September 18 Why do you whistle?

The September 18th Incident was a Japanese military conflict and political event in the northeast of China. It is called "National Shame Day". Internationally, this incident is often compared with the parliamentary arson in Nazi Germany. When the Japanese army ravaged the land of Northeast China, the Kuomintang, the main domestic fighting force, implemented a "non-resistance policy", which led to the fall of many cities in Northeast China and the fragmentation of mountains and rivers. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, every year on September 18, people in China regard it as a national humiliation day. The whistle is a commemoration and reflection on the September 18th Incident, reminding us Chinese not to forget the national humiliation and the September 18th Incident.

Commemorative activities: China people and China government opened the September 18th Incident Exhibition Hall in Shenyang on June 5438+099/KLOC-0. Former Japanese Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto visited this place during his visit to China in 1997. September 18 is regarded as "national shame day" by many people in China, and the demands of Chinese people to designate September 18 as national shame day also appear from time to time. Since 1995, Shenyang sounded an air defense alarm for 3 minutes every night on September 18 to warn people not to forget national humiliation.

Reflection on the incident: On September 193 10, Japanese militarism launched a long-planned war of aggression against China. This war of aggression brought unprecedented disasters and losses to the people of China, and also left a profound historical lesson for future generations. Today, in the face of the 77th September 18th incident, we should not forget the national humiliation, we should think more and more deeply.

Don't forget the national humiliation and think about the national luck. Walking into the "September 18th" History Museum in Shenyang, the word "national luck" makes people think twice. From the towering monument to the winding exhibition hall, it is like a picture of a national disaster outlined by a string of "difficult" words. The national disaster is at the head, the nation suffers and the struggle is hard ... Looking back, all the feelings turn into one thought: the longer the bitter days go, the more urgent the rich days come, and we are concerned about the fate of the country and the nation. How can the national humiliation be gone forever? Historical practice tells us that the success or failure of a country or a nation needs the support of the people of the whole country, and the only way to unite the strength of1300 million people is to adhere to the correct leadership of the China * * production party.

Don't forget the national humiliation and think about development. Seventy-seven years ago, China's economic backwardness was also an important reason for the opening of the country and the loss of life. Look at yesterday's humiliation, look at today's yearning for the country's prosperity and look forward to tomorrow's prosperity. Only by devoting ourselves to liberating and developing social productive forces and constantly enhancing comprehensive national strength can the country maintain long-term stability. In order to stop being the "law of the jungle", we must make great efforts to catch up with scientific development. We should be soberly aware that China is still a developing country with a large population, a weak foundation and underdeveloped productive forces. Although the overall size of China's economy is relatively large, its per capita GDP still ranks behind the world 100. Facing the reality, we feel the urgency of development. Not considering development is like not resisting in those days. Only when we have developed can we talk about national dignity. Only when we seize the opportunity and meet the challenge can our nation and country truly stand firm.

Don't forget the national humiliation and worry. Throughout the ages, there have been many "worry theories" in our nation: worrying about the country and the people, being prepared for danger in times of peace, worrying first before rejoicing, worrying about retreat and so on. Worry has a very important truth: "Born in worry, died in happiness". But this truth does not seem to be "straight to the point" or "located" in the purpose-suffering is for strength, and strength must be advanced. Nowadays, our people's advanced consciousness has been greatly enhanced, and our country is prosperous and strong. This is a wake-up call and great luck. However, the world is changing, and "falling behind will be beaten" will remain a long-term and harsh reality. Therefore, in the face of "September 18th" 77 years later, as pointed out by the central leading comrades, "being prepared for danger in times of peace" should become our unforgettable sense of hardship.

Far away from history, there is a lesson: "If you are serious, you will die"; "Shengshi is not lazy, and it works hard." Only when everyone is not lazy can the whole country be lazy; Only when the whole country is not idle can our nation last forever and tomorrow will be better.

1. Event overview:

The September 18th Incident refers to the Japanese military conflict and political events that broke out in the northeast of China on September 193 18. The two sides of the conflict are the Northeast Army of China and the Japanese Kwantung Army. According to the date when the conflict broke out, it was called "September 18th Incident" in history. Because the northeast of China was called Manchuria at that time, the Japanese called this incident "Manchuria Incident".

