Do Xianbei people in history have their own national history?

Of course, in the late 4th century, Xianbei people in northeast China established the Northern Wei Dynasty and unified the Yellow River Basin in 439. After the establishment of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the capital was Pingcheng. However, due to various factors, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved to Luoyang to carry out reforms and promote national integration. Remember the Xuanyuan Sword played by Hugh and Liu Shishi in the TV series? The Tuoba in it is Xianbei people. After emperor xiaowen's reform, .

Details: Xianbei people, an ancient nomadic people in China. Ancestors are a branch of Donghu people in Shang Dynasty. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, it moved southward from Daxinganling area to Ximulun River basin. Once belonged to the Eastern Han Dynasty. After the Xiongnu moved westward, they had their own hometown. The 65,438+10,000 Xiongnu families who stayed in Mobei were merged into Xianbei, and their power gradually became stronger. In the middle of the 2nd century BC, Tan, the leader, was promoted as an "adult" by the ministries of Xianbei, and established a military alliance including Yuwen, Murong, Tuoba, Duan and Qifu, which was divided into three parts: East, Middle and West, and all the ministries were under the command of adults. The Eastern Han Dynasty sent messengers to make Tan king. Xianbei lived as a nomad and was good at riding and shooting. The horn bow made by Xianbei is a famous weapon in ancient times. After Tan's death, the Xianbei Tribal Alliance disintegrated. During the Sixteen Kingdoms period, Murong, Qi Fu, Yuwen and Tuoba of Xianbei all established political power. In particular, Tuoba established the Northern Wei Dynasty in the middle of the 5th century, ruled the northern part of China for more than 40 years, and made every effort to promote the sinicization of Xianbei people. The Xianbei people who moved in gradually turned to agriculture and merged with the Han nationality.

Xianbei people are nomadic people of Altai language family in northern China. Its ethnic origin belongs to Donghu tribe, which rises in Daxing 'anling.

Tribes and the rise and fall of political power: Xianbei is another branch of Donghu, which rose at the same time as Wuhuan. In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xianbei, who was active in Horqin Right Wing Banner of Xing 'an League, was also a servant of Xiongnu. With the decline of the Northern Xiongnu, Xianbei began to send troops to attack the Northern Xiongnu in the following year. In 85 AD, Xianbei and the southern Xiongnu, the Western Regions and the Western Regions attacked the northern Xiongnu and forced it to flee. In 87 AD, Xianbei defeated Xiongnu again and killed Liu You Khan. In 9 1 year, the eastern Han government and the southern Xiongnu dealt a fatal blow to the northern Xiongnu, and the northern Xiongnu moved westward. Xianbei took advantage of the situation to occupy Mobei area, and more than 100,000 Xiongnu who stayed in Mobei fell into Xianbei's hands. Xianbei has been strong ever since.

In the middle of the 2nd century AD, a brave and resourceful leader appeared among the Xianbei people-Tan. Under Tan's leadership, Xianbei's influence increased greatly, unifying the ministries of Xianbei, and building a dental account from the mountain (now Yanggao County, Shanxi Province) to Hate Water (now Dongyang River) more than 300 miles north (now near Shangdu County, Inner Mongolia). Subsequently, Tan Lingbing refused Dingling in the north, attacked Fuyu in the east, attacked Wusun in the west, and disturbed the Han border in the south, making full use of the Xiongnu homeland and establishing a strong military alliance. However, this alliance collapsed with Tan's death, followed by the growing Tuoba Xianbei.

Xianbei folk songs are rich in content and diverse in forms, including pastoral songs, homesick songs, empty songs, battle songs and other genres. Judging from the lyrics, its style is vigorous and fresh, uninhibited, rich and full of grassland life. After the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the Mongolian Plateau, Taizu moved more than 300,000 Luole people from Mobei (called Dingling in Chinese, also called Gaoche). By the middle of the 5th century, most peppers living in Yinshan had degraded. The famous "Chile Song" is the grassland pastoral of Chile singers in the Northern Qi Dynasty. "Its songs are written in Xianbei language, and it is easy to speak with one voice", which has become the eternal swan song: "Chile River, under the shady mountain, the sky is like a vault, and the cage covers four fields. The sky is wild, and the wind and grass are moving to see cattle and sheep. "

The court music of Xianbei people has also made many achievements. The song of real people, also known as North Song, is a court song in Xianbei language. Its content is "the reason why ancestors started their inheritance is that the monarch and the minister are enough." This song was sung in the court of the Northern Wei Dynasty every morning and evening, accompanied by bamboo and silk.

