What are the current situation and constraints of hydropower generation in China?

Water energy is a kind of renewable energy. China has many rivers, rich runoff, huge gap and abundant hydropower resources. Hydroelectric power generation has great economic and social benefits and broad application prospects. This paper introduces the principle and types of hydropower stations, and briefly discusses the influencing factors that restrict hydropower generation in China.

Among the proven energy reserves in China, the proportions of raw coal, crude oil, natural gas and hydraulic resources are about 50%, 3%, 0.3% and 45% respectively. The conventional energy resources in China are mainly coal and water resources, and water resources occupy a very important position in China. Hydropower is widely recognized and developed rapidly because of its low cost and high reliability.

However, the current situation of energy consumption and production, which is still dominated by coal energy, has caused serious pollution. Although hydropower, wind energy, solar energy and tidal energy are all natural renewable energy sources in line with the concept of sustainable development, the static investment per kilowatt of wind power station is about 1.5 times that of hydropower station, but the annual output per kilowatt is less than half of that of hydropower station. The investment of tidal power generation is 2-3 times that of hydropower station, and the site selection is complex, which will cause bank siltation. Solar power generation costs more. It can be seen that hydropower is the most economical and potential energy source at present, and it is extremely urgent to develop and utilize abundant hydropower resources and accelerate the pace of hydropower development.

Principle and classification of hydropower generation

According to the reservoir regulation performance, hydropower stations can be divided into many types. One is a runoff hydropower station, which has no reservoir and basically generates as much electricity as possible; Secondly, the reservoir is very small, the regulation period of the reservoir is one day and night, and the natural runoff is regulated by the reservoir one day and night to generate electricity. The third is to optimize the distribution and scheduling of natural runoff in each month of the year, and store excess water into the reservoir during the wet season to ensure the annual regulation of hydropower stations during the dry season; The fourth is to adjust the hydropower station for many years, and optimize the distribution and adjustment of uneven natural water for many years. The reservoir that has been regulated for many years has a large capacity, and the surplus water is stored in the reservoir in wet years to supplement the water shortage in dry years and ensure the adjustable output of the power plant.

The vast majority of hydropower stations built in the world belong to conventional hydropower stations built by using the natural drop and flow of rivers. Hydroelectric power plants convert the potential energy and kinetic energy of water into electric energy. According to the different layout of hydraulic hub, it can be mainly divided into dam type, diversion type and pumped storage type hydropower stations. Dam-type hydropower station is built in the upper reaches of the river bed, which stores water and raises the upstream water level to form the power generation head. Dam hydropower stations can be divided into back dam type, riverbed type and hybrid type. The powerhouse of Babei Hydropower Station is built behind the dam, and all the water heads are borne by the dam. The water from the reservoir is introduced into the workshop through the pressure pipeline, and the hydro-generator set rotates to generate electricity. The back dam hydropower station is suitable for high and medium water heads. The powerhouse of riverbed hydropower station is integrated with the retaining dam, and the powerhouse also plays the role of retaining water. Because it was built in the riverbed, it was named riverbed type. The head of riverbed hydropower station is generally below 20~30m. Hybrid hydropower plants generate electricity by mixing water diversion and dam to obtain the drop. Diversion hydropower station is a hydropower station built on a fast-flowing river or steep riverbed in mountainous areas. The water head is caused by the diversion canal, so it is generally not necessary to repair the dam or only the low weir. Pumped storage power station has an upper reservoir and a lower reservoir. When the load is low, the water in the lower reservoir can be pumped to the upper reservoir for storage, and when the load is high, the water in the upper reservoir can be converted into power generation conditions for power generation. Pumped storage power station is a kind of hydropower station that has developed rapidly since 1960s. However, tidal power stations have not been developed and utilized on a large scale because of their high cost. Other forms of hydropower, such as using waves to generate electricity, are still in the experimental research stage.

Discussion on restrictive factors, advantages and disadvantages of hydropower generation in China

After the hard work of several generations of hydropower people, China's hydropower industry has gradually grown from small to large and from weak to strong. However, there are still many unfavorable factors restricting the healthy development of hydropower. The first is the obstacle of monopoly system in power industry. Water conservancy and electric power in China are under the control of the Ministry of Water Resources and the Ministry of Electric Power respectively. However, the current situation and development trend can not guarantee the priority utilization of hydropower resources, and a large number of hydropower resources are wasted. The on-grid electricity price of hydropower is low, and the development of hydropower stations is limited. Opening the power market and breaking the monopoly power industry system is the fundamental way to solve the hydropower problem. We should also reform the on-grid electricity price of hydropower, and change the single electricity price structure of "debt service price" into the time-of-use electricity price structure of two-part electricity price; Secondly, there are complex dependencies. China has long been dominated by thermal power, and thermal coal mines are closely related to thermal power plants. If hydropower is used instead of thermal power, not only thermal power plants, but also coal mines that provide energy for them will face difficulties. Driven by economic interests, departments or units have formed a situation of maintaining thermal power and neglecting hydropower, resulting in a lot of waste of hydropower resources, and it is not uncommon for abandoned electricity to be much higher than the actual on-grid electricity.

Hydropower is a kind of clean energy, renewable, pollution-free, low operating cost, convenient for peak shaving, and conducive to improving resource utilization and comprehensive economic and social benefits. With the increasing shortage of traditional energy on the earth, countries all over the world generally give priority to the development of hydropower and make full use of hydropower resources. China ranks first in the world in terms of hydropower resources reserves and potential hydropower resources. At present, the total installed capacity of hydropower in China has exceeded 65.438+0.5 billion kilowatts, and the development and utilization rate of hydropower energy has increased from less than 654.38+00% before the reform and opening up to nearly 30%. The rapid development of hydropower has made important contributions to national economic and social development, and also promoted the prosperity of China's power equipment manufacturing industry. All the Three Gorges units are localized, and independent research and innovation has taken a gratifying step. The design, construction and equipment manufacturing of small hydropower have also reached the international leading level, making China one of the technology exporters of small hydropower industry.

Hydroelectric power generation can greatly reduce the emission of pollutants such as SO2, CO2, suspended particles and fly ash, and it also has irreplaceable natural advantages. However, the use of hydropower also has disadvantages, which will also have a certain impact on the ecological environment. The reservoir is an artificial lake, and the lake landscape is refreshing. Many reservoirs have become tourist attractions, but large reservoirs will have an impact on the surrounding local climate and will also produce geological disasters. On the steep loess bank slope, serious large-scale collapse will occur due to water immersion, endangering residents and cultivated land. Dams and reservoirs are also related to earthquakes. Because of the dam break caused by the earthquake, a large reservoir is filled for the first time, which causes the stress change in the deep part of the reservoir bottom and may induce an earthquake. However, through practice and exploration, the intensity of induced earthquakes will be reduced or avoided by storing water in stages and gradually raising the water level. In addition, many problems brought by dam construction, such as land inundation, migration, changing the original ecology and affecting the survival and reproduction of aquatic organisms, need corresponding policies and measures to properly deal with them.

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