After the September 18th Incident broke out, the contradiction between Japan and China further intensified, and the position of the Japanese headquarters as the main battle in Japan rose, which led Japan to embark on the road of full-scale aggression against China. Within a few years after this incident broke out, all the three northeastern provinces were occupied by the Japanese Kwantung Army, so they were regarded as national humiliation by the people of China. Until today, September 18 is called "National Shame Day" in many informal occasions in China. Internationally, this incident is often compared with the parliamentary arson in Nazi Germany.

2. Main figures: Zhang Xueliang and Seiji Banhara.

3. Event background:

1) Domestic situation in Japan

192 1 After the Washington Conference in, Japan began to carry out large-scale disarmament. 192 1 year, Japan's military expenditure was 730 million yen, and 1930 was reduced to less than 500 million yen, a decrease of 40%. However, large-scale disarmament caused strong dissatisfaction among soldiers. Since the Meiji Restoration, Japan has always pursued the principle of military priority and trained a large number of professional soldiers. For professional soldiers, there is no other specialty except military affairs, and disarmament is tantamount to smashing rice bowls. In addition, before disarmament, professional soldiers were the most respected people in society, and the army was the most glorious profession. However, after disarmament began, professional soldiers suddenly became redundant people in society, the best students no longer applied for military schools, and some hotels even refused to allow people wearing military uniforms to enter. The sense of loss and anxiety brought by disarmament to professional soldiers can be imagined. Disgruntled soldiers began to hold secret meetings, and secret military organizations such as Tianjian Party, Cherry Blossom Club and First Party were established one after another. Later, tojo hideki and Okamura Ningji, known to China people, were members of the first party. However, the most famous at that time was Ishihara Smile, who put forward the theory of "Manchu Lifeline". Ishihara was also the mastermind of the 9 18 incident.

2) Japan controls the Northeast Railway

1905, Japan won the Russo-Japanese War. Through the Japan-Russia Peace Treaty, the leasehold rights of China Lushun and Dalian and the property rights of the railway and ancillary facilities in Changchun Lushun were taken as their own. Since then, Japan has established the "Nanman Railway Co., Ltd.", and the Kwantung Army is responsible for the security along the railway.

3) Tanaka's memorial

1In June, 927, Japan held the "Oriental Conference" and formulated the Outline of China Policy (i.e. Tanaka's memorial). Tanaka mentioned in his memorial: "If you want to conquer zhina, you must first conquer Manchuria, but if you want to conquer the world, you must first conquer zhina. If zhina can be completely conquered by our country, other ethnic groups, such as small, middle, Asia Minor, India and Nanyang, will be afraid of me, respect me and submit to me. " This memorial was exposed in 1929, and it was regarded as proof of Japanese invasion policy by the then Nanjing National Government, the later China people and the China government. Scholars including Changjiang, Institute of Japanese Studies, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, questioned the authenticity of Tanaka's memorial. At present, the mainstream view is that it should be forged by the national government. However, it is a fact that Japan has been planning an all-round invasion of China for a long time.

4) Huanggutun incident and the change of flag in Northeast China.

At first, the Japanese army had a cooperative relationship with the northeast warlord Zhang Bao, but gradually, Japan began to regard Zhang as an obstacle. 1928, the kwantung army blew up the train on which Zhang was riding, and Zhang was seriously injured and died, which is known as the Huanggutun incident in history. The Japanese Kwantung Army hopes that this incident will lead to a leaderless northeast. On the contrary, on February 29th, 1928, 1928, Zhang Xueliang, Zhang's successor, suddenly announced that the whole Northeast had changed its flag and accepted the leadership of the National Government of the Republic of China. Zhang Xueliang took a further uncooperative attitude towards Japan and began to build new railway facilities near the Nanman Railway. By competing with them at low prices, Nanman Railway has fallen into a business crisis. Guan, who has a sense of crisis, keeps protesting, but Zhang Xueliang is unwilling to compromise. Therefore, the Japanese army, such as Shimonoseki and Banyuan Kiyojiro, decided to wage war in order to gain the dominant position.

