How is sugar made?

In prehistoric times, people have known to eat sweet food from fresh fruits, honey and plants. Later, it was developed to make maltose from grains, and then to make sugar from sugarcane beets. The history of sugar production has roughly experienced three stages: early sugar production, manual sugar production and mechanized sugar production.

China is one of the earliest countries in the world in the early sugar production stage. In the early stage, maltose and sucrose were dominant, and maltose played a greater role.

Making wine and sugar from grain is a great progress for mankind. There is a poem in the Book of Songs of the Western Zhou Dynasty in China called "A good place, viola is in full bloom", which means that the land in Zhou is very fertile, and even viola and chicory are as sweet as chicory. It means that caramel existed as early as the Western Zhou Dynasty. Maltose is considered to be the earliest sugar made in the world. Maltose belongs to starch sugar, so it can be said that starch sugar has the longest history.

All kinds of sugar 2(20 sheets)

Maltose is a kind of sugar made from rice (starch) and malt by saccharification and boiling, which is viscous and commonly known as maltose. Since the creation of the Western Zhou Dynasty, it has been widely circulated among the people and widely eaten. The history books from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Han Dynasty recorded the consumption and production of caramel. Among them, The Book of Qi Yao Min written by the Northern Wei Dynasty (the eighty-ninth "Huan") is the most detailed. The book describes the methods, steps and key points of making maltose, which will be used for a long time by future generations. Today, this starch sugar sweetener is still produced and has a good market, and it still has a certain position in the sugar industry. But sugar refining usually refers to sugar refining with sugarcane and beet as raw materials.

Sugarcane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar cane sugar In the early history of world sucrose production, China and India played an important role.

Zhou dynasty to Han dynasty

maltose

In China, the earliest recorded sugarcane planting was in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. During the Warring States Period in the 4th century BC, there were records of primary processing of sugarcane. There is such a poem in Qu Yuan's "Songs of Chu Evocation": "There is much pulp in the turtle." The "Zhejiang" here is sugarcane, and the "Zhejiang pulp" is the juice obtained from sugarcane. It shows that during the Warring States period, the State of Chu was able to carry out primitive processing on sugarcane.

There is a description in the biography of the Three Kingdoms Wu Shu Sun Liangchuan written by Chen Shou in the Western Jin Dynasty that "the yellow door is covered with silver, and the Han and Tibetan officials take the sugar cane bottles from Jiaozhou ...". Jiaozhou, the present Guangdong-Guangxi region, is located in the south of China with the above-mentioned Chu State, and is the earliest region where sugar is made from sugarcane. Sugarcane syrup is a kind of liquid sugar, which is sticky. Sugarcane juice is concentrated and processed into high concentration (viscous), which is convenient for storage and eating. The processing technology here has been greatly improved.

There is a phrase "sand and honey" in Seven Debates written by Zhang Heng in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The word "mortar" here means that the prepared sugar has tiny crystals, which can be regarded as the embryonic form of sugar.

In the 6th century A.D., Tao Hongjing wrote in Records of Famous Doctors: "Sugarcane grows out of the East River, and there are good people in Luling. A kind of Guangzhou has been used for several years, as big as bamboo, and the juice is sand sugar, which is very good for people. " The sugarcane planting area described here is wider, and the sugarcane planting technology has been improved to produce sugar. This sugar concentrates sugarcane juice until it naturally crystallizes and becomes sugar with honey. Compared with the previous sugarcane processing technology, it is a step higher.

Tang and song dynasties

In the sugar-making stage of handicraft industry, sugarcane pith was obtained from sugarcane during the Warring States period, sugarcane planting became increasingly prosperous, and sugarcane sugar-making technology was gradually improved. After nearly a thousand years of development, a large-scale workshop-style sugar industry was formed in the Tang and Song Dynasties.

In 647 AD, Emperor Taizong sent people to India to learn how to cook sugar. There is such a record in the Book of the New Tang Dynasty written by Ouyang Xiu and Song Qi: "... in the twenty-first year of Zhenguan, I sent an envoy to the emperor to offer Poirot trees and poplars. Emperor Taizong sent an envoy to take the method of boiling sugar, that is, all sugar cane in Yangzhou, like tussah, is far more color and taste than the western regions. " It shows that in the frequent cultural and scientific exchanges between China and India, there is also an exchange of experience in sugar-making technology.

