How to actively face the new situation in the border areas and continue to maintain long-term stability in the border areas?

To tell the truth, some of my Mao Dengsan's books are about this, but I have to enter a lot of words at once, so I searched you online. Look at this.

20 10 the central government made an important decision to set up special economic zones in Kashgar, Horgos, Manzhouli, Inner Mongolia, Ruili, Yunnan and Dongxing, Guangxi from the perspective of deeply implementing the strategy of developing the western region and maintaining the long-term stability of the border areas. Holding special economic zones in China's border areas has its own advantages and conditions, as well as particularity and challenge, which requires more special policies and systems. This paper discusses this and puts forward some policy suggestions.

First, the strategic significance of running special economic zones in border areas.

Holding economic development zones and key development and opening-up pilot zones in inland and border areas of China is an important strategic measure for the CPC Central Committee and the State Council to implement the strategy of developing the western region in depth, and also an important form for the central government to hold special economic zones under the new situation.

(1) The central government has made a major decision to establish a special economic zone in the border areas of China. Under the new historical conditions, in order to further deepen reform, open wider to the outside world and accelerate the development of the western region, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council have made a major decision to hold large-scale special economic zones in border areas. On September 30th, 2009, the General Office of the State Council issued the Opinions on Maintaining the Steady and Rapid Economic Development in the Western Region in Response to the International Financial Crisis, proposing to actively promote the further opening of Dongxing in Xinjiang, Ruili in Yunnan, Kashgar and Manzhouli in Inner Mongolia, strengthen the cooperation in the development and utilization of resources and energy with neighboring countries and regions, and build an open bridgehead along the border. On April 20 10, the National Development and Reform Commission issued the Notice on the Development of the Western Region in 2009 and the Work Arrangements for 20 10. The document pointed out that we should give full play to the advantages along the border and promote economic, trade and cultural exchanges with neighboring countries. Actively promote the construction of key development and opening-up pilot zones in Dongxing, Guangxi, Ruili, Yunnan, Kashgar, Xinjiang and Manzhouli, Inner Mongolia, and prepare the development and opening-up plan along the western border. On June 29th, 20 10, the Central Committee of the State Council, China issued the Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Promoting Leap-forward Development and Long-term Stability in Xinjiang (Zhong Fa [2065438+00] No.9), clearly proposing to set up special economic zones in Kashgar and Khorgos, Xinjiang, and gradually implement special economic policies. 20 10 On June 29th, the Central Committee and the State Council issued "Several Opinions on Further Implementing the Strategy of Developing the Western Region" (Zhong Fa [2010]1No.), which pointed out: opening wider to the outside world, building an international land corridor, and building a new pattern of inland opening and border opening. Formulate plans for the development and opening up of the western border areas. Set up economic development zones in Kashgar and Horgos, Xinjiang, and implement special economic policies. Actively build Guangxi Dongxing, Yunnan Ruili, Inner Mongolia Manzhouli and other key development and opening pilot zones. It is estimated that in the first half of 20 1 1, the state will issue opinions to support the construction of two special economic zones, Kashgar and Horgos, and the key development and opening-up experimental zones in Dongxing, Guangxi, Ruili, Yunnan and Manzhouli, Inner Mongolia, and formulate a set of supporting policies to officially start the construction of special economic zones along the border and key development and opening-up experimental zones. The central government clearly pointed out that special economic zones or key development and opening-up pilot zones set up along the border or inland areas can implement more special preferential policies by referring to the experience of holding special economic zones in the eastern coastal areas. The so-called special economic zones refer to countries or regions that set aside a certain geographical scope in foreign economic activities, implement more open special policies, and promote the economic development of their own countries or regions through preferential ways such as reducing or exempting tariffs and providing good infrastructure. It is a special name for a special economic region. Both economic development zones and open experimental zones are actually special economic zones, even if their names are not "special economic zones".