[Edit this paragraph] Race overview

Donghu people in ancient China. Living in Xianbei Mountain (now Daxing 'anling) is a surname. The name "Xianbei" of Xianbei nationality has been transliterated in different forms in Qin and Han documents: "Shi Bi" and "Xibi". However, Xianbei was far away from the Central Plains and separated from Wuhuan in the south. Its cultural influence is mostly indirect, so it only refers to a khufu belt or hook. From the records of historians after the Eastern Han Dynasty, it is also known that the name of Xianbei nationality originated from Xianbei Mountain (now Daxing 'anling) where it lived. "Mountain" is Chinese. Obviously, "Xianbei Mountain" is a hybrid of Hu people. This pushed the discussion to a higher level. From Sui and Tang Dynasties, later generations commented on Qin and Han documents and mentioned the word "rhinoceros ratio". Zhang Yan said, "The Xianbei tribal belt is also known as the auspicious beast.". However, it is still difficult for us to combine "Xianbei tribe" with "Rui beast" today.

Wu Huan and Xianbei of other Huns, and Biography of Wu Huan and Xianbei in the History of the Later Han Dynasty are all named after living in Wu Huan Mountain and Xianbei Mountain. I don't know that Wuhuan is the name of cleverness, and Xianbei is the name of Swiss belt, which has nothing to do with mountains. (Excerpted from Huang Xianfan et al. "Inner Mongolia has been the territory of China since Qin and Han Dynasties", journal of guangxi teachers education university, 198 1, February 2) Note 1: A Textual Research on the Donghu Nationality by Japanese Bai Niao Cangji is a textual research on Wu Huan and Xianbei. The Chinese translation of "tiger" means auspicious animal. Bird Huan means wisdom in Mongolian.

"Xianbei" and "Wuhuan" belong to the Donghu people. Donghu language belongs to Altaic language family and is the ancestor of Mongolian and other national languages. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate other ethnic groups in Albania. In fact, these ethnic groups not only have the same etymology, but also are geographically close. Xianbei nationality originated in Xing 'an Mountains, and its pronunciation should be between Manchu in Heilongjiang Valley and Mongolian in Ergon Valley. Some foreign scholars have done textual research on this. The syllables corresponding to Xianbei, Bibi in Manchu and Si Poroch in Mongolian, can all be translated into the old sound Xianbei, which means "auspicious, auspicious and beautiful" in Mongolian. Of course, in details, Xianbei language should be closer to the meaning of Mongolian. It can be concluded that "Xianbei Mountain" is "Xiangrui Mountain" or "Shenshan Mountain". The word "Xianbei" expresses the intention of Xianbei people to look forward to "auspiciousness and beauty".

Xianbei people have no writing.