Since the formation of handicraft sugar industry in Tang and Song Dynasties, sugar technology has gradually developed, and some new technologies and new processes have appeared one after another. New varieties such as white sugar and rock sugar produced by indigenous methods have also appeared one after another, and some theoretical works on sugar production have also been produced.

In 674 AD, China invented the method of dripping sugar. In this method, a set of funnel-shaped pottery, as well as pottery pots and other gadgets are used. After the sugarcane juice is boiled to a certain concentration, pour it into the tile slip (funnel-shaped pottery) and pour the yellow mud from it. With the help of adsorption and decoloration of yellow mud, white sugar was obtained. The appearance of white sugar indicates that sugar-making technology has reached a new height. This home-grown sugar-making method has been used in China for more than 1000 years.

During the Tang Dynasty (766 ~ 779), Suining, Sichuan made rock sugar from sugarcane. The production of rock sugar adds unique products to the sugar industry.

During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the sugar handicraft industry flourished, and the variety and quality of sugar produced reached a fairly high level. Sugar products are not only sold all over China, but also exported to Persia, Rome and other places, which promotes international trade. The sugar handicraft industry, which has risen widely, has spread all over Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Sichuan and other parts of the country. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, Fujian and Guangdong immigrated to Taiwan Province Province in large numbers, and at the same time brought with them the technology of planting sugarcane to make sugar. Because the climate in Taiwan Province Province is suitable for planting sugarcane, the sugar industry has developed rapidly and has become one of the main sugar production bases in China.

In the middle of the 8th century, China's sugar-making technology was introduced to Japan. /kloc-was introduced to Java around the 0/3rd century and became the origin of sugar industry on the island. 15 ~16th century, the expatriates in China also spread the sugar-making method in the Philippines, Hawaii and other places.

In the long-term sugar-making practice, many sugar-making methods have been gradually summarized. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Wang Zhuo wrote the first monograph on sugar production in China-Sugar Frost Spectrum 65438 to 065438 to 030. The book * * * is divided into seven chapters, which are rich in content, respectively describing the history of sugar production in China, the planting methods of sugarcane, sugar production equipment (including squeezing and boiling equipment), technological process, the taste of icing, uses and the economy of sugar production industry. The first issue 1637, the sixth volume of Heavenly Creatures (Ganai) written by Song Dynasty in Ming Dynasty, describes various methods of planting sugarcane and making sugar, which is more systematic and detailed than the book Sugar Frost Spectrum. These methods have been used by China people until the 20th century. The method described in the book (pressing method) is similar to the principle of modern sugarcane multiple pressing. In the clarification of sugarcane juice, the book summarizes the lime clarification process for the first time, and its principle is still used in modern sugar industry. The systematic manual sugar-making processes summarized in Ganai, such as juicing, lime clarification and concentrated sugar boiling, have become the technical basis of modern mechanized sugar-making.

Spreading of sucrose production in India

When China's sugarcane technology spread abroad, India, another birthplace of sugarcane in the world, also spread sugarcane technology to other countries. In the 7th century, Arabs introduced sugarcane planting technology from India to Spain and Italy. Since then, sugarcane has been planted along the Mediterranean coast, and the cultivation technology of sugarcane has been introduced to some countries in North America. /kloc-At the end of 0/5, Columbus introduced sugarcane technology to the West Indies and soon spread to Cuba and Puerto Rico. In the 1920s and 1930s, sugarcane technology first spread to Mexico, Brazil, Peru and other countries. Soon, the sugar cane industry developed in North and South America.

Beet and mechanized sugar production

From the end of 18 to the beginning of 19, the success of sugar beet greatly promoted the development of sugar industry and directly led to the mechanization of sugar industry.

Sugar beet industry has been rising for a long time. The main raw material used for sugar production is sugarcane, which can only grow in tropical and subtropical regions, and cannot be planted in cold regions for sugar production. /kloc-at the end of 0/8th century, a new sugar raw material, beet, was finally discovered, which brought a major breakthrough to the development of sugar industry.

