What is the origin and development of Shang nationality? What was the ethnic relationship in Shang Dynasty?

the origin and development of Shang nationality 1. the origin and prospect of Shang nationality

Shang nationality is a sub-surname nationality with birds as its totem in ancient China. Historical Records? Yin Benji contains the legend that Judie, the mother of Qi, the ancestor of Shang Dynasty, gave birth to Qi when she swallowed the eggs of Xuanniao. "Poetry? Shang Song? Xuanniao is an epic that traces the history of merchants after the Yin people. The poem says: Xuanniao was born by destiny and gave birth to merchants. This myth and legend reflects that Shang is a nation with mysterious birds as its totem.

In ancient times, there was an ethnic group with birds as its totem in the vast eastern region. In the seventeenth year of Zuo Zhuan, Zhao Gong recorded a paragraph of Tan Zi's words, and traced back the situation that the descendants of Shao were named officials by birds. Among them, it is mentioned that the Xuan bird's division is also. Therefore, it is speculated that the legend of merchants worshiping the totem of the mysterious birds reflects that the Shang nationality has some relations with the legendary leader of the Oriental clan, Shao Jie. The ancestor Qi of Shang clan and Gao Shaozhi of Zanzi are a pair of overlapping figures. Shao Ai's name is Zhi, which was pronounced keat at that time, and the one who read and lied. Therefore, we believe that businessmen originally belonged to the Oriental Bird Totem ethnic group, and they were one of the Oriental Bird Totem ethnic groups.

there is a great debate in academic circles about the origin of Shang nationality. According to the above analysis, it is quite desirable to say that the Shang nationality originated in the East. Mr. Xu Zhongshu believed that Shang was a nation living around the Bohai Sea in ancient times, and Mr. Wang Yuzhe believed that Shang originated in the East, and Shang's distant ancestors lived near the sea, which was more in line with the historical reality at that time. 2. Migration and development of the Shang nationality

The Shang nationality is a nationality mainly engaged in agricultural and commercial activities. "Shangshu? Wine Patent said: After the destruction of Yin in the Zhou Dynasty, Yin people were pure in their skills, running around and taking exams, leading cattle to serve Jia, and raising their parents with filial piety. These Yin people rode on ox carts and trafficked long distances, but they still had to engage in agricultural farming and do business in their spare time. Those craftsmen will probably also carry out agricultural production and other activities. At that time, the productivity conditions were still very low, probably in the stage of rough farming, so the migration of the Shang Dynasty was impermanent. When it came to Pan Geng, it was not often lost, and now it is in five States. Prior to this, the literature said: from the contract to the eight movements of Tang, Tang began to live in Bo, from the first king to live. On the basis of extensive collection of relevant materials, Mr. Wang Guowei made some discussions on the situation of Eight Movements before becoming a soup, but the materials he listed were late. To a certain extent, there are still many doubts in his textual research. But according to the existing literature and archaeological materials. From the Qi Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, the living places and activity areas of the Shang people are generally distributed in the vast areas of Hebei, Shandong, Henan and other provinces today.

After Shang Tang, as for Pan Geng, literature carriers have migrated five times. Historical Records? Yin Benji said: At the time of Emperor Pan Geng, Yin had been in Hebei, Geng Pan crossed Henan, and lived in the former residence of Chengtang, but he moved five times and had no fixed place. The location of the five relocations is recorded in different documents. To sum up, the locations of the Shang capital mainly include Bo, Tao (or Ao), Xiang, Geng, Bi, Election and Yin. Bo, in the north of Shangqiu, Henan Province today. Tao, according to "Kuozhi", is in Zhengzhou, Henan Province today. Xiangdu is in the southeast of Neihuang County, Henan Province. Geng and Xing have the same ancient sound, and B moved to the ground of Xing, which is probably Xingtai City today. As for the location of shelter and election, Mr. Chen Mengjia made textual research and said: shelter, when you are in Shandong, you are close to the election, so Nangeng moved from shelter to election. This shelter may be a mispronounced word of Geng Zong, who lives in the eastern boundary of Surabaya. The election is "The Book of Later Han Dynasty"? The' Lu State, so I elected the country' mentioned in the County Records is in the East Erli, Qufu County, Shandong Province today. There is not much controversy about the location of Yin, but it is in Xiaotun Village, northwest of Anyang City, Henan Province. To sum up, from Shang Tang to Pan Geng for two centuries, the activity area of Shang nationality is still in the southwest of Shandong, northern Henan and southern Hebei.