[Edit this paragraph] Introduction to migration

In the pre-Qin period, it was active in the north-central Daxinganling, and its name began to appear in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The language and customs are the same as those of Wu Huan. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Huns destroyed Donghu, and Wuhuan and Xianbei were enslaved by the Huns. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty defeated the Xiongnu and moved five counties beyond the Great Wall, namely Shanggu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Liaoxi and Liaodong, to Wuhuan. Xianbei people then moved south to Raoleshui (now Xilamulun River), the hometown of Wuhuan, and some (Tuoba Department) moved south to osawa (Hulunbeier Grassland). At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wu Huan moved inward, and Xianbei moved to five counties beyond the Great Wall. The northern Xiongnu moved westward, Xianbei entered the hometown of Xiongnu, and the rest became stronger and stronger. During the reign of Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty, Tan, the leader, built a court in Tanhan Mountain in the north (now northwest of Yanggao, Shanxi), forming a military and political complex of various ministries, with three departments led by adults: East, Middle and West. Tan Shihuai appointed the Han people, controlled the law and imported iron from the Han people, which promoted the development of Xianbei society. Its power is "more than 4,000 miles from east to west and more than 7,000 miles from north to south", which is the hometown of Xiongnu. After Tan's death, the ministries jointly disintegrated, and the leaders, such as Budugen and Kirby Neng, held their own headquarters and attached themselves to the Han and Wei Dynasties. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the activities of the northern grassland were mainly carried out by Xianbei ministries. Some people think that the appearance of the name "Siberia" may be related to the activities of Xianbei people in that year. During the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Murong family who moved to Xianbei once established Yan Qian, Houyan, Xiyan and Southern Yan. Qi Fu once established the Western Qin Dynasty; Bald men once built Nanliang; Tuoba built the country first, then changed to Wei, and finally unified northern China. After the Northern Wei Dynasty was divided into the Eastern Wei Dynasty and the Western Wei Dynasty, Xianbei Gao Han and Xianbei Xiongnu Yuwen established the Northern Qi Dynasty and the Northern Zhou Dynasty respectively. Another Tuguhun from Murong moved to Qinghai to rule the Qiang people until the Tubo destroyed him in the early Tang Dynasty.

After Xianbei established political power, most tribes disintegrated, people turned to settled agricultural production, and gradually merged with Han and other ethnic groups. Xianbei Sinicization was particularly radical in the reform of Tuoba Hong, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty. After repeated, but in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Xianbei no longer existed as a political entity and a national entity.

[Edit this paragraph] Historical events

Han Dynasty

Xianbei in the Western Han Dynasty was almost unknown, just a small tribe kneeling under the powerful and unified Xiongnu Empire. Xianbei's entry into the historical stage began in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Xianbei people belonged to Xiongnu in the early Eastern Han Dynasty. In the 21st year of Jianwu (45 years), the Governor of Liaodong defeated Xianbei people in the Han Dynasty and took over their land. Why did its leader lead troops to the Han Dynasty? Soon, Qiu Ben, another tribal leader of Xianbei people, went to Luoyang to appear before Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Liu Xiuli made him king and took charge of Xianbei people together with a captain who protected Wuhuan in Ningcheng. When the northern Xiongnu was defeated by the Han Dynasty, Xianbei people took the opportunity to enter the hometown of Xiongnu and assimilated the Xiongnu left behind into Xianbei people. During the reign of Emperor Huan of the Eastern Han Dynasty, under the leadership of its leader Tan, Xianbei people made laws to develop agriculture, animal husbandry, hunting, fishing and other industries, and established an administrative center in Qiushui (now Huailai, Hebei Province) to divide the country into three parts: the east of Beiping is the east; West of right Beiping is the middle part; To the west of Shanggu is the west. Today, the southern boundary of Chengde area in Hebei Province is the land of Wuhuan, and the middle and north are under the jurisdiction of Xianbei. In the sixth year of Xiping (177), Xianbei led troops south to harass and plunder, and the Eastern Han army went to attack and lost. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, East Lake, North County and Xiqiang all confronted and clashed with the Han Dynasty. But it was finally defeated by the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Three Kingdoms

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Tan had unified Xianbei ministries and established a grand alliance of eastern, central and western military tribes in the vast area north of the Great Wall. However, after a short delay, Xianbei fell into a state of scattered ministries. Cao Cao, the prime minister of the Eastern Han Dynasty, came to power, and Xianbei rebelled in the west. Monan was divided into three groups from the east of Yun Yun: one was Budugen Group (the descendant of Tan Shihuai), with tens of thousands of people, the other was Kobinan Group, which was distributed in Dai Jun and Shanggu, and the third was a number of small groups led by the former alliance "Dongda people", which were scattered in western Liaoning and right. Among them, Kirby Energy Group has great strength and influence. When Yuan Shao was in Hebei, the Han people went to Bikeneng in Xianbei to avoid his harsh and abusive politics. Bi Ke asked his people to learn Chinese, Chinese characters and weapons manufacturing from the Han people, and their power gradually became stronger.