1747, German chemist A. Magraff discovered that beetroot contains sugar, but it was ignored. 1786, Magraff student F.K. A Hald successfully planted sugar beet in the suburb of Berlin, realized the extraction of sucrose from sugar beet, and started the breeding of sugar beet. Hald published a paper in 1799, announcing that sugar can be made from beet. 1802, Hald established the world's first sugar beet factory in Kunene, near Silesia in Eastern Europe. In the same year, Russia also built a beet factory. 18 1 1 year, another beet factory was built in France. Since then, European countries have set up factories, and the beet industry has risen rapidly. 18 10, there were 65438 beet factories in Russia. In 1824, Ukraine began to establish beet factories. After 20 years, it has grown to 67, and Ukraine has become the main sugar-producing region in Russia.

Brazil's sugar production chain

The rapid rise and development of beet sugar industry in Europe has important political and economic reasons. /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, Napoleon imposed a blockade on the British Island, while Britain imposed an economic blockade on the European continent from the sea, which hindered the maritime transportation in Europe, and some urgently needed materials and food such as sugar could not be transported to the European continent from the sea. This situation objectively promoted the rapid development of beet sugar industry in Europe. Soon, beet technology crossed the Atlantic, spread to America, and then spread to Asia and the world. [ 1]

The development of mechanized sugar industry The origin and production of beet sugar are mainly in Europe, and the19th century is the era of capitalist development in Europe. Advanced industry and advanced science and technology provide many favorable conditions for the mechanization of sugar industry. Most of the modern mechanized sugar production processes and equipment began in the beet industry in Europe. 1the beginning of the 9th century to1the 1960s was the main formation period of mechanized sugar-making industry, and many new sugar-making technologies and equipment emerged continuously. During this period, beet sugar industry has completed some basic technologies, such as percolating juice, adding ash to sugar juice, cleaning with carbonic acid, multi-effect evaporation, vacuum boiling crystallization, centrifugal separation of honey into sugar and so on.

/kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, a good adsorbent, bone charcoal, has been applied to the decolorization of beet sugar juice and achieved good results. 182 1 year, Dongbale sliced beet roots and soaked them in hot water to extract sugar, which changed the early practice of squeezing beet juice and became the forerunner of exudation method. By 1830, Dongbale invented the exudation method. However, due to the lack of ideal clarification methods, the obtained sugar juice is not easy to clarify. 1840, Kalman invented the carbon dioxide saturation method, which made a breakthrough in clarifying sugar juice. 1843 invented a multi-effect evaporator to concentrate the sugar juice. At the same time, the sugar particles and molasses in the sugar paste are completely separated by high-efficiency centrifugal honey separation process, and the sugar with honey is no longer obtained, but clean sugar. 1849, Rousseau invented the process of making sugar with carbonic acid. 1849 The purification technology of sugar juice was further improved by using sulfur dioxide to bleach sugar juice instead of expensive bone charcoal. 1859, Peirier and Posets improved the carbonic acid method to bicarbonate method, which significantly improved the clarification effect, but the precipitated particles in sugar juice were still difficult to remove. In 1864, Denek invented a filter to separate the precipitated particles of sugar juice. In the same year, J. Robert Company of Austria manufactured the intermittent seepage box group, which was widely used after cooperating with the purification process of bicarbonate. In the 20th century, continuous percolator was developed, which gradually replaced Robert percolator. At this point, a relatively complete production process of carbonated sugar has basically taken shape and has become the forerunner of modern sugar-making technology.

Because most beet processing techniques are also suitable for sugarcane, they are quickly adopted by sugarcane sugar industry, but the clarification techniques of sugarcane sugar and beet sugar are quite different. In terms of juice extraction, sugar cane sugar factories basically still use the method of squeezing juice, and at the end of 18, sugar cane was squeezed by three rollers.

/kloc-at the beginning of the 0/9th century, the vacuum crystallization (sugar boiling) tank was successfully manufactured. In the middle stage, steam engine has been used to drive squeezing and centrifugal honey separator has been used. Since then, with the gradual maturity of sugar production technology and the continuous emergence of equipment suitable for industrial production, the sugar industry has entered a stage of large-scale industrial production.

The history of mechanized sugar production in China

Mechanized sugar production in China 19 to the beginning of 20th century is the brewing and exploration period of mechanized sugar production in China. In 1930s, there was an upsurge of mechanized sugar production in China, but the industrial system of mechanized sugar production was not formed, and the sugar production industry was still in the handicraft stage. After 1949, it has continuously developed into a complete modern sugar industry system.

