is very concerned about the production of salt and iron industry, and strives to use and develop Shu brocade industry. On the one hand, Zhuge Liang took the lead in raising silkworms to cure mulberry, on the other hand, he set up full-time brocade officials to organize the production and allocation of Sichuan brocade. Shu brocade is the main commodity of foreign trade between Shu and Wei and Wu, and its exquisite quality is far superior to that of Cao and Wei. Zhuge Liang advocated frugality and opposed extravagance and waste while increasing the national income of Shu. Driven by Zhuge Liang, most officials in Shu are frugal. After Zhuge Liang implemented a series of policies of increasing revenue and reducing expenditure, the economy of Shu was restored and developed. As far as subjective efforts are concerned, both countries are similar, and Shu may be better at subjective efforts. But the effectiveness of any economic activity must also be based on certain material conditions. There are thirteen states in the world, and Cao Wei owns Kyushu, with a vast territory, a large population, a large population and abundant resources. Although Yizhou, which Shu is based on, has the reputation of "land of abundance", compared with Cao Wei, it is only the wealth of a state. As rich as Cao Wei are the Yellow River Basin and Huaihe River Basin. Therefore, Cao Wei still has an absolute advantage in economic strength.

Let's look at the essence of war and the people's opposition. Before the tripartite confrontation of the three countries was fully formed, the situation was more complicated. At that time, loyalty to the Han family was still a banner calling on the people. Therefore, Cao Cao took "the son of heaven as a vassal", Liu Bei lived in the Han Dynasty, begging thieves for officials, and Sun Quan went to the Han Dynasty to clean up the filth. All three of them were able to establish and consolidate their own political power under the complicated situation of separatist regime. But with the passage of time, the appeal of the banner of "Xing Han" is getting smaller and smaller. Cao and Liu proclaimed themselves emperors one after another, and it is no longer possible to simply distinguish who is the so-called national thief. By the time of the alliance between Wu and Shu in 229 AD, "Han Fu" had completely lost its appeal and gradually turned to the view that "destiny belongs to destiny, and wisdom cannot be argued". Therefore, the nature of war has no distinction between justice and injustice.