During the Jian 'an period, when Cao Cao was stationed in Youzhou, Ke Bineng and other Xianbei leaders made contributions to the Han Dynasty through Yan Rou, the leader of Wuhuan. Cao Pi, the state of Wei in the Three Kingdoms period, is still appeasing these leaders. In the first year of Huang Chu (220), Kirby was able to offer horses to Wei Wendi Cao Pi; In two years, Bi Ke returned more than 500 Han people who stayed in Xianbei to the Han people. In three years, he led more than 3,000 riders and rushed more than 7,000 cattle and horses to "trade" with Wei, and then sent them back to 1000 Han families and returned to Shanggu and other places. Houkebineng Group grew stronger and stronger, and successively merged Budugen and other departments, and finally unified the Monan area. After Kirby became powerful, he invaded the border of Wei for many times, and was later killed by an assassin sent by the secretariat of Youzhou and the captain of Huwu Huan. The unification of the desert and the south is once again in a state of disintegration. Three forces, Yuwen Department, Duan Department and Murong Department, rose in the east of Xianbei. They took the opportunity to go south and occupied Wuhuan's hometown. Yuwen was not Xianbei originally, but later moved eastward to Liaodong and Xianbei people, and gradually became Xianbei after joining Tanshihuai. Duan is a native of Xianbei in western Liaoning, and his living center is Ganoderma lucidum (now Gan 'an County, Hebei Province).

Sixteen countries and the Eastern Jin Dynasty

After the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty, the rulers of various nationalities in the north formed a situation of dispute and separatism, and many regimes were established in succession in more than 100 years. History books call it "Five Lakes and Sixteen Countries". In fact, not only the five ethnic minorities, but also the Han people have established political power: the number of separatist regimes exceeds 16. During the period of 100, Xianbei people successively established Liaoxi (now a part of Liaoning and Hebei), Dai (now a part of western Inner Mongolia and northern Shanxi, and later changed to the Northern Wei Dynasty, and gradually unified the North), Yuwen (historically known as the Northern Zhou Dynasty, now northern Hebei), (now a part of Hebei, Shanxi, Henan and Liaoning) and Houyan (later).

1) The confrontation and rule between the former Zhao and the latter Zhao.

After the collapse of the Western Jin Dynasty, Liu Cong, the ruler of Xiongnu tribe, occupied most of the land in the north. Liu Cong died in 3 18, and Liu Yao seized power by civil strife and moved the capital to Chang 'an as emperor. His country's name is Zhao, which is known in history. In 3 19 AD, Schleswig-Holstein rose up against Liu Yao, claiming to be Dakhan and Wang Zhao, with Guo Xiang (now Xingtai City, Hebei Province) as its capital, and 24 counties, including Hanoi, were Zhao, with 290,000 households, which was called Hou Zhao in history. The Jie people in the post-Zhao Dynasty have a superior position and are called "China people". In order to consolidate its rule, Schleswig-Holstein used Zhao Bin, a Han nationality, as a counselor and adopted some ruling policies of the Han nationality, which made its national strength stronger and stronger. In 32 1 year, Shi Hu was sent to Youzhou to make progress, and Duan Pi, the secretariat, was captured. Youzhou, Hebei and Hezhou all belong to the post-Zhao Dynasty. Soon, Shi Hu led an army to beg Xianbei jade porridge to leave the stone, and the jade porridge fled to Wuhuan. When Shi Hu learned that he had surrendered, he went south to capture the land of Henan. The former Zhao and the latter Zhao fought for territory many times. In 329 AD, Schleswig captured the former Zhao and the land of dragons related to it. The land of the post-Zhao Dynasty "stretches beyond the Huai Sea in the south, borders the sea in the east, reaches Hexi in the west and Yan State in the north", which rules the vast areas in the north and forms a north-south confrontation with the Eastern Jin regime in the south of the Yangtze River. During the reign of Schleswig, some sinicization policies were implemented.

2) Wei Ran destroyed Zhao and Yan Qian destroyed Wei Ran.