After the demise of the Shang Dynasty, there was a large-scale migration within the Shang nationality. The documents contain some adherents of the Bo Gu family in the Shang nationality, who fled to the northeast and later called Fu Yu. According to "Sanweizhi", they also preserved many customs of the Central Plains during the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Hanshu? Geography Tan said: When Yin Dao declined, ji zi went to North Korea to teach its people to be polite and righteous, and cultivated silkworms in the fields ... The villagers lived on water beans. Long before the death of Yin, ji zi had gone to Korea and brought the traditional manners and customs of the Central Plains there. Since then, the Huaxia people in the Central Plains and all ethnic groups in the Northeast and the Korean Peninsula have maintained political, economic and cultural departments.

after moving south, the Bo Gu family was called Pan Hu and Pangu, and their descendants were Miao. They went to Zhejiang and Fujian first, then to Guangdong and Guangxi, and even later to Guizhou. Ethnic relations in the Shang dynasty

The Shang dynasty was a big slave country with thousands of miles of land, and there were many tribes and countries, large and small, outside the land. For more than five centuries, the Shang nationality has been carrying out extensive political, economic and cultural exchanges with the surrounding ethnic groups, which not only promoted the civilization and progress of the Shang society, but also accelerated the integration of all ethnic groups. 1. the relationship between the Shang clan and all ethnic groups in the east

there are many tribes scattered in the east of the Shang kingdom. The Yi side is repeatedly mentioned in Oracle bone inscriptions. The Yi people belong to a large number of nations, which seems to be the general name of the * * * same body of all ethnic groups in the East. Mr. Xu Zhongshu's explanation of Dongyi in Jinwen immediately refers to Xuhuai area, so the Yi side of Yin Dynasty is also within its regional scope. Oracle inscriptions and ancient documents also include human side, forest side, jar side, Jiayi (some people interpret it as Huai Yi, others as bird Yi) and so on. The war between the Yin Dynasty and all ethnic groups in the East ran through the Yin Dynasty. "Were"? Biography of Dongyi, according to the records in the Annals of Bamboo Books and other documents, has summarized this as follows: Jie is tyrannical, and various foreigners invade. The Yin-Tang Revolution was decided by cutting it. As for Zhong Ding, Lan Yi is the enemy. Naturally, it is more than three years to be obedient or rebellious. During these three centuries, the Yin and Shang Dynasties had both large-scale wars and long-term friendly relations with all ethnic groups in the East. According to Oracle bone inscriptions, the Shang king kept patrolling the eastern soil and was concerned about the harvest of the eastern soil. In the middle and late Shang Dynasty, the national strength gradually declined. "Were"? Biography of Dongyi said: Wuyi declined and Dongyi flourished. Then moved to Huai Dai, gradually in the middle of the soil. Oriental tribes developed rapidly at this stage, posing a constant threat to the eastern soil of Yin and Shang Dynasties. B, Xin Oracle mentioned that the prescription of the jar was white inflammation, and the prescription of the person was recruited. The human side is an important country in the Huai River Basin. The purpose of the Shang king's recruiting people was to plunder wealth and slaves. According to Oracle bone inscriptions, the merchants' recruiting people lasted for about 2 days, as far away as the Huai River Basin today, showing the scale of the war. "Lu Chunqiu? Ancient music "said: Businessmen serve elephants in order to abuse them in Dongyi." In the fourth year of Zuo Zhuan, Zhao Gong said: Shang Zhou is the L of Lebanon, and the East Yi rebelled against it. Zhou's plundering war against all ethnic groups in the East brought profound disasters to the people of all ethnic groups and accelerated the collapse of the Yin and Shang Dynasties. In the eleventh year of Zuo Zhuan, Zhao Gong said that he had fallen from the East, which was a summary of the situation at that time.

In the political and military exchanges and struggles with various ethnic groups in the East, the Shang Dynasty objectively promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between the Central Plains and the East and the integration of various ethnic groups. Mr. Guo Yiruo once speculated that the bronze smelting and casting technology in the Central Plains may have been imported from the Jianghuai Valley in the south. Mr. Hu Xiaoshi believes that the cultural remains of liu ling in northern Jiangsu are the original ancestors of the clothing culture in the Central Plains. Mr. Su Bingqi pointed out that the ritual vessels and sacrificial vessels made up of beans, pots and kettles, which are popular all over the country, originated from the eastern region. In addition, the animal face patterns and Yun Leiwen, which were popular on bronzes in Yin and Shang Dynasties, can also be traced back to Longshan culture in Shandong and even earlier cultures in Jiangnan area. Ritual vessels such as jade cong and jade-shaped vessels in Yin Shang culture can't be found in the late Neolithic culture in Central Plains, but they are unearthed in some cultural sites in the eastern coastal areas such as Dawenkou culture, Liangzhu culture and further south. This reflects the historical fact that the Central Plains and the East have been communicating with each other for a long time and that national cultures have infiltrated each other. 2. The relationship between the Shang ethnic group and the western ethnic groups

In the Yin Dynasty, the western ethnic groups were called Rong, Di, Qiang and Kun Yi. Rong, Di and Qiang are the general names of some ethnic groups in the West. "Bamboo Chronology" contains: In the 19th year of Tang Dynasty, Bian and Qiang came to pay tribute. In the thirty-fourth year of Wu Ding, Bianqiang was a guest. "Poetry? Shang Song? Wu Yan: In the past, there was a soup, and I was a strong man. Don't dare not come to surrender, don't dare not come to the king, saying that business is always. There are even more Oracle bones about Qiang. Qiang was a nomadic people in Shang Dynasty. According to archaeological materials, many ethnic groups have lived in Gansu and Qinghai for a long time. Among the bronze cultures that can be determined at present, Siwa culture and Huoshaogou culture have the customs of cremation and sheep martyrdom respectively. Archaeologists speculate that this temple may be the culture of the ancient Qiang nationality or a culture related to the Qiang nationality.