5) Wanbaoshan Incident

193 1 Hao Yongde, a native of China, defrauded 12 farmers' land near Wanbaoshan Village without government approval and illegally subletted it to 188 Koreans to grow rice. These North Koreans dug canals, intercepted them and built dams. This project violated the interests of local farmers, and more than 200 farmers in Majiashao have filed lawsuits. The Jilin provincial government issued instructions: "Let overseas Chinese leave the country". However, Tadashi Tanaka, the Japanese consul in Changchun, sent Japanese police to stop the North Koreans from evacuating and ordered the canal construction to be completed before July 5. On July 1 day, more than 400 farmers in China United to level ditches and remove dams. On July 2, Japanese police suppressed farmers in Gou Ping, China, and the two sides confronted each other. Later, Japan added armed police, and the project was completed on July 5 under the protection of Japanese military and police. At the same time, Japan fabricated news through Kim Jong Il, a reporter from Chosun Ilbo, saying that North Koreans were killed in Montblanc Mountain and set off a large-scale anti-Chinese activity on the Korean peninsula, causing hundreds of deaths of local overseas Chinese. However, the Japanese used this incident to frame China for hurting Korean nationals.

6) Nakamura incident

193 1 In June, Japanese Kwantung Army captains Nobutaro Nakamura and Entaro Jingshan conducted a military investigation in the Suolun area of Xing 'an Mountains, and were discovered and detained by Dong Kunwu, deputy head of the third regiment of Xing 'an Reclamation Office of Northeast Army of China. Under the conclusive evidence, Guan Yuheng, the head of the regiment, ordered the secret execution of Nobutaro Nakamura. Japan took the opportunity to claim that the Northeast Army soldiers killed Nakamura for murder, coerced China to hand over Guan Yuheng, fanned the flames among the Japanese people, and used the Nakamura incident and the Wanbaoshan incident to frame China for "harming Japanese and Korean immigrants".

4. The event happened:

1) Liutiao Lake Incident

1931September 18 In the evening, Company 3, Battalion 2 of the Japanese Kwantung Army Hushitai Independent Garrison left Hushitai Barracks and headed south along the Nanman Railway. At about 22: 20 p.m., a team headed by Captain Kawamoto, captain of the Liutiaohu detachment of the Japanese Kwantung Army Railway Guard, detonated small explosives in the southern section of Liutiaohu Railway, which is 7.5 kilometers north of Fengtian (now Shenyang) and 800 meters away from Beidaying, where the Northeast Army is stationed, and blew up a short section of the railway. Three bodies of China people dressed as soldiers of the Northeast Army were placed at the scene as evidence that the Northeast Army destroyed the railway, falsely claiming that the China army destroyed the railway and attacked the Japanese garrison. After the explosion, Japanese soldiers stationed in China Beidaying and Shenyang City were divided into two roads, north and south, and attacked China Beidaying. The South Army is the 29th regiment of the 2nd Infantry Brigade of the 2nd Division of Kwantung Army under the command of Hiroshi Hirata, and the North Army is the 2nd Battalion of Railway Guard under the command of Masaichi Shimamoto. At that time, the Seventh Brigade of the Northeast Army stationed at Peking University Camp was unprepared and caught off guard. However, Zhang Xueliang had instructed the Northeast Army not to resist in advance, and the stationed troops did not fight back violently. Two of the three regiments of the Seventh Brigade retreated as instructed, and only the Wang Tiehan 620 Regiment failed to receive the evacuation order in time, so it was forced to fight back in self-defense and finally broke through and retreated. Due to the execution of the non-resistance order, more than 10 thousand defenders of Peking University Camp were defeated by the Japanese army with only 500 people.

2) Major towns in Liaoning and Jilin fell.

When the Japanese attacked Shenyang Beiying, the 29th Regiment of the 3rd Brigade of the 2nd Division of the Kwantung Army attacked Fengtian City. 19 In the early morning of September 1 9, Commander Benzhong of Kwantung Army ordered the 2nd Division of Liaoyang to reinforce the attack in Mukden. Independently garrison the third battalion to attack Yingkou, and the fourth battalion to attack Fenghuang and Anton (now Dandong); The main force of the 2nd Division and 3rd Brigade, 2nd Regiment of Cavalry, and the independent garrison 1 Battalion respectively attacked Kuanchengzi, Erdaogou and Nanling in Changchun. By September 9 10, the Japanese army had successively captured Toyota, Siping, Yingkou, Fenghuang and Anton 18 towns along Nanman Railway and Anfeng Railway. The Northeast Army in Changchun spontaneously counterattacked, and the next day, Changchun fell. On September 2 1 day, Xi·QIA, chief of staff of the office of the deputy commander of the Northeast Border Guard in Jilin Province, led a mutiny, and the main force of the 2nd Japanese Division occupied Jilin.