After Schleswig's death, Shi Hu succeeded to the throne and moved the capital to Yecheng (now southwest of Linzhang, Hebei) in 335 AD. Shi Hu is dissolute and cruel, persecuting people at will, building palaces and towers in Yecheng, and all kinds of services are flourishing. In addition, the conquest of western Liaoning and eastern Jin by militarism eventually triggered social unrest and strong resistance from the people. In 349 AD, Du Liang led an uprising of border soldiers, which hit the rulers of the post-Zhao dynasty. After Shi Hu's death, his sons fought for the throne and killed each other. Ran Min, the general of the post-Zhao dynasty, took the opportunity to rely on the support of the Han people to attack and kill the historical records of the post-Zhao emperor and seize power. His name is David, and he is known as Wei Ran in history. He is still Yecheng.

Wei Ran advocated national revenge and called on Han people to kill Hu Jie. Results "Han people's anger over Hu Jie's savings for many years broke out (Fan Wenlan's" General History of China "), which caused Han people in all parts of the north to respond and cut Hu in succession (Yecheng alone killed more than 200,000 people), which triggered a fierce counterattack from the conference semifinals. Ran Min led the Han army and civilians to fight back heroically and killed them in the first month of 352 AD. In 352 AD, Murong Jun, the leader of Xianbei nationality, invaded Jizhou from the northeast, and Ran Min led the army to fight to the death. Being outnumbered, he was defeated and killed. More than 200,000 Han people who tried to flee to the south were also massacred, and the Wei Ran regime was overthrown in just two years and eight months.

3) The former Qin unified the north.

After the extinction, Murong Jun proclaimed himself emperor, established the capital leaf, and became the name of Yan, which was known in history. Yan Qian occupied a vast area in the eastern part of the north, but it was divided into four regimes in the western part of the north: the Yi people established the pre-Qin period and occupied today's Shaanxi Province; Yang, who was established, occupied the southeast of Gansu. Before the establishment of the Zhang Han family, it was cool and occupied the northwest of Gansu today; The Tuoba Department of Xianbei nationality was established, occupying western Inner Mongolia and northern Shanxi.

During the reign of Shi Hu, the pre-Qin regime abolished some tyrannies, taking Wang Meng, a Han Chinese, as the main son, rectified bureaucracy, strengthened armaments and developed production, and became the most powerful force in the north in 10. From 370 to 376, Yan Qian, Qiu Chi, Liang Qian and Daidai were conquered and the North was unified.

4) The Great Northern Division after the Battle of Feishui.

After the former Qin Dynasty ended the northern separatist regime, in 378 AD, Fu Jian sent troops south to attack the Eastern Jin Dynasty in an attempt to unify the whole country, and the battle of Feishui was defeated by Xie Xuan in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Due to the great loss of national strength, the upper class of Xianbei and Qiang people took the opportunity to break away from the control of the former Qin Dynasty and establish their own political power. In the past three years, there have been six regimes: Houyan, Houqin, Xiyan, Xiqin, Northern Wei and Hou Liang. After 10 years of war with each other, Houyan destroyed Xiyan and owned the eastern part of the north. The post-Qin dynasty destroyed the former Qin dynasty and the post-Liang dynasty, and owned the north and the western regions; Houyan and Houqin are opposite to each other. In 395 AD, Houyan attacked the Northern Wei Dynasty, which was defeated and declined, and split into Southern Yan and Beiyan, making the Northern Wei Dynasty strong. In the western part of the north, the upper class elements such as Xiongnu, Xianbei and Han expanded their influence and successively established four regimes: Nanliang, Xiliang, Beiliang and Xia. The north is divided and divided. For more than 50 years, the rulers of various regimes have been fighting in secret, which has caused great damage to agricultural production in the north. Historically, the people of all ethnic groups in the north suffered extremely, and it was not until the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the north in 439 AD that this situation ended.

5) The integration, unification and differentiation of the northern nationalities in the Northern Dynasties.

In 439 AD, the Wei regime established by Tuoba, a Xianbei nationality, unified the north and formed a situation of north-south opposition with the Southern Dynasties. In 534 AD, Wei was divided into Eastern Wei and Western Wei. Later, the Northern Qi was the Eastern Wei, the Northern Zhou was the Western Wei, and the Northern Zhou destroyed the Northern Qi. By 58 1 year, the Northern Zhou Dynasty was replaced by the Sui Dynasty. The world has experienced 400 years of tossing and reuniting. 140 years in the north, historically known as the Northern Dynasties.

