Introduction to Gengzi's Russian Difficulties

In a narrow sense, the boxer Russia disaster refers to the Hailanpao massacre and the Jiangdong Sixty-four Tun massacre that took place from July to February in 17, while in a broad sense, the boxer Russia disaster can generally refer to a series of massacres against Chinese in the Russian Far East and Northeast Qing Dynasty in June in 1900.

1. Background

1858 On May 28th, nicola nikolaevich Muraviev, Governor of Eastern Siberia of Russian Empire (николакнколвв)

1860165438+1October 14. The tsarist Russian Empire used the Second Opium War to force the Qing Empire to sign the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty, which not only recognized the effectiveness of the Aihui Treaty, but also permanently included the area east of the Wusuli River into tsarist Russia and outer Manchuria.

Russia invaded outer Manchuria.

Due to Russia's limited population in Asia, in order to develop the newly occupied Far East, Russia recognized the right of China residents living in Outer Manchuria to live and work there in the Love-Faint Treaty and the Beijing Treaty, and the Qing government still maintained a certain degree of jurisdiction over China residents in Outer Manchuria. With the development of Russia to the northeast and the opening of the Qing Dynasty to the northeast, some Japanese settlements gradually developed in China, among which there were more than 10,000 China people in Hailanpao (now Blagoveshchensk, the capital of Amur state in Russian Federation) and Liushisi village in Jiangdong.

Hailan bubble market 1900

Since 1980s, tsarist Russia began to increase its immigration to the Far East. The Russian population in Outer Manchuria increased rapidly, and Russia began to step up its infiltration and occupation of Chinese-inhabited areas. There are more and more conflicts between Chinese and Russian residents for land resources, and the living space of Russians is getting smaller and smaller.

2. Integration

1900 In June, Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China broke out due to the vigorous development of the Boxer Rebellion in northern Qing Dynasty and the declaration of war by the Qing government. Russia directly dispatched 13000 soldiers and 10 warships to participate in Eight-Nation Alliance's aggression. In the same month, the Boxer Rebellion in Northeast China also reached its peak. The Boxer Rebellion wantonly destroyed the construction of the Russian-led Dongdaqing Railway (referred to as Dong Qing Railway), and some Russian expatriates were also attacked.

Faced with this situation, the Tsarist Russian government carried out military mobilization in the Amur Military Region and the Siberian Military Region, and sent a large number of troops to the Sino-Russian border. Russian Army Minister Alexei Nikolayevich Kuropatkin (алексейниколаевичк)

Russian officers in the G8.

1900 July 12, a Russian fleet set off from Hailanpao and sailed eastward along Heilongjiang. When the fleet tried to cross the Qing defense zone, it was stopped by the Qing army. 14 in July, armed conflict broke out between the two sides, and the Qing army once repelled the Russian attack. This is the Heilongjiang incident.

3. tragedy

Immediately after the Heilongjiang incident broke out, the Russian authorities used it as an excuse to persecute and slaughter China residents and created a series of tragedies.

Blagoveshchensk massacre

1in June, 900, with the gradual tension between China and China, the Amur authorities in Russia began to plan to destroy the Russians in Hailanpao. Some people in China started to flee when they heard the news, but the Amur authorities denied that they would take action against China people in the city. On July 15, the Amur authorities used the Heilongjiang incident as an excuse to dispatch troops, police and volunteers to launch a large-scale search and arrest operation against Chinese in Hailanpao City. By July 16, more than 3,000 China people had been arrested and detained in the compound of Morzin Timber Factory.

China people were arrested in the Hailan gun tragedy.

On July 17, the military police and volunteers rushed more than 3,000 arrested China people on foot to more than 20 miles along the coast of Heilongjiang, and China people with mobility difficulties were immediately killed. After arriving at the river, Russian military police surrounded China people on three sides and forced them to swim back to China. Those who dared to resist were immediately killed. Those who dare not go into the water are pushed into the river by Russian troops in groups of two or three, or killed directly, and old people and children are not spared. At that time, the river in Heilongjiang was dyed red by the blood of China people, and the river was full of floating bodies. Of the more than 3,000 people in China, all were killed except 80 who were lucky enough to drift to China to be rescued.

Blagoveshchensk massacre

In the next four days, the Russian Amur authorities continued to drive and slaughter China people in Hailanpo area until July 22nd, when they announced that China people in Hailanpo had been completely wiped out. It is estimated that more than 5,000 people in China were killed in the Hailan gun tragedy.

Jiangdong liushitun massacre

Map of sixty-four villages in Jiangdong

1July, 900 17, the Russian Amur authorities dispatched troops to sweep China people in 64 villages in Jiangdong. Wherever Russian troops went, they burned houses and sank ships, while local China people were driven away and massacred. The biggest massacre took place in Burda village (also known as bordo village), 1000 people in China were killed.

Russian troops involved in the 64 Jiangdong massacre

Fortunately, because the news of the search for Chinese in Hailan cannon city has spread ahead of time, some Chinese in 64 villages in Jiangdong have fled ahead of time. Yang Fengxiang, deputy commander-in-chief of the Qing army stationed in Aihui on the other side of Heilongjiang, got the news and sent more than 300 Qing troops to cross the river for rescue on the night of July 17. /kloc-on the morning of July 30th, 0/8, there was a fierce battle between the Qing army and the Russian army in Burda Tun, which once forced the Russian army to retreat to the mouth of Gyeonggi Province (Jaya River). Aihui Navy also sent 30 warships and 20 merchant ships to the other side of the river to rescue China people. Under the cover of the Qing army and armed residents, most China people in 64 villages in Jiangdong were rescued and returned to the Qing Dynasty. On July 20th, the last 200 China people in Gaerbitun were evacuated. By 2 1, the 64th village in Jiangdong was completely occupied by Russian troops. It is estimated that more than 2,000 China people were killed in the 64th massacre in Jiangdong.

