History of South Africa

The earliest aborigines were the San, the Kohoyi and the Bantu who moved south later. 1652, the Dutch began to invade and launched many colonial wars against the local blacks. /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, Britain invaded and occupied the Cape Colony in 1806. The Dutch Boers were forced to emigrate to the mainland, and in 1852 and 1854, the "Orange Free State" and the "Republic of Tuva, the Netherlands" were established respectively. 1867 and 1886 After diamonds and gold were discovered in South Africa, a large number of European immigrants flocked. The British annexed Orange and Transvaal Free State through Ying Bu War (1899~ 1902). 19 10 In May, Britain merged Cape Province, transvaal province, natal province and the Free State of Orange into the South African Federation and became an autonomous territory of Britain. 1961May 3 1 day, South Africa withdrew from the Commonwealth and established the Republic of South Africa. The South African white authorities have long pursued the policy of racial discrimination and apartheid in China by legislative and administrative means, and have successively promulgated hundreds of racial owners.

Laws and decrees. 1948 after the Kuomintang came to power, it fully implemented the apartheid system and suppressed the resistance struggle of the South African people, which was condemned and sanctioned by the international community. 1989, after de Klerk became the leader and chairman of the Kuomintang, he carried out political reforms, lifted the ban on black liberation organizations and released Mandela and others. 199 1 year, the ANC, the South African government, the Kuomintang and other parties 19 held multi-party negotiations on a political solution to the South African issue, and reached an agreement on political transition arrangements in 1993. 1From April to May, 1994, South Africa held the first general election in which all races participated, and South Africa held the first non-racial general election. The ANC, the South African Producers' Party and the South African Trade Union Congress formed a tripartite alliance and won with a majority of 62.65%. Mandela became the first black president of South Africa, and the ANC, the Kuomintang and the Inkata Freedom Party formed a government of national unity. This marks the end of apartheid and the birth of a democratic and equal new South Africa. 65438+1On June 23, 1994, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution to restore South Africa's seat in the General Assembly. South African President nelson mandela signed the new constitution.

It laid a legal foundation for establishing a new national racial equality system in the future.

politics

1993 1 18 10/0/8, South Africa adopted the draft interim constitution through multi-party negotiations, which came into effect on April 27, 1994. This is the first constitution in the history of South Africa that embodies racial equality. 1On May 8, 1996, the Constituent Assembly adopted a new draft constitution, which was formally adopted on June 7, 65438/kloc-0 and approved by the Constitutional Court on February 4, 65438. 65438+February 10, President Mandela signed a decree to approve the new constitution, which was implemented in stages from 1997. The new constitution retains the important constitutional principles and contents of the interim constitution, such as the civil rights bill, the separation of powers, the federal government management system and the current judicial system. The main amendment to the interim constitution is that after the 1999 general election, all political parties will share power in the general election in proportion to the majority party. The new constitution stipulates that everyone is equal before the law regardless of race, sex and religion. The judiciary consists of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the High Court, local courts, the State Procuratorial General Administration and procuratorial organs at all levels. The Constitutional Court is the highest judicial body to interpret the Constitution; The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body except constitutional affairs; The State Procuratorial General Administration is responsible to the Minister of Justice, and the high courts have procuratorial organs; Procuratorial organs at all levels bring public prosecutions to courts at all levels. The legislature consists of the National Assembly and local councils. Parliament is divided into the National Assembly and the National Committee for Provincial Affairs. The National Assembly has 400 seats, of which 200 are elected by the whole country and 200 by provincial elections. The government is divided into three levels: central, provincial and local. The term of office is five years and the presidential cabinet system is implemented. The President is elected by the voters, the Prime Minister of the Cabinet concurrently serves as the Vice President, the majority leader of the National Assembly is appointed by the President and is responsible to the President, and no more than 27 other ministers are also appointed by the President. The term of office of the president shall not exceed two terms.

The government of national unity with the ANC as the main body pursues the policy of reconciliation, stability and development, properly handles ethnic contradictions, carries out social changes in an all-round way, implements the strategy of "reconstruction and development", "improving the economic strength of blacks" and "affirmative action", strives to improve the political, economic and social status of blacks, and realizes a smooth transition from a white regime to a multi-ethnic joint regime. 1996, the Kuomintang withdrew from the government of national unity, and the tripartite alliance led by the ANC basically came to power alone. The ANC continues to seek racial reconciliation.

Policy, strive to maintain social stability, constantly improve the social status and living standards of blacks, and won the 1999 and 2004 general elections in succession. In 2007, the ANC put forward the concept of building a "development-oriented country", emphasizing accelerating economic development and properly solving social problems such as poverty and crime. In 2008, the political situation in South Africa changed greatly. On September 2 1, President Thabo Mbeki announced his resignation. On September 25th, the National Assembly elected Kgalema Mothlante, the deputy leader of the African Union, as the new president. 165438+ 10, in October, some former cabinets and local senior officials left the ANC and established the People's Congress Party. On April 22, 2009, South Africa held its fourth democratic election. The ANC won the National Assembly election again with 65.9% of the votes. Among the eight provinces except West Cape Province,

Win the parliamentary election. The opposition Democratic Alliance won the parliamentary elections in West Cape Province. On May 6, the National Assembly elected ANC leader Zuma as the new president of South Africa.

Constitution 1994 Interim Constitution is the first constitution in South Africa's history that embodies racial equality. 1996, the new constitution drafted on the basis of the interim constitution was formally adopted, and it was implemented in stages from 1997. According to the Constitution, the executive, legislative and judicial powers are separated, and the central, provincial and local governments are interdependent and exercise their respective powers. The Bill of Rights in the Constitution is called the cornerstone of South Africa's democracy, which clearly guarantees the rights of citizens. The amendment to the Preamble of the Constitution must be adopted by three-quarters of the members of the National Assembly and six provinces of the provincial assemblies; Amendments to other articles of the Constitution must be approved by two thirds of the members of the National Assembly; If the constitutional amendment involves provincial regulations, it must be passed by six provinces in the provincial Council.

The parliament is bicameral, divided into the National Assembly and the National Provincial Affairs Committee (referred to as the Provincial Affairs Committee), with a term of five years. The current parliament was elected by the national and nine provincial councils held in April 2009. The National Assembly has 400 seats, of which 200 seats are allocated according to the national election results and the other 200 seats are allocated according to the provincial election results. The ANC won 264 seats, accounting for 65.9%, the Democratic Alliance 67 seats, the People's Congress Party 30 seats, the Inkatha Freedom Party 18 seats, the Independent Democratic Party, the United Democratic Movement and the New Freedom Front 4 seats each, and the remaining seats were held by political parties such as the African Christian Democratic Party. Max Sisulu, Speaker of the National Assembly. The provincial council has ***90 representatives, and each province has 10 representatives, including 6 permanent representatives and 4 special representatives, including the governor. Chairman of the provincial Council, Mningwa? Johannesburg? Mahlangu (Mningwa, ANC). South Africa's National Assembly and Provincial Assembly have special committees, temporary committees and joint committees corresponding to government departments.