Southern and Northern Dynasties

1, the establishment of Daowudi and the rise of Northern Wei Dynasty

The Tuoba Department of Xianbei originally lived near the Daxinganling Mountains in Heilongjiang and Nenjiang rivers, and lived a nomadic life. Before the Eastern Han Dynasty, after the Northern Xiongnu was defeated and moved westward, the Tuoba Department, led by Tuoba Jiaofen, the toast, gradually moved westward and entered the original northern Xiongnu station, namely Mobei area. During the period of Tusi Tuoba Liwei, Tuoba moved south to Yunzhong (now Tuoketuo, Inner Mongolia) and later to Lesheng (now Helinger, Inner Mongolia), and had contacts with Cao Wei and the Western Jin Dynasty. But at this time, Tuoba Department is still in the stage of clan and tribe alliance. In 338 AD, Shi Yigui, the leader, established a generation of regimes, which became more powerful in Lesheng (now Inner Mongolia and Linger).

In 376 AD, former Qin Fu Jian attacked Dai Dynasty, and Shi Yigui was killed. After the Battle of Feishui, the rule of the former Qin Dynasty collapsed. In 386 AD, Tuoba GUI (the grandson of Shi Yigui) of Xianbei resumed the generation of political power, and later changed the country name to Wei, which was called the Northern Wei in history.

In 395 AD, Hou Yan attacked the Northern Wei Dynasty, and Tuoba GUI defeated Hou Yan's army in Shenbei (now southeast of Datong, Shanxi), and went south to capture Zhongshan (now Dingzhou, Hebei), Ye (now southwest of Linzhang, Hebei) and other important towns, owning the area north of the Yellow River and becoming one of the powerful forces in the north.

In 398 AD, the Northern Wei Dynasty moved its capital to Pingcheng (now Datong, Shanxi), and Tuoba GUI proclaimed himself emperor-that is, Emperor Daowu of the Northern Wei Dynasty. After Tuoba GUI defeated Hou Yan and entered the Central Plains, he rewarded agricultural production, and the slave owners and nobles gradually turned into feudal landlords. Tuoba GUI recruited Han landlords to join the ruling group, which accelerated the sinicization process of Tuoba Department in Xianbei.

2. Taizu of the Northern Wei Dynasty flattened the desert and unified the North.

After Tuoba GUI's death, his son Tuoba Si (Emperor Wei Mingyuan) and Emperor Tuoba Tao inherited their previous work, and hundreds of people, including Cui Zhuo of Ling Bo, Zhao Ling, Hejian, Bohai, You Ya of Guangping and Zhang Qian of Taiyuan, were appointed to hold official positions, forming a feudal regime in which Tuoba nobles and Han aristocratic families joined forces, and the country was prosperous.

After Tuoba Si's death, Tuoba Tao, aged 16, acceded to the throne. At the beginning of his reign, he defeated the northern desert regime-the soft crazy invasion. Tuoba Tao began to take the initiative to counterattack Rouran, sending troops Rouran 13 times. Conquering Mobei and surrendering Rouran with the most brilliant achievements in 429 years (see Encyclopedia of the Battle of Northern Wei Dynasty) is another important step for reunifying the North in the future. In addition, in the battle against Rouran, the captured cattle, sheep, camels and other livestock also eased the subsequent famine for the Northern Wei Dynasty.

In 427 AD, 30,000 cavalry attacked the indestructible Wantong City, and since then, the situation that the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the North has been irreversible.

In 43 1 year, the summer was destroyed, the mountains, rivers, lakes and seas were leveled, and the mud from the west was expelled without being stained. In 436, Beiyan was destroyed, and in 439, the long-term separatist situation in the north was restored and unified, formally forming a confrontation between the north and the south.

Tuoba Tao's unification of the North was a great national integration in China history, which created a relatively stable environment for social and economic development.

3. Outstanding reform of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty.

Tuoba Hong, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, was a very successful emperor. During his administration, he carried out many political, economic and cultural reforms. The most important thing is to implement the land equalization system, reform the old customs and implement the China policy. From 492 to 493, he moved the capital to Luoyang.