3) The fall of major towns in Heilongjiang?

On June+10/October 1 day, 65438, Zhang Haipeng, the garrison commander of Taonan, Heilongjiang Province, of the Northeast Army, defected to the enemy and sent three regiments to attack Qiqihar on the orders of the Japanese army. 65438+ 10 65438+June at Nenjiang Bridge, repelled by Heilongjiang Defence Force. The defenders bombed Nenjiang Railway Bridge 1, No.2 and No.5 to stop the invasion of Japanese puppet troops. 654381October 26th, the 29th Regiment of the 2nd Division of the Kwantung Army occupied the main towns along the Sitao Railway. 165438+1On October 4th, Nenjiang detachment of Kwantung Army attacked the northern defenders of Nenjiang Bridge. Ma Zhanshan, Acting Chairman of Heilongjiang Provincial Government and Acting Deputy Commander of Northeast Border Guard in Jiang, commanded three brigades and five regiments * * * 65438+more than 60,000 people to carry out the Jiangqiao War of Resistance, which lasted until 10/18, and finally abandoned Qiqihar, the provincial capital, and retreated to Keshan and Helen due to heavy casualties. 1 19 10/9, the Japanese army captured Qiqihar.

4) Jinzhou and Harbin fell.

Zhang Xueliang left Fengtian after the incident broke out and led his men to Jinzhou. 193 1 10 On October 8th, the Kwantung Army sent 12 bombers to attack Jinzhou. In this regard, Minami Jiro's Minister of the Army still claimed to Prime Minister Wakatsuki Reijiro that he was "forced to take self-defense action because of the anti-aircraft gun attack of China's army", and then the Kwantung Army issued a public statement, claiming that "Zhang Xueliang assembled a large number of troops in Jinzhou, which, if ignored, would cause damage to the rights and interests of the Japanese army. In order to solve the Manchu-Mongolian problem as soon as possible, it is necessary for the Kwantung Army to expel the Jinzhou regime. " Since then, the foreign policy of international coordination advocated by Biyuan has suffered serious setbacks, and Japan has gone further and further on the road of militarism. After the Japanese army captured the main towns in Heilongjiang Province, it began to attack western Liaoning. /kloc-in February of 0/5, the kwantung army attacked Jinzhou. 12 17, the Japanese central department sent an additional 8 th brigade from Japan, and transferred the 20 th division headquarters to the 38 th brigade from North Korea, bombing the squadron again to reinforce the Kwantung Army. On February 28th, 65438, the 2nd Division crossed the Liaohe River to attack Jinzhou. On February 30th, 65438, Huncheng 39th Brigade attacked Dahushan (now Dahushan). 1932 65438+1On October 3rd, the 20th Division Command led the Huncheng 38th Brigade to occupy Jinzhou. The Northeast Army 12, 20 Brigade and 3 Brigade stationed in Jinzhou have been ordered to retreat to Jidong area and Jehol. 65438+1On October 28th, the 3rd Brigade of Kwantung Army invaded Harbin from Changchun, and was reinforced by the 2nd Division from western Liaoning. At that time, in order to divert the attention of the international community from Manchuria, Japan provoked troubles in Shanghai, an international metropolis, which triggered the "1.28" incident. On June 365438+1October 3 1 day, Du Li, commander of Yilan and brigade commander of 24th Brigade, led Jilin Self-Defense Force to defend Harbin. After five days of fierce fighting, the Self-Defense Forces suffered heavy casualties and evacuated to Bin County. On February 5, the Japanese army captured Harbin. Due to Chiang Kai-shek's "non-resistance policy", in less than half a year, 6,543,800 square kilometers of great rivers and mountains and 30 million compatriots in the three northeastern provinces were ravaged by the Japanese aggressors.

5) Manchukuo was founded.