(2) Further expand the strategic deployment of the opening-up pattern. The decision of the central government to hold a special economic zone in the border area of China is not only the need to further expand China's opening to the outside world, but also an inevitable strategic choice to ensure China's national interests. Opening wider to the outside world is an effective way to achieve rapid economic and social development. Due to the vast territory of China and the huge regional economic gap, it is impossible to fully open to the outside world at the beginning. It must be partially opened first, then gradually opened, step by step. After more than 30 years' efforts, China has formed an all-directional, multi-channel and multi-level opening pattern from point to line, from line to surface, from edge to depth, from south to north and from east to west. However, in the past, China's opening to the outside world was mainly to the east and the sea, while the opening along the border and inland was relatively backward, and the economic and social development in the western region was relatively slow, which restricted the overall level of China's opening to the outside world. Under the background of the further accelerated development of world economic globalization and regional economic integration, China's comprehensive construction of a well-off society has entered a critical period and modernization has entered an intermediate stage. Great changes have taken place in the connotation and extension of China's reform, opening up and modernization, as well as in the connotation and extension of bilateral and regional cooperation between China and neighboring countries. The report of the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out that in the new historical period, China should expand the breadth and depth of opening to the outside world and improve the level of open economy. In the regional opening-up strategy, it is necessary to deepen coastal opening-up, speed up inland opening-up, strengthen border opening-up, and realize mutual promotion of domestic opening-up and opening-up. Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Yunnan, Guangxi and other border provinces and regions are strategic places for China to expand its opening to the outside world in a wider scope, in a wider field and at a higher level. While insisting on opening to the east, we will increase the intensity of opening to the west, south and north, build a new pattern of all-round and large-scale opening, and combine opening to the sea with opening to the road to promote opening to the outside world. The purpose of establishing border special economic zones and key development and opening-up pilot zones is to encourage border port cities to try some major reform and opening-up measures first, solve development problems, innovate development models, explore new development paths and accumulate new development experiences. On the one hand, the establishment of special economic zones along the border is conducive to exploring new ways to improve the level of opening up along the border, perfecting the strategic system of opening up and developing an open economy; On the other hand, it is conducive to implementing the foreign policy of "good-neighborliness, security and prosperity", deepening political mutual trust and friendly cooperation between China and neighboring countries, and ensuring the long-term strategic interests of the country.

(3) Strategic measures to further develop the western region. Implementing the strategy of developing the western region and accelerating the development of the western region is an important part of China's modernization strategy, and it is also a major decision made by the CPC Central Committee with far-sightedness and overall situation, facing the new century. Since the implementation of the western development 10, the central government has continuously increased investment to accelerate the economic and social development of the western region. However, we should also clearly see that there is still a big gap between the development level of the western region and the eastern region, and the western region is still the difficulty and focus of building a well-off society in an all-round way. Supporting the development and construction of the western region and realizing the coordinated development of the eastern and western regions is an important policy for our party to lead economic work and an important strategic task for China's modernization drive. The next few years will be a crucial period for deepening the development of the western region. On 20 10, the central government held a conference on the development of the western region, proposing to implement the strategy of the development of the western region in depth, expand opening to the outside world, build an international land corridor, build a new pattern of inland opening and border opening, and issue a series of special policies to support the development of the western region and strategic arrangements for counterpart support. Border provinces are the key areas for China to implement the strategy of developing the western region. In the development of the western region, we should try first along the border. The central government decided to set up special economic zones in Kashgar, Horgos, Dongxing, Guangxi and Ruili, Yunnan, which is an important strategic measure for the state to support the leap-forward development of western provinces. It is conducive to promoting the transfer of open industries in the eastern region to the west, cultivating the hematopoietic function of economic development in the inland border areas, and forming a new pattern of mutual promotion and common development between the inland border areas and the eastern region. At the same time, the central government decided that Shenzhen should support Kashgar and Suzhou to build Horgos, which was far-reaching. The development and construction of special economic zones along the border will learn from the experience and lessons of reform, opening up and speeding up development in developed eastern regions and special economic zones, so as to avoid detours and get twice the result with half the effort.