The Shang Dynasty continued to use large-scale troops against the Qiang people. At the time of Wuding, more than 13, soldiers were used to attack Qiang. Through the war, the Yin people captured a large number of Qiang people for labor or were killed. After the Shang people repeatedly used soldiers, or a large number of Qiang people were conquered. During the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, the Qiang people had close political ties with the Zhou people, and they also participated in the battle of the King of Wu.

in the west of Shang dynasty, there are the Kunyi and Zhou nationalities. Before the mid-Shang Dynasty, there were no historical records in their activities, indicating that their power and influence were very small at that time. In the late Shang Dynasty, they developed. Repeatedly conquered by businessmen. Chronology of Bamboo Books: Di Yi for two years. The king ordered Nan Zhongxi to detain Kun Yi. Later, Kunyi was not recorded, and it may have merged with the western nations. The Zhou clan was in harmony with the Yin and Shang dynasties in wartime. Oracle bone inscriptions have made many descendants of Xing dogs wait for the week. The Chronicle of Bamboo Scripts was published in the thirty-fourth year of Wuyi. In the Duke of Zhou Dynasty, Wang Ci's land was thirty miles, and there were ten horses and ten jade horses. By the end of Shang Dynasty. The contradiction between Shang and Zhou dynasties intensified again, which led to the battle of the king of Wu. 3. the relationship between the Shang nationality and the southern nationalities

In the south of the Shang kingdom, there are mainly Chu and Guyue people. "Chronicle of Bamboo Books" contains: The merchants levied Luo, overcame it, and then levied Jing, Jing fell. There is also Chu in Oracle bone inscriptions. However, Jing and Chu seemed to be non-ethnic names in the Shang Dynasty, and they were almost geographical names. According to the records in the Annals of Bamboo Books, Jing and Chu were not far from the south of Shangluo.

The history of the Yue nationality in the Yin Dynasty is not recorded in the literature. During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, a kind of embossed pottery culture was widely distributed in southern China, which was distributed in Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Taiwan Province, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan and southern Hubei, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces. Hushu culture, Wuyue culture and Shang culture are closely related and deeply influenced by Shang culture, which is an advanced part of printed pottery culture. The academic circles generally believe that the embossed pottery culture is the culture of the ancient Yue nationality. In recent years, a large number of Shang cultural remains have been found in Wucheng, Xingan and other places in Jiangxi Province. In particular, a large number of bronzes have been unearthed from Shang tombs in Xingan, and their production style does have many elements of Yin Shang culture and many local characteristics. This is enough to show that as early as the Shang Dynasty, the Shang people and the Guyue people had direct or noisy political and economic ties and cultural exchanges. 4. The relationship between the Shang ethnic groups and the northern ethnic groups

In the north and northwest of the Shang kingdom, there are the names of the Turkish, Ghost, Kyrgyzstan, Royal and Di ethnic groups, and there are also Xunyu, Yan Yi, Dog Rong and Yi Yi in the literature. There are many cases in Oracle Bone Inscriptions where the Yin people fought against the above ethnic groups. "Zhouyi? "Uneconomical" contains: Gao Zong cut the ghost side, and it was defeated in three years. "Zhouyi? "Uneconomical" contains the method of cutting ghosts with earthquakes, and it has been rewarded by big countries for three years. Wu Ding's reign was the most powerful period of the Yin Dynasty, and it took two years for the Shang clan to put down the war against Ghost Fang, which shows that Ghost Fang did have some strength in Yin and Shang dynasties.

According to archaeological materials, a large number of Yin bronze wares and jade articles have been unearthed in Shanxi. These bronzes not only have the characteristics of Shang culture, but also absorb the style of northern Kistai culture. These artifacts may be the relics of the ghost party of northwest ethnic minorities in Yin and Shang Dynasties. From this, we can imagine that there is indeed a wide connection between the merchants in the Yin Dynasty and the ethnic minorities in the north and northwest.

in the Shang dynasty, political, economic and cultural exchanges between ethnic groups were further strengthened. All ethnic groups * * * have been able to penetrate and integrate in a wide range of political, economic and cultural exchanges. It was on this basis that the Shang civilization was fully bred and developed and carried forward. The formation of the Chinese nation has gone through a long historical stage, but the Shang Dynasty is an important stage in this long process, and it has an inestimable role and significance.