In order to ease class contradictions, the rulers of the Northern Wei Dynasty tried to limit local powerful forces, strengthen centralization, further feudalize Xianbei nobles, closely combine with Han landlords, and rule people of all ethnic groups more effectively. To this end, Feng Taihou and Emperor Justin of Wei Xiaowen carried out a series of reforms: ① Rectifying official management. In the second year of Yan Xing (472), the government stipulated that those who performed well in local animal husbandry could serve for a long time and be promoted to the next level one year later; Those with poor performance will be punished or even demoted even if they take office soon. (2) After five years of development, in order to change the chaotic situation that states, counties and counties competed to collect and adjust rents in the past, the government decided to collect rents only at the county level, and it was forbidden to use vats, long rulers and heavy scales when collecting rents. (3) In the eighth year of Taihe (484), the salary system was promulgated, which stipulated that a horse loaded with silk cloth should be executed for accepting bribes other than salary. The following year's Land Equalization Order also stipulates that local guards can give a certain amount of farmland according to their official positions. The granted public land is not allowed to be bought or sold, and it should be handed over to the next one when leaving office. (4) 1999 10, the law on average land was promulgated, which made detailed provisions for adults, handmaiden and cattle of different sexes to receive land. Granting fields is different from open fields and mulberry fields. Grain grown in the open field shall not be bought or sold and returned to the country at the age of 70. Mulberry, elm and jujube trees planted in mulberry fields need not be owned by the state, and the surplus can be sold and the shortage can be bought. When granting land, all disabled widows and children should be given proper care (see the land sharing system). ⑤ In nine years or early ten years, the patriarchal clan system was replaced by the three-system system, and the organization of township officials, neighbors, Li and the party was adopted to curb the local strongmen from harboring a large number of accounts. ⑥ In recent ten years, Emperor Xiaowen also carried out corresponding reforms on the rent adjustment system. The new rent adjustment stipulates that one husband and wife is the collection unit, and one silk horse and two millet stones are paid every year. Unmarried men and women over the age of 15 are engaged in farming and weaving, and every twenty oxen are rented out, which is equivalent to the number of monogamous women respectively. ⑦ In eighteen years, Emperor Xiaowen removed the opposition of the old Xianbei nobles and conservative forces such as Mu Tai, Yuan Pi and Prince Yao, and moved the capital from Pingcheng to Luoyang. ⑧ Emperor Xiaowen reformed Xianbei old customs, mainly forbidding Hufu and changing Hanfu; Xianbei language was banned in the court and Chinese was spoken instead; It is stipulated that Xianbei nobles should not be buried in Pingcheng after Luoyang's death, and their native place should be changed to Luoyang, Henan, and Xianbei's surname should be changed to Han's surname. Xianbei nobles were gentrified and encouraged to intermarry with Han nobles. Pet-name ruby Taihe Zhong agreed to divide the official ranks into nine categories, and each category was divided into positive and subordinate categories. Subordinate products are the first in Northern Wei Dynasty. Nineteen years later, according to the standards of family background and rank, the Xianbei nobles in the northern generation were defined as surnames and clans, with the highest surnames followed by clans, including Mu, Lu, He, Liu, Lou, Yu, Ji and Wei. "Ancestors all drop, present respect, all princes, burning, for the next realm. The so-called four surnames are Cui, Lu, Li and Zheng, Han people in the Central Plains, and the surnames of the four counties, A, B, C and D, which seems to be true. Banding's surname further combined Xianbei nobles with Han nationality.

Equal land policy. Due to the war in the vast areas of the north, the hukou is flowing, the countryside is barren, and a large amount of land is barren. In order to increase fiscal revenue and stabilize social order, the Northern Wei regime promulgated the land equalization system. First examine and approve household registration, then allocate land according to household registration, and implement new rent modulation. Maids and cows can be farmed. The land equalization system was implemented on the premise of vast territory and sparsely populated at that time, which was conducive to the development and stability of production without damaging the vested interests of the landlord class. A large number of wasteland in the north has been reclaimed and farming techniques have been improved. With the development of agriculture, rural sideline businesses such as sericulture, animal husbandry and wine-making have also developed, changing the desolate and dilapidated scene in the north.