(D) the strategic choice to create a new economic growth pole in the western region. Building a new pattern of opening to the outside world is an inevitable requirement for achieving sound and rapid economic development in our region. Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Yunnan, Guangxi and other border provinces are the key areas for China to implement the strategy of developing the western region. They have rich strategic resources and huge market development potential. They have geographical advantages and late-developing advantages in opening to the outside world, and there is huge room to undertake industrial strategic transfer and accelerate economic development in the eastern coastal areas, which has the development potential to become a strong economic province in the west. However, the infrastructure in the western region is relatively backward and the development conditions are uneven, so the development can not be fully rolled out, and it can only be achieved overnight through the unbalanced development process from point to line and then to the surface. That is, by optimizing the local investment environment, we can form an economic growth pole and build an important fulcrum for economic growth in the western region, thus radiating and driving the development of the western region. And special economic zones are the best form to do a good job of "point" and "pole" and an important form to promote regional economic development. Over the past 30 years of reform and opening up, the central government has attached great importance to the development of the western region and made a series of important decisions and major arrangements, such as developing the western region and accelerating the development of remote areas of ethnic minorities. The central government requires that the in-depth implementation of the strategy of developing the western region should be placed in the strategic position of the overall regional development, with strengthening self-development ability as the main line, improving people's livelihood as the core, and scientific and technological progress and talent development as the support to push the development of the western region deeper. The establishment of large-scale special economic zones in border areas can give full play to the regional advantages and resource advantages of opening up to the outside world, better attract foreign and eastern funds, technology, talents and management experience, promote resource concentration and industrial agglomeration, accelerate the process of industrialization and urbanization, realize economic take-off and leap-forward development, and form a new economic growth pole and economic center city, thus driving the rapid economic and social development in surrounding areas, and becoming a strategic fulcrum to incite the western region to achieve leap-forward development and an important fulcrum for the country to achieve sustainable development.

(5) Strategic measures to build onshore energy channels and enhance national energy security. Energy is a national strategic material and an important material basis for national economic growth and social development. Horgos, Kashgar and Ruili are important nodes of oil and gas pipelines and transportation lines that have been built or will be built in the future between China and Kazakhstan, China and Pakistan, and China and Myanmar. The construction of special economic zones along the border is conducive to opening up the land energy resources channels (pipelines, highways and railways) connecting the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean, Central Asia, Africa, Russia and the inland of China, realizing the diversification of China's energy imports from overseas through the sea, railways, highways and pipelines, effectively alleviating the pressure of importing energy resources from the sea mainly relying on the Straits of Malacca, promoting the construction of strategic channels for land energy resources in western China, and improving the supply capacity of overseas oil and gas resources and strategic mineral resources.

(6) Effective ways to promote national unity and achieve long-term stability in the border areas. Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Yunnan, Guangxi and other border provinces are all ethnic minority areas, which are also strategic barriers for China's security. Development is the key to maintaining border stability, national unity and national unity. Deng Xiaoping pointed out that the coastal areas should speed up opening to the outside world, so that this vast area with a population of 200 million can develop first, thus promoting the better development of the mainland. This is a problem that concerns the overall situation. The mainland should take care of the overall situation. On the other hand, when it develops to a certain extent, it requires coastal areas to invest more efforts to help the mainland develop. This is also an overall situation. At that time, coastal areas should also obey this overall situation. Most of the border areas are ethnic minority areas, but the economic development is relatively backward because of its inland location and inconvenient transportation. Long-term backwardness not only affects the harmony and stability of border areas, but also is not conducive to national unity. The development of frontier economy is related to the overall situation of national reform, development and stability, to national unity and national security, to the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and has a particularly important strategic position in the overall development of our country. Over the past 30 years of reform and opening up, the CPC Central Committee has attached great importance to the development and stability of border areas and ethnic minority areas and made a series of important decisions and major arrangements. At present, the CPC Central Committee has made a major decision to establish special economic zones in border areas. Through the construction of special economic zones, we can open wider to the outside world, accelerate development, prosper local economy, change the backward situation in border areas, narrow the economic gap with the eastern region, create more employment opportunities, speed up poverty alleviation and create a living and working environment, thus laying a material foundation for realizing national unity, border harmony, social stability and border stability. This is of great strategic significance for further promoting the action of prospering the border and enriching the people, accelerating the development of border areas, promoting national unity and maintaining border stability.

Second, the particularity of holding special economic zones in border areas.