1878, British businessman Jardine Matheson established China Refined Sugar Company in Hongkong. The machine is purchased from England, and refined sugar is produced from soil sugar, which can handle 4000 tons of soil sugar every day. 1880, Jardine Matheson opened a branch in Shi Jiao, Shantou, Guangdong. In addition, British businessmen also set up Swire Sugar Refining Company in Swire Foreign Firm in Hong Kong. After Britain, American and Japanese businessmen also set up mechanical sugar factories in China, and the sugar-making technology, technology and equipment were introduced from abroad. Due to social unrest and poor management, these sugar factories failed to survive for a long time.

1905, sugar beet was planted in northeast China. 1908 Build a sugar beet factory (Acheng Sugar Factory) with a daily processing capacity of 350 tons.

19 15 A sugar beet factory (Hulan Sugar Factory) with a daily processing capacity of 350 tons will be built.

19 16, the Japanese established "Nanman Sugar Co., Ltd." in the northeast of China, and established a Toyota Sugar Factory with a daily processing capacity of 500 tons of sugar beet in the suburbs of Shenyang, which was put into operation in 19 17. Tieling Sugar Factory was built in Tieling on 1922, and both sugar factories stopped production on 1926.

1920 Beijing puyi company built puyi sugar factory in Jinan, Shandong province, 192 1 put into production, 1929 stopped production.

1938, Japan established "Xinjing Sugar Factory" in Fan Jiatun, Jilin Province, and later changed it to Jilin Sugar Factory.

Before 1930s, sugar beet, sugar cane and refined sugar factory; Sugar factories established by foreign capital or national capital have failed. China's mechanized sugar industry has not yet formed, and it is still in the stage of manual sugar production. The ancient method of pulling stones from cows with sugarcane to make sugar is still popular today, and local sugar houses, earth sugar houses and small workshops are all over urban and rural areas. The yield and quality of sugar are not as good as those of advanced countries. We still need to import a lot of sugar. From 65438 to 0929, sugar imports reached the peak (740 million kilograms), with a value of10.22 million silver, ranking second in the country.

Since 1930s, China has arbitrarily restricted the import of foreign sugar to protect the development of domestic sugar industry. From 1929 to 1933, a serious economic crisis broke out in the capitalist world, and many companies and businessmen were eager to promote unsalable goods and overstocked equipment. China has become a big market for their capital export. For example, Honolulu Iron Works in the United States and Skoda Factory in the Czech Republic came to Guangdong at this time to promote their backlog of sugar-making equipment. Guangdong warlords tried to enrich their economic strength, consolidate and expand their political status by establishing sugar industry, and vigorously supported and established mechanized sugar industry. Guangdong sugar industry has a long history and abundant raw materials (sugarcane), which is also beneficial to the development of sugar industry objectively. From August of 1933 to June of 1936, under the contract of Honolulu Iron Works and Czech Skoda Works, six mechanized sugar factories were built in Guangdong, namely Stone, Shunde, Dongguan, Zhao Xin, Huiyang and Jieyang. Its designed total production capacity is 7000 tons of sugarcane and 700 tons of sugar per day. All machinery and equipment are imported from abroad, and the scale of technical equipment is unprecedented. Guangdong has become an important base for sugar mechanization in China.

The upsurge of establishing mechanized sugar industry in Guangdong also spread to other provinces that can use sugarcane to make sugar, and then mechanized sugar factories were established one after another. However, due to the turbulent situation and weak industrial base, these new mechanized sugar factories failed to develop and prosper, and many sugar factories were forced to close down.

China sugar industry

Since the 20th century, the mechanization of sugar industry in Taiwan Province Province has developed rapidly. The earliest mechanized sugar factories were established in 190 1, and reached 1945. There are 42 mechanized sugar factories in the province. During the period of 1934 ~ 1943, the sugar industry in Taiwan Province Province developed rapidly, and the sugar output increased sharply, with a large number of exports. During the sugar-making period of 1938 ~ 1939, the output of machine-made sugar reached1370,000 tons.

After 1949, the sugar industry in Chinese mainland continued to develop. Sugarcane sugar industry is mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Fujian, Hainan, Sichuan and other places. Beet industry is concentrated in Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Xinjiang and other places. The yield ratio of sugarcane sugar to beet sugar is about 4: 1. By 1980s, China had become one of the largest sugar producers in the world.