What effective measures did the Yuan Dynasty take in politics, economy and frontier jurisdiction in order to consolidate its rule and develop production?

In the eighth year of Yuan Dynasty (127 1), taking the meaning of "Gan Yuan is great" in the Book of Changes, the founding name was Dayuan. The following year, it was determined that most of them were capital cities. The re-establishment of centralized politics restored the normal ruling order, limited the labor that exploited the people to a certain extent, and adopted some measures that were beneficial to agriculture and handicraft production, such as setting up agricultural departments, reclaiming wasteland, building water conservancy projects, and limiting the suppression of good deeds of slaves. However, this regime also retained a large number of backward old Mongolian systems. These systems always existed in the Yuan Dynasty, which seriously hindered the development of productive forces and intensified the social contradictions in the Yuan Dynasty.

Although the Mongolian ruling class originated from grassland nomads, after the Yuan Dynasty entered China, it began to attach importance to agriculture during the Yuan Shizu period, and formulated policies conducive to agricultural development, which improved the level of agriculture.

Wang Zhen's Agricultural Book, with 37 volumes (currently 36 volumes), is a comprehensive and systematic exposition of agricultural production in ancient China.

There are only a few books about agriculture in ancient China, such as Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals and Han Shu (with the same pronunciation as Fan), and Qi Shu in the later Wei Dynasty is far less than the system of Nong Shu. Nongshu has about 1.3 million words and more than 300 pictures. The full text is divided into three parts: Nongsang Tongjue, Baigupu and Nongqi Atlas.

In Yuan Dynasty, cotton planting technology in southern China made a qualitative leap, which promoted the development of textile industry. Huang Daopo and others have made great contributions to the improvement and invention of cotton textile technology. Paper money began to circulate in large quantities in China, further prospering the economic life of the Yuan Dynasty.

Metropolitan Yuan Dynasty is not only the political center of the Yuan Dynasty, but also a world-famous commercial metropolis. A large number of goods entered the metropolis from canals and land. Caravans and messengers from Asian countries, Europe and the coast of Africa are in an endless stream. It can be said with certainty that if we compare today's Beijing horizontally around the world along the longitudinal axis of time, the Yuan Dynasty, which lasted less than a hundred years, was the most glorious period in Beijing's history.

1260, Kublai Khan in Yuan Shizu was the khanate, 127 1 year, the title was Dayuan, and Zhongdu (Beijing) was mostly the national capital. At this time, after a long period of war and economic depression, Dadu and North China could no longer support the population of Dadu and a large number of troops stationed in Gyeonggi, and everything had to be shipped from the south. In history, "Yuan Zaiyan is far away in the south of the Yangtze River, and all the people admire it". In this way, whether from the political or military point of view, it is imperative to reopen the North-South Canal.

In the third year of Khan's reign, Kublai Khan appointed Guo Shoujing, a 3 1 year-old water conservancy expert of the Han nationality, to "exhaust all avenues" before the founding of the People's Republic of China. During the Southern Song Dynasty, Bo Yan, a general of the Yuan Dynasty, deeply felt the importance of waterways to the military and economy, so he "swam the Dadu River from the river". After the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty, with the support of dignitaries as their agents, Kublai Khan ordered Guo Shoujing to "survey the river section connecting Wen and Si since the Song and Jin Dynasties" to prepare for reopening the canal.

When the Yuan Canal was first opened, the traffic volume was not very large and the management work was scattered. The management of canals and national water conservancy in the Yuan Dynasty was subordinate to the director of the Ministry of Industry. After the completion of Huitong River, it was first established that Jingdezhen (Zhangqiu) was in charge of water conservancy, then Jining was in charge of water conservancy, and Jining and Yuncheng were in charge of water conservancy, managing the waterway from Xuzhou to Linqing and the Yellow River in Henan and Shandong. Besides guarding city gates, some troops are also used to manage canals and maintain order.

Kublai Khan in Yuan Shizu gave up the backward nomadic economy and exploitation mode and adopted a series of measures to restore agricultural production, such as limiting grazing to occupy more private fields and prohibiting grazing from destroying agriculture and mulberry trees; Advocate improving agricultural production technology and building water conservancy; Support settlers and immigrants, and give cattle and farm tools and grow food; The government issued the "Summary of Agriculture and Mulberry" to summarize and popularize the experience of agricultural farming. This has a positive effect on the social and economic recovery and development of Suizhou, but the Mongolian army ravaged Suizhou many times when it went south, which once interrupted the continuity of economic development. Thanks to Yuan Shizu's efforts, Suizhou's economy has recovered, but Yuan Shizu's economic policy has obvious tendency, focusing on frontier development, that is, the vast area north of the Great Wall, which was originally sparsely populated. Yuan Shizu inherited Genghis Khan's immigration policy, organized Han Chinese and people of other nationalities to cultivate fields and accumulate grain around cities such as Helin and Shangdu (that is, near Kaiping and Duolun in Inner Mongolia) and Altai Mountain, Hang 'ai Mountain and Krulun River, and moved to the mainland to teach pottery-making skills. The purpose of building Zhaozhou City in Northeast China is to "secure the city and house". In the northwest, paddy fields in Zhongxing, Xiliang, Gansu, Jiangsu and Guasha are opened. In the southwest of China, people were sent to Sang Ma, where there is no japonica rice, to teach people to plant seeds and build ponds to prepare for floods and droughts. The economic and cultural development in the border brotherly ethnic areas is unprecedented. In contrast, the pace of Suizhou's economic development in the Yuan Dynasty was much slower.

In the Yuan Dynasty, the handicraft industry developed greatly, the silk weaving industry was extremely developed, and a large number of luxurious gold threads were used, and the gold thread weaving technology made unprecedented achievements. Suizhou, which had a certain foundation of silk industry, was silent in the Yuan Dynasty. Suizhou was listed as Shangzhou in the Song Dynasty and became Xiazhou in the Yuan Dynasty. In the Yuan Dynasty, commerce was in the hands of Mongolian aristocrats and western businessmen. The ports in Dadu, Quanzhou, Hangzhou and the southeast coast are active in commerce, and some emerging cities have appeared in the area north of the Great Wall. Suizhou's business failed to keep pace with the national business. When Kublai Khan just ascended the throne, in order to exchange markets with the Southern Song Dynasty, he set up Bazaar in Guanghua Army (now Laohekou, Hubei). Because he is in a state of war, it is open and closed. Suizhou's position in the Yuan Dynasty was not as good as before, and it was difficult to rank in the national commercial cities, which was related to the inconvenient transportation. On the contrary, cities with convenient land and water transportation have developed, such as Yangzhou, which is adjacent to the Yangtze River in the south. It was also the starting point of the new canal in the Yuan Dynasty, and became the economic hub and trade center in the Jianghuai area. In the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, Jiangning (now Nanjing), Wuhu, Wuchang and Jiangling are developed in industry and commerce. Xiangyang, located in the middle reaches of Hanshui River, has become a trade center between North and South. Although its silk weaving industry was not as good as Suizhou in Song Dynasty, it leapt above Suizhou in Yuan Dynasty.