(1) The proposed border special economic zone is a comprehensive special economic zone. At present, China covers almost all modes of special economic zones. In addition to seven comprehensive special economic zones such as Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou, Xiamen, Hainan, Shanghai Pudong and Tianjin Binhai, China has successively established 75 national high-tech zones, 15 bonded zones, 62 export processing zones, 10 bonded logistics parks, 14 national bonded ports and1. China Special Economic Zone has established different forms of special economic zones from one form to many forms, from coastal to inland, inland and remote areas, such as Xi, Chengdu, Urumqi, Hohhot and Kunming. Judging from the development of the world and China special economic zones, large comprehensive special economic zones are the best form of economic growth pole. Therefore, the special economic zones decided by the central government in the border areas are not export processing zones or other special economic zones in the general sense, but large-scale comprehensive special economic zones with the characteristics of multi-function and large area. Once completed, they will have great influence and radiation. The main purpose of establishing special economic zones along the border is to become an economic growth pole or a regional economic center city that drives, radiates and drives the leap-forward development of western provinces and regions, and finally realize the goal of "Shenzhen in the east and Kashgar in the west". The special economic zones along the border have at least the following objectives: (1) an important bridgehead open along the border (west, north and south) in China; (2) The western provinces and regions have developed new economic growth points by leaps and bounds; (3) China has developed an open experimental area along the border.

(2) Advantages and important opportunities of building special economic zones along the border. First, it has the advantage of open land. Kashgar is located in the southwest of Xinjiang, with a unique strategic position of "five connecting eight countries and connecting Europe and Asia all the way"; Horgos is located in the northwest of Xinjiang, bordering Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and other countries. It is an important international channel for China to open to the west and lead to Central Asia, South Asia, West Asia and even Europe. Dongxing, located at the southernmost tip of Chinese mainland's coastline, is the most convenient passage from China to Vietnam and Southeast Asia. Ruili, located in the west of Yunnan Province and connected with Myanmar, is the most convenient passage for China to reach Myanmar and radiate to Southeast Asia and South Asia. Manzhouli is located in Hulunbeier, Inner Mongolia, bordering Russia in the north and Mongolia in the west. It is the most convenient, economical and important land-sea combined transport channel for China's ports around Bohai Sea to Russian and other CIS countries and Europe.

Second, the cost of market factors is low and it has the advantage of being a latecomer. Border provinces belong to post-development areas, with abundant land, natural resources and labor resources, and relatively low prices. On the one hand, the selective establishment of special economic zones in these places is conducive to learning from the successful experience of holding special economic zones and economic development in developed regions and drawing lessons from their failures; On the other hand, it is conducive to facing "two resources and two markets" at home and abroad, undertaking industrial transfer, realizing factor agglomeration and industrial development, and accelerating the process of industrialization and urbanization.

Third, there are rich historical, cultural and tourism resources. Kashgar, Horgos, Ruili, Dongxing, Manzhouli, etc. Historically, it is a border port city with a long tradition of foreign trade. At the same time, it is also an important gathering area of ethnic minorities in China, with beautiful natural scenery and unique exotic customs. The ancient cultural landscape and the unique natural landscape complement each other, which makes countless tourists at home and abroad fascinated and has the unique advantage of developing tourism and cultural industries and related industries.

Fourth, special policy advantages. With the in-depth implementation of the new round of western development strategy and the acceleration of counterpart aid construction, border provinces and regions have ushered in a rare opportunity of large-scale development, opening up, construction and development, and the potential of long-term savings will be released unprecedentedly. In order to speed up the pace of development and opening up in border areas, the central government and mainland provinces and cities will increase their support, and the state has given or will soon give more special preferential policies and flexible measures to provide greater policy support for speeding up development and opening up.

