Introduce the achievements of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty.

At the beginning of Emperor Wu's accession to the throne, on the one hand, the political situation was relatively stable and the national economic situation was quite good. On the other hand, the separatist factors of vassal States still exist, and the potential threat is not small. Therefore, while continuing to implement the policy of Emperor Jing, he took a series of measures to strengthen the centralization of absolutism.

Politics: On the political side, firstly, the "favor decree" was promulgated, which allowed the vassal king to enfeoffment more children and carve up the fiefs of the kingdom, thus further weakening the influence of the vassal king and subtly eliminating the threat; Secondly, the establishment of China and North Korea weakened the relative strength and consolidated the sacred position of imperial power; Another 13 secretariat departments were established, which strengthened local control. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also made some innovations in ancient times, including the right to receive photos, the establishment of secretariat and other major reforms and innovations, and established a systematic and complete political system that embodied the principle of Legalists "ruling the country by law and not avoiding relatives and friends". This legal tradition became the basic paradigm of China's imperial system in the next two thousand years. ?

Military: militarily, it is mainly to concentrate military forces and enrich the central military forces; Reform the military system.

Economy: In the economic aspect, rectify the finance, issue "counting" and "warning" orders, levy a tax on businessmen's assets, and crack down on wealthy businessmen in dajia; Sang Hongyang suggested that smelting iron and boiling salt should be returned to the official camp, and it is forbidden to cast money in counties and counties; The establishment of leveling officials and loss-sharing officials, as well as the government's management of transportation and trade, have greatly enhanced the country's economic strength. At the same time, building water conservancy projects, emigrating to the northwest and implementing the "land substitution law" are conducive to the development of agricultural production. Another important measure in the economy was to unify the currency at that time.

Thought: In terms of thought, Dong Zhongshu's suggestion was adopted to oust a hundred schools of thought, and Confucianism was the dominant thought in China society, which had a far-reaching impact on the politics, society and culture of China in later generations.

Personnel: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also attached great importance to the development of talents. He established an inspection and evaluation system, which is the origin of China's systematic talent selection system and has a great influence on later generations.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty conducted the first population statistics in human history.

Diplomatic relations

Launch a war against the Huns.

On the one hand, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ended the pro-Xiongnu policy since the Battle of Mayi in 133 and began to formally declare war on Xiongnu. Expeditions were sent to Li Guang, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing successively, which relieved the threat of Xiongnu, expanded the territory of the western regions, and put Xiongnu in a passive position, thus ensuring the economic and cultural development in the north.

Send Zhang Qian to the Western Regions.

While waging war against Xiongnu, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions, which opened up the famous Silk Road, further strengthened the rule of the Western Regions and developed the economic and cultural exchanges between China and the West.

Use troops to the northeast and south to expand the territory.

In the northeast, he sent troops to destroy Weishi Korea (now northern Korea) and set up four counties, namely Le Lang, Xuantu, Lintun and Fan Zhen, and the territory of the Han Empire was basically formed.

At the same time, Yelang and Nanyue regimes in the south were eliminated, and seven counties were established in the southwest, the southernmost of which surpassed Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam today, which also made today's Guangdong and Guangxi regions return to Chinese territory after the Qin Dynasty.

result

In the later period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, due to the constant use of troops against Xiongnu and the Western Regions, as well as the profligacy of meditation and worship of gods and immortals, the corvee was aggravated and taxes were increased, which led to the bankruptcy and exile of a large number of farmers. In the second year of Tian Han (the first 99 years), peasant uprisings of different scales broke out in Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao and Nanyang.

First, the rejection of Confucianism.

Listen to Dong Zhongshu's suggestion, "oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone", and build a traditional middle-aged Liu Che in China.

The orthodoxy of mainstream culture has dominated the traditional cultural stage in China for more than 2,000 years, and it has been highly respected by the rulers of past dynasties. What I want to explain here is that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty did not restrict the development of other schools, which led to the development of Confucianism and the vigorous promotion of the combination of Confucianism and law. For example, Xiahou Shichang studied Confucianism and was familiar with Yin-Yang and Five Elements. The prime minister also ruled Confucianism and Legalism; Zhufuyan started as a strategist; Sima Qian, a loyal Ji 'an Sima Tan, started from the theory of Huang Lao.

Second, establish China and North Korea to contain foreign countries.

During the reign of Huiwenjing, the prime minister treated each other with courtesy, and Emperor Wu was at odds with the prime minister. In order to carry out their own orders, China and Korea were established, and Shangshutai also appeared during this period.

Third, establish the year number.

The year number used by the first emperor in China history. In 1 13 BC, Liang Wudi took that year as four years of Ding Yuan, and later changed it to Jianyuan, Yuanguang and Yuanshou, with the annual title of six years.

Fourth, the beginning of the calendar.

In the first year of Taichu (BC 104), taichu calendar was changed, with the first month as the beginning of the year, and the color was yellow.

Five, salt and iron official camp

The salt and iron official camp has continued since the Han Dynasty. Today, salt and iron tea is still mainly controlled by the government and state-owned enterprises.