China policy. The Central Plains under the rule of the Northern Wei Dynasty was dominated by the Han nationality, and its feudal culture was highly developed. Emperor Xiaowen of Wei carried out bold reforms in politics and social customs, eliminated the barriers and contradictions between Xianbei and Han nationality, and accelerated the sinicization of Xianbei nationality, that is, feudalism. There are related Chinese-style regulations in terms of dress, language, funeral, intermarriage, official management, gate valve and other systems. These reforms promoted the northern minorities to enter the feudal society, adapted to the natural integration trend of people of all ethnic groups, and played a positive role in promoting social and economic development and national integration at that time.

4. The split of Northern Wei Dynasty and the establishment of Northern Qi and Northern Zhou Dynasty.

The peasant uprising in the late Northern Wei Dynasty shook the foundation of the rulers and caused internal chaos. In 530 AD, Wei Xiao Zhuang killed Erzhurong, an authoritarian power, and Erzhuzhao (Emperor Erzhurong) killed Xiao Zhuang of the Northern Wei Dynasty, making Yuan Gong emperor, and the regime was controlled by Erzhushi. Later, Jules' family was destroyed by Gao Huan, a Han Chinese who was demoted by his Ministry. Gao Huan killed Yuan Gong and made Xiu Yuan emperor (Wei Xiaowu). Xiu Yuan got rid of Gao Huan's control, fled Luoyang and ran to Yu Wentai, the general guarding Guanzhong. Since then, the Northern Wei Dynasty has been divided into two regimes: Gao Huan established Yuanshan as emperor and moved the capital to Yecheng, which was called the Eastern Wei Dynasty in history; Yu Wentai killed Xiu Yuan, made Yuanbaoju emperor, and made Chang 'an his capital, which was called the Western Wei Dynasty in history.

In 547 AD, Gao Huan died, and his sons Gao Cheng and Gao Yang successively ascended the throne. In 550, Yuan Shanjian, who abolished Wei's filial piety, became emperor on his own and changed his country name to Qi, which was called Beiqi and Du Ye in history.

During the Western Wei Dynasty, under the rule of Yu Wentai, a Xianbei man with profound Chinese culture, the national situation was booming. In 557 AD, his son Yu Wenxuan abolished Emperor Wei Gong, established himself as emperor, and changed his country name to Zhou, which was called the Northern Zhou in history. In 560 AD, Yu Wenyong, Emperor Wu of Zhou Dynasty, took some important economic and political measures, and the national situation became stronger and stronger.

5。 The Northern Zhou Dynasty unified the North.

Northern Qi and Northern Zhou confronted each other from east to west. In 576 AD, the Northern Zhou Dynasty sent troops to attack the Northern Qi Dynasty, occupying Jinyang first and then advancing eastward. In 577, Yecheng in Northern Qi fell, Northern Qi died, and the north was unified. After the Northern Qi Dynasty was destroyed by Emperor Wu of Zhou Dynasty, it marched into Nanchen and acquired the land north of the Yangtze River. The expansion of the territory of the Northern Zhou Dynasty laid the foundation for the later unification of the Sui Dynasty.

Since Sui and Tang Dynasties, Xianbei no longer existed as a political entity and a national entity, but their descendants occupied an important position in these two dynasties. Yang and Li, the founding fathers of Sui and Tang Dynasties, were both Xianbei Han Chinese, and their mothers and wives were Xianbei people with China characteristics. As for the dignitaries of the two dynasties, there were many Xianbei people-there were more than 20 prime ministers, and other officials such as ministers, assistant ministers, local governors and secretariat officials were too numerous to mention. This not only shows the depth of ethnic integration between the North and the Central Plains at this time, but also shows the breadth of social importance of Xianbei people. For example, Yuwen Kai, an architect in the Sui Dynasty, Lu Fayan, the author of Qieyun, Sun Chang Wuji, a poet in the middle Tang Dynasty, and Yuan Haowen, a writer in the late Jin and early Yuan Dynasties, are all famous figures in the history of China.

6. Xianbei Sinicization

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Xianbei Han

Tuoba Yuan (Royal Family)

Chu mu ling mu

Duguliu

Helou

Zeng yang

Lulu

Hore, R.