(3) Holding special economic zones in border areas faces many difficulties. First, it is located inland and has poor contact with the outside world. These places are far from the sea and major rivers, and external traffic mainly depends on land. In some areas, there are no railways and airports, and the transportation lines are long and the transportation costs are high. Second, the economic foundation is poor and lacks the support of central cities. The infrastructure conditions in these places are relatively backward and far from the central cities. Kashgar and Horgos are 0/470km and 670km away from Urumqi/Kloc-0, Manzhouli is 2,600km and over 200km away from Hohhot and Beijing, Ruili is 750km away from Kunming, Dongxing is 0/80km away from Nanning/Kloc-0, the capital of Guangxi, and 308km away from Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam. Third, the infrastructure is relatively backward. Due to being far away from the central cities, long-term investment is insufficient, and various infrastructures are relatively backward. Fourth, the quality of the labor force is not high and there is a shortage of talents. Fifth, belonging to ethnic minority areas along the border increases the complexity and difficulty of policy implementation. Sixth, international terrorist forces and ethnic separatist forces exist, and the political and economic situation in neighboring countries is changeable, adding uncertainties to the construction of special economic zones. It can be seen that holding special economic zones in border areas will face greater challenges and risks. The state should give special economic zones more special economic policies, more flexible measures, greater economic autonomy and management authority, and developed provinces and cities in the central and eastern regions should give more powerful financial, technical and intellectual support.

Third, policy recommendations.

(1) Select several "sites" to run large-scale special economic zones. The mechanism of special economic zones on regional economic development is mainly polarization effect and diffusion effect. Firstly, the regional economic growth pole is formed by polarization effect, and then the economic development of the whole region is driven by diffusion effect. The ultimate goal of setting up special economic zones along the border is not to develop a few special economic zones themselves, but to pay more attention to the driving and radiating effects of the development of special economic zones on the region. China's vast border areas and regions lack capital, talents, management and other key factors of production, so we can only choose a few points with the best conditions as special economic zones to accelerate the gathering of factors of production, realize economic take-off, quickly form new economic growth poles and regional economic center cities, and promote the formation of China's border economic belt. We think it is appropriate for the central government to choose the above five addresses to establish special economic zones. In addition, we can also consider establishing a special economic zone in Suifenhe, Heilongjiang. The selection of points should be strictly controlled, and rushing headlong into action is not allowed. If everyone is special, there will be no special economic zone. We believe that the planning area of several special economic zones along the border should be relatively large, and they should eventually be combined with the development of their cities in order to promote the development and rise of their cities. Once you want to do it, you should concentrate on it and do it well. You should not be distracted. You should concentrate and do it for a while and then give up halfway. The construction period of large-scale comprehensive special economic zones will generally be longer, so we should be prepared for a protracted war.

(2) Emancipate the mind and make bold innovations. The establishment of special economic zones in border provinces is a great project. We should further emancipate our minds, seize opportunities, innovate development ideas, properly handle the relationship between points and areas, long-term and short-term, development and protection, mobilize the enthusiasm of all parties, make overall plans for the construction of special economic zones and the development of the cities where they are located, and do a good job in the construction of special economic zones along the border. We should learn from the experience of other countries and regions in the world and the eastern part of China in establishing special economic zones and work creatively in light of local conditions. For border provinces, we should actively seek the support of the central and state ministries and commissions as well as the eastern provinces and cities.

(3) Scientific development planning. The formulation of the development plan of special economic zones, that is, the master plan, is a pioneering and overall policy work involving the existence, construction and development of special economic zones, and a comprehensive project with strong policy and principle, which is crucial to the success or failure of the development and construction of special economic zones. Development planning should include long-term, medium-term and short-term plans. We must determine the functional orientation, development goals and specific tasks of economic and social development on the basis of analyzing the location conditions of special economic zones, and consider them in combination with the cities where they are located. When formulating the development plan of special economic zones, we must organize a special team to conduct extensive investigation and study, and employ relevant experts at home and abroad to conduct serious analysis, research, evaluation and demonstration, so as to make the plan as scientific and forward-looking as possible, and make it reasonable, perfect, detailed and concrete.

(3) Give more preferential policies. Preferential policies are the lifeline and essence of establishing special economic zones. Without preferential policies, there will be no special economic zones. Compared with the eastern coastal areas, the establishment of special economic zones in the western border areas faces more difficulties and more complicated factors. The most important thing for the development and opening up of special economic zones along the border is to give policies. As long as it is conducive to development, these places should be allowed to try first. We believe that in order to be more conducive to the construction of special economic zones along the western border, more preferential and flexible special policies should be given, including policies on finance, taxation, finance, investment, land, industry, import and export, entry and exit, talents and so on. First, give support to the project; The second is to give financial support; The third is industrial support. Fourth, the policy is tilted. In particular, it is necessary to formulate more favorable policies and more flexible measures than the eastern special economic zones in terms of taxation, opening up to the outside world and talents. At the same time, according to the process and needs of development and opening up, we will continue to give policy adjustment and policy supply.