Sixth, enter the western region.

China has spread the technologies of smelting iron, sinking wells, making silk and lacquerware, and the west (region) has introduced Cucurbita moschata, Hudou, flax, pomegranate, carrot, grape, blood horse, walnut and gastrodia elata. A large number of silk fabrics and metal tools from the Central Plains were transported to the Western Regions, and the cast iron technology and water well drainage methods were also spread to the Western Regions, which has important historical significance.

Seven. Territorial expansion and diplomacy

Bowanghou Zhang Qian Stone Statue

1, launched a war against the Huns. On the one hand, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty practiced both hard and soft. On the one hand, he ended the pro-Xiongnu policy since the Mayi War in 133 BC and began to formally declare war on Xiongnu. He sent Wei Qing and Huo Qubing to conquer the Huns, relieved the threat of the Huns, recovered the Hetao and Hexi Corridor, expanded the territory of the western regions, put the Huns in a passive position, and ensured the economic and cultural development of the north. 2. Sending Zhang Qian to the Western Regions While waging the war against Xiongnu, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions twice, obtaining a great deal of unprecedented information about the Western Regions, opening up the famous Silk Road, further strengthening the ties with the Western Regions, promoting social progress, enriching the material life in the Central Plains and developing economic and cultural exchanges between China and the West. 3. For the Northeast and southern operations, the territory of the Han Empire was basically formed by expanding the territory in the Northeast, sending troops to destroy Weishi Korea (now North Korea) and setting up four counties of Le Lang, Xuantu, Lintun and Fan Zhen. At the same time, Yelang and Nanyue regimes in the south were attached to the Han Dynasty, and seven counties were set up in the southwest, including Bo 'er County and Zhu Ya County in Hainan Island today, that is, Hainan Island and the South China Sea Islands today. The southernmost tip of the territory surpassed today's Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam, which also made today's Guangdong and Guangxi regions return to Chinese territory after the Qin Dynasty.

Competent and eclectic.

When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty appointed officials, it was diversified. Officials with more than 2,000 stones can make their descendants officials through the appointment system; Rich people can become officials through "election"; The descendants of sages can be taken care of, for example, Jia Yi's two sons are taken care of by the county magistrate. However, what is particularly striking is that Liang Wudi employs people on their own merits and does not stick to one pattern. For example, Wei Ruyun's son-in-law was chosen from the handmaiden. Wei Qing and Huo Qubing were selected from slaves and slave children respectively. The Prime Minister Gong Sunhong, Yu Shiguang, and the Prince Zhu and others were all selected from poor civilians. Zhang Tang, Du Zhou and Ting Wei Zhao Yu were selected from petty officials. It is particularly noteworthy that some generals appointed by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty were Yue and Huns. And Jin Ridi (), such a Xiongnu captive and a slave who keeps horses in the palace, was chosen as an etiquette, and entrusted an orphan with Huo Guang and Shangguan Jie. These conditions show that the selection of talents by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is not limited by class background and ethnic differences. However, this does not mean that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty did not have standards for employing people, but there were still standards. The standard is "broaden the road of artistic talents and learn from others", and "those who have different talents in counties and counties can make the country unique". In other words, as long as they are willing to fight for the cause of the Han Dynasty, people with artistic talent and talent, people who can be generals and people who can go to distant countries can be appointed. In a word, the standard of employing people is meritocracy. It is precisely because of this that Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty has many talents. Ban Gu was surprised and said, "People who have won the Han Dynasty are prosperous here!" The appearance of this phenomenon deserves serious study.

1, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the first emperor to use the year number, first once every six years and then once every four years.

2. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the first emperor to formulate and promulgate the taichu calendar Law in a unified way throughout the country, and it was used from the first month of each year.

3. During the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, Historical Records, the first biographical historical book in China, came out, which had a great influence on later historiography.

4. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, a map of the earth appeared in the historical records of China after the unification of Qin Dynasty. In April of the fourth year of Yuanshou, Shen Bing said, "My servant Gong Sunhe entered the imperial history ... If you want to play a map, please name the country." Hanshu? According to the Records of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, in the autumn of six years, the general Gongsun He was sent out of Jiuyuan, and the minister said, "Fuju, a famous well, went to Jiuyuan for two thousand miles among the Huns. See the map of Han Dynasty." According to Yanshigu, there was a minister Wang Zan in the early Jin Dynasty. This shows that Wang Zan, the minister in the early Jin Dynasty, has also seen the map of the Han Dynasty. This also shows that the regional concept of the country has clearly appeared in the Han Dynasty. This has had an important impact on the study of physical geography in later generations.

5. Give some advice to the founder of Xiande, and Emperor Wu personally asked and selected talents to be an official. This is where the imperial examination system of later generations began.

6. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty respected Confucianism and regarded Confucianism as the ruling ideology of the country.

7. In the fifth year of Yuanshuo, he made 50 disciples for Dr. Jason Wu and healed himself; Local counties and countries can send some people and accept them as disciples according to certain conditions. After passing the exam, you can pass a skill and become an official. This is where the selection of officials from Taiwanese students across the country began.