Being universally condemned by international public opinion, Kwantung Army dared not occupy the whole territory of Manchuria by brazen force, so it considered establishing a puppet regime. At that time, as the head of the secret service, Kenji Fujiwara lobbied Puyi, the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty who had abdicated. At that time, the Kwantung Army persuaded Puyi to return to the Northeast on the condition of reviving the Manchu Dynasty. 165438+1October 10, Puyi set out from Tianjin, arrived in Yingkou on165438+1October 13, and finally stayed in the Japanese military camp stationed in Lushun. 1932, 1 In March, Japan-supported Manchukuo was formally established. Puyi is the head of state, with the capital in "New Beijing" (now Changchun) and the title of "Datong". The above statement was made at the residence of Zhang Jinghui, chairman of the Northeast Administrative Committee. The League of Nations strongly condemned the actions of the Japanese government and denied the legitimacy of the Manchukuo government. Japan protested and withdrew from the League of Nations. On March 9, Puyi's accession ceremony was held in New Beijing. 1September 1932 15, Japan and the puppet Manchukuo signed the Japan-Manchukuo Protocol, recognizing Japan's vested rights and allowing the Kwantung Army to station troops in Manchuria.

5. Citizens' Movement:

1) Northeast Anti-Japanese Coalition Forces

2) Parade and assembly

On September 28th, 200,000 people in Beiping held an anti-Japanese national salvation conference, demanding that they declare war on Japan and recover lost territory.

On September 28th, more than 2,000 students from Nanjing and Shanghai petitioned and attacked the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the National Government. Foreign Minister Wang was injured by a student and forced to resign.

3) ? Boycott Japanese goods movement

1931July, due to the Wanbaoshan incident, Japan incited North Korea to exclude China and anti-China, and a boycott of Japanese goods broke out again in China; After the September 18th Incident, the movement intensified.

6. Literary and artistic works:

On the Songhua River1931September, 2008 18, the Japanese invaders launched a large-scale attack on the three northeastern provinces of China. Chiang Kai-shek adopted a policy of non-resistance, drove away the officers and men of the Northeast Army at the front line of "suppression * * *" and filled the streets and lanes of An with their old belts. They were forced to go into exile in Shanhaiguan, and they couldn't go home, but they had to work hard for the civil war against the people. They all suppressed their heartfelt bitterness and resentment and wanted to pour out their grievances and explode. It is against this background that Zhang Chuang wrote this touching solo, singing the voice of grief and indignation with tears in his eyes. He teaches students and the masses to sing their own songs. Then, he led the masses to sing on the walls and streets of Xi 'an. The tragic and heroic singing deeply touched the hearts of the officers and men of the Northeast Army, and tens of thousands of officers and men burst into tears after listening to it. Before and after the "Xi Incident" broke out, the song "On the Songhua River" was everywhere in Xi 'an, and quickly spread throughout the country.

"My home is on the Songhua River in the northeast, where there are forest coal mines. There are also soybean sorghum all over the mountains ... "This is the anti-Japanese war song" On the Songhua River "which was once known as one of the" exile trilogy "in the 1930s and 1940s.

On the eve of the Xi Incident, Xi patriotic youth went to Shilipu when they petitioned Lintong. General Zhang Xueliang drove to persuade students not to go to Lintong for fear of danger. At this time, someone sang "9 18, 9 18. From that tragic moment, I left my hometown and abandoned endless treasures." Wandering, wandering ... "The tragic song is heartbreaking. Hearing this, Zhang Xueliang said with great sadness, "Please believe me, I want to resist Japan ... I will give you an answer with facts within a week." "

After the start of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Zhou Enlai once represented the Eighth Route Army's office in Xi to attend the meeting of Northeast Army officers. At the end of the meeting, Zhou directed the participants to sing this song. Sad and angry songs aroused everyone's feelings of missing their hometown. When the song enters "When can I return to my lovely hometown?" At that time, some officers in the audience were in tears, some bowed their heads and wept bitterly, and some raised their fists. "Be sure to go back to your hometown!" The singer is full of determination.

"On the Songhua River" was first sung by Provincial No.2 Middle School, then spread to the Northeast Army, and quickly became popular all over the country, inside and outside the Great Wall. At that time, the song had not been published, and no one knew that the author was Zhang. However, the blood and tears condensed in the melody strongly infected patriotic Chinese sons and daughters, and people rushed to copy and sing. Over the broken mountains and rivers of the motherland, the call sign in the song is floating everywhere.

On the evening of July 7, 1938, Wuhan held a grand Anti-Japanese War Memorial Day. More than100000 people took hundreds of wooden boats and gathered on the Yangtze River with torches. At this time, I don't know who led the song "On the Songhua River", which immediately aroused everyone's resonance. The songs of hundreds of thousands of people set off huge waves and merged into a rare symphony of blood and tears.

Zhang, a revolutionary musician who has been working hard, thus represents the cry of the people and leaves us with this immortal and fighting elegy.