(4) Strengthening the legislation of special economic zones along the border. Special economic zones are places where foreign investment is concentrated, and foreign economic ties and foreign affairs activities are frequent. Therefore, many countries or regions often formulate laws, regulations and detailed rules for the implementation of special economic zones before or during the establishment of special economic zones, legally define the interests of foreign personnel and foreign enterprises in investment or other forms of economic cooperation, and increase their sense of security and confidence in the future in investment activities. It is suggested that the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) authorize the people's congresses and their standing committees of provinces and autonomous regions where special economic zones are located to formulate laws and regulations on special economic zones. When conditions are ripe, authorize local special economic zones to have legislative power.

(5) Create a good soft and hard environment for investment. Environment refers to the political, economic and social environment of a country. The political environment includes political stability, policy continuity and the government's attitude towards foreign investment. Economic environment mainly refers to infrastructure, administrative efficiency, market conditions, labor resources, wage level, price level and other factors. Infrastructure includes water and electricity, electric power, energy supply, transportation, telecommunication network, financial and insurance services, cultural and entertainment facilities or municipal facilities, and other services that facilitate foreign businessmen's production and life. Social environment mainly refers to the social security situation, residents' cultural quality and residents' attitude towards foreign investment. A good environment is the basic condition for the competitiveness of special economic zones. The success of many special economic zones lies in creating an environment that is convenient for investors to operate and make profits. In addition, foreign businessmen are also quite sensitive to the political environment of the host country. Without political guarantee, foreign investors are reluctant to invest even if other conditions are more favorable. Therefore, political stability and lasting policies are prerequisites for the establishment of special economic zones. In addition, the establishment of a streamlined and efficient special economic zone management institution plays a very important role in enhancing foreign investment confidence and attracting more foreign investment. The management institutions of special economic zones are generally high-level, powerful, unified, decision-making, fast and efficient. According to the successful experience of running special economic zones in the eastern region, we suggest that there should be a deputy prime minister at the national level who is mainly responsible for opening to the outside world, and the main leaders of provinces and autonomous regions should personally take charge of it, and there should be a deputy to take charge of it. The administrative organs of special economic zones suggest giving the sub-provincial economic management authority. When conditions are ripe, the special economic zones and their cities will be merged into one sub-provincial city (such as Kashgar, Yining, Manzhouli and Fangchenggang). ) will be established to create conditions for accelerating the construction of a regional economic center city.

(5) Give priority to the development of industry and economy. Insisting on development is the first element. By improving the soft and hard investment environment, introducing foreign capital, combining trade, industry, technology and tourism, we will accelerate the attraction of domestic and foreign capital, technology and talents, accelerate the concentration of production factors, industrial agglomeration and economic development, effectively promote the process of industrialization, urbanization and internationalization, continuously enhance the hematopoietic function and self-development ability of the economy, and realize economic take-off and leap-forward development as soon as possible. While developing the economy, we will gradually improve people's lives.

(6) Promoting development by deepening reform and opening up. Opening promotes reform and development, while closure leads to backwardness. It is very important to build special economic zones along the border and do a good job in opening up. According to the spirit of General Secretary Hu Jintao's instructions, we should "make a fuss about marginal words, work hard on opening up and seek development in the industry". First, strengthen the construction of international channels and deepen port reform. Without smooth access to the outside world, development and opening up along the border will not survive. Through the construction of large passages and ports, we will promote large trade and industries and promote the leap-forward development of economy and society. Channel construction needs more funds, policies and coordination at the national level. Second, efforts should be made to innovate institutional mechanisms, carry out innovative experiments, explore new modes of development and opening up along the border, improve the level of opening up, promote cross-border regional cooperation, promote border economic development, and promote regional economic linkage. Third, we must adhere to both hands and be hard, and truly safeguard the normal order of economic development and social fairness and justice.