8. While respecting Confucianism, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "learned from others' strengths" and formed a pattern in which Confucianism was the dominant ideology. This also has a great influence on future generations.

9. In the second year of Yuanfeng (109), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty personally inspected the breach of the Yellow River. This is the first time that the emperor has personally taken charge of the Yellow River since the reunification of Qin.

10 When the hacksaw (indigenous seeder) was popularized by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, this method was used in China for more than two thousand years.

1 1. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions, which opened up the Silk Road and promoted economic and cultural exchanges between China and the West. This is the first time in the history of China.

12 years, in the sixth year of Han Yuanfeng (105), the ancestral daughter was married to Wusun and Qin as a princess. This is the first time in China's history that it is close to western countries.

13. Place fields on the wheel platform and furrow plough, and place messengers and a team leader side by side. This is the first time in China's history that he cultivated land in Xinjiang, China.

14, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty used the well canal method to make the leading canal, which was later introduced to Xinjiang, China and Persia.

15. Grapes and alfalfa were introduced from the Western Regions, and the thoroughbred horse-Tianma was introduced from Dawan. Music and magic from the Western Regions were introduced to China, and China's cast iron technology, silk and lacquerware were introduced to Dawan and other places.

16, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty applied benevolence and righteousness and ruled the country by virtue; At the same time, we attach importance to the rule of law and govern the country with heavy punishment. This is also the first time in history.

17 years, Yuanfeng five years ago (106 years ago), in order to strengthen the supervision of local officials and strongmen, 13 state departments were set up, so that the 600-stone-level patrol secretariat guarded the 2000-stone-level county and country.

18, in order to strengthen the imperial power, reform the prime minister system and establish China-Korea (inner Korea), which had a great influence on the evolution of the prime minister system.

19 years, two years ago in Ding Yuan (1 15 years ago), it was forbidden for counties and states to cast money, and only Shanglin Sanguanshu states were allowed to cast money. Except for the three officials, there is no money to circulate, and all the money cast by the county and state was abolished. From then on, the state monopolized the right to coin, which had a great influence on later generations.

20. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty settled fields in the northwest frontier counties through a large number of immigrants, which played an important role in the victory of the anti-Xiongnu war and the governance of the western regions. It also has a great influence on future generations. Cao Cao once said in "Preface to Reclaiming Farmland" that "filial piety is a good example for the first generation to cultivate the western regions", which illustrates this point.

2 1. The appointment of officials in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was diversified. Officials with more than 2,000 stones can make their descendants officials through the appointment system; Rich people can become officials through "election"; The descendants of sages can be taken care of, for example, Jia Yi's two sons are taken care of by the county magistrate. However, what is particularly striking is that Liang Wudi employs people on their own merits and does not stick to one pattern. For example, Wei Ruyun's son-in-law was chosen from the handmaiden. Wei Qing and Huo Qubing were selected from slaves and slave children respectively. The Prime Minister Gong Sunhong, Yu Shiguang, and the Prince Zhu and others were all selected from poor civilians. Zhang Tang, Du Zhou and Ting Wei Zhao Yu were selected from petty officials. It is particularly noteworthy that some generals appointed by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty were Yue and Huns. As a Xiongnu captive, Jin Ri Stan, a slave who kept horses in the palace, was chosen as an important official to entrust an orphan with Huo Guang and Shangguan Jie. These conditions show that the selection of talents by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is not limited by class background and ethnic differences. However, this does not mean that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty did not have standards for employing people, but there were still standards. The standard is "broaden the road of artistic talents and learn from others", and "those who have different talents in counties and counties can make the country unique". In other words, as long as they are willing to fight for the cause of the Han Dynasty, people with artistic talent and talent, people who can be generals and people who can go to distant countries can be appointed. In a word, the standard of employing people is meritocracy. It is precisely because of this that Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty has many talents. Ban Gu was surprised and said, "People who have won the Han Dynasty are prosperous here!" The appearance of this phenomenon deserves serious study.

22. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the first emperor in the history of China to send troops to the hinterland of Xiongnu for a decisive battle.

23. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the first emperor in the history of China who proposed that the northern nomadic Xiongnu should submit to the Central Plains Dynasty, and therefore built a surrender city in today's Inner Mongolia. Although Emperor Wu did not achieve this goal before his death, in the first year of Xuanyuan, Xiongnu became a vassal of the Han Dynasty.

24. After Li Guangli conquered Dayuan, many countries in the southern western regions surrendered to the Han Dynasty. In the second year of Emperor Xuandi (the first 60 years), the Huns surrendered to the Han Dynasty day by day, but were afraid to fight for the western regions, so they made all their servants a captain. Xuan Di appointed Ji Zheng as the commander-in-chief of the Western Regions, managing the countries in the north and south of the Western Regions, and the countries in the Western Regions surrendered to the Han Dynasty. This is the first time in the history of China.

25. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty pacified South Vietnam, Bo 'er County and Zhu Ya County were first established in Hainan Island.