Jiangdong liushitun massacre

Other massacres

At the same time as the Hailan Gun Massacre and the Jiangdong Sixty-four Tun Massacre, the Russian authorities persecuted and massacred China people in other parts of the Far East. From Irkutsk to Sakhalin Island, tragedies of different scales occurred. Hundreds of China people were killed, China people in the Russian Far East were extinct, and a large number of Japanese, Koreans and Siberian aborigines also suffered.

4. The fall of northeast China.

After the Russian army occupied the 64th village in Jiangdong, it dispatched five troops 17000 (combat troops 135000, 40000 troops left behind, and 328 guns of all kinds), plus the railway protection team along the northeast railway1kloc-0/000, Eight-Nation Alliance/kloc-0.

1900 Russian invasion of northeast China.

On the north road, Russian troops attacked Heihe Tun and Aihui City on the other side of the river from Hailan artillery, while Russian warships attacked the camps and settlements of the Qing army along the Heilongjiang and Wusuli rivers. Some Russian cavalry crossed the Wusuli River and burned and looted in the Qing Dynasty. On August 3rd, 1900, Russian troops occupied Heihe River and immediately slaughtered all China residents who failed to escape. On August 5, Russian troops captured Aihui, looted it, destroyed thousands of houses and killed countless people, leaving only a camp and an ammunition depot for their own use. Then on August 13, Russian troops attacked Beidaling, and Yang Fengxiang, the deputy commander-in-chief, led the troops to stop it. Finally, he was seriously injured and died heroically. On August 30th, Russian troops occupied Qiqihar, and Heilongjiang general Yuan Shoushan (grandson of Yuan Chonghuan VII) committed suicide.

Yang Fengxiang (1840 ——1900)

Yuan Shoushan (1860—1900)

On September 22nd, the Russian army occupied Jilin, and Jilin General Guo Buliu Changshun (the great-grandfather of the last Wanrong) surrendered as a puppet, providing a large amount of materials and civilian workers to the Russian army. On September 28th, Russian troops occupied Liaoyang. 10 year 10 month 1 day, the Russian army occupied Fengtian, and the general of Shengjing, Hilary Zeng Qi, fled with the sacred capacity of Shengjing Palace and the treasure of the ancestral temple. On the same day, Russian troops occupied Shanhaiguan, and then occupied Jinzhou in 654381October 4, completely cutting off the land links inside and outside Shanhaiguan. By 1900 10 10, several Russian troops joined forces in Tieling, and the whole northeast fell.

Guo Bubu Changshun (1839 ——1904)

Hillary Zeng Qi (185 1 year-old-1919 years old)

5. Number of victims and property losses

Up to now, there is no accurate statistics on the number of victims and property losses of Gengzi Russian refugees. The mainstream view is that the death toll should exceed 20,000, including more than 7,000 people in Hailanpao and Jiangdong Sixty-four Tun, and the loss of Chinese property in the two places is about 2.5 million to 2.6 million rubles.

Lieutenant General Gribuch, Commander of Amur Military Region

Nicholas II, the Last Tsar

Step 6 Follow-up

Loyal and just military movement

After Russia occupied Northeast China, people of all ethnic groups in Northeast China launched an anti-Russian struggle. Among them, the large-scale anti-Russian armed forces include the Northeast Boxer Regiment in Shengjing area, the Loyal Army in Fengtian and the eastern mountainous area of Jilin, and Liuhe Boxing in Maoershan area of Yalu River. By 190 1, the three anti-Russian armed forces announced their alliance, unified the flag of the loyal army, and passed the establishment and reorganization of the Qing army.

Movement situation map of Loyalist Army

At the beginning of 1902, the number of government troops increased to 200,000. They were active in Baishan and Heishui in the three northeastern provinces, and once recovered Tonghua, Hailong, Xinbin, Huairen, Kuandian, Fengcheng, Anton and Hulan, which seriously threatened Russian-controlled railway lines. In order to eliminate the loyalist army, the Russian authorities, in conjunction with the Qing government, adopted the method of "appeasement and repression simultaneously" against the loyalist army. On the one hand, they split and disintegrated, recruited and surrendered rebels, on the other hand, they mobilized troops to strike hard. By the winter of 1903, the loyalist movement had basically failed.

Russian troops arrested anti-Russian elements.

The withdrawal of Russian troops

After the signing of the Xin Chou Treaty, Russia still refused to withdraw its troops from the northeast of China, but prepared to implement the "Yellow Russia Plan" and directly annex the northeast of China. This move led to resolute opposition from Britain, the United States, Germany and Japan, and many countries put pressure on Russia to withdraw their troops. As the Siberian Railway and Dong Qing Railway were not yet open to traffic, Russia's strength in the Far East and Northeast China was limited. Under the great international pressure, it was forced to sign the Treaty on Solving the Three Provinces with the Qing government on April 8, 1902, and promised to withdraw its troops from the northeast of China in three batches within 18 months.

However, in 1903, after the first withdrawal, the Russian authorities unilaterally tore up the treaty and reoccupied Fengtian City, which aroused the strong indignation of the Japanese people and led to anti-Russian movements in many places. Students studying in Japan even initiated and organized anti-Russian volunteers (including Huang Xing, Cai E, Chen Tianhua, Soviet Union, etc. ) and prepare to go to the northeast to participate in the anti-Russian movement. The Japanese empire, which has long coveted the Northeast, is also very dissatisfied with this. Finally, on February 8, 1904, the Russian Pacific fleet stationed in Lushun was attacked, the Russo-Japanese War officially broke out, and the death knell of the Russian Empire sounded.

Russo-Japanese War