The guardian double-headed eagle of the Habsburg family

Although Charles V is of Spanish descent, he is a member of the Habsburg family, the grandson and heir of maximilian. In order to win the throne election, he spent more than 20 million pounds to bribe, and finally defeated the more expensive French King Francis I and British King Henry VIII, Hungarian King Louis and Polish King Sigmund. After the victory, he tasted the benefits of his grandfather's marriage everywhere, and he inherited Spanish property including Naples and Sicily. In addition, he has an aunt, Margaret Of Austria, who is the Regent of the Netherlands. He and his brother Ferdinand shared the Germanic region equally. He also has many sisters, namely the queens of France, Portugal, Hungary, Bohemia, Denmark, Norway and Sweden, and one menstruating, Catherine of Aragon, who married the king of England.

152 1 year, Charlie presided over the imperial conference held in Vorms and passed the famous Vorms decree, which was aimed at condemning Martin Luther, but Martin Luther ignored it. Charlie often focuses on other national affairs, especially the invasion of Hungary by the Ottoman Empire. In this way, the Austrian Grand Duke Ferdinand had to come forward to deal with the thorny Austrian Protestantism. Protestantism not only grew among the people, but eventually led to the German peasant war of 1525- 1526, and it was also influential among Vienna University and nobles.

The greater threat of the Catholic faith that Charlie vowed to protect came in 1526, saying that the world-beater Turkish army had marched to the Hungarian border under the command of the great Suleiman I. Suleiman retreated this time, but he made a comeback three years later with the goal of conquering Vienna. After his troops arrived at the gate, they simply exchanged a few hands, then camped around the whole city and sent a message to the soldiers and civilians in the city: "On the third day, we will have breakfast in the city." Turkish soldiers pushed forward the trenches, dug tunnels under the city and buried mines. If Vienna falls, the Turks will undoubtedly March. However, days and weeks have passed, but nothing has changed. The commander of the Vienna Yugoslav capital gradually gained confidence and said to the Turkish army, "Your breakfast is getting cold!" At that time, the weather was getting colder and colder, and the Turks knew better than Napoleon that it was difficult to support an army in the ice and snow 700 miles away from home. With the arrival of the first snow in winter, Turks began to return.

Even so, at 1555, Charlie stepped down. The threat of Turks and French, and the Germanic monarch's use of Lutheranism to disintegrate the centralization of the whole empire gradually made him lose his desire to rule the country. He passed the Dutch and Spanish thrones to his son Philip II, and left the empire and Austria to his younger brother Ferdinand I, who abdicated to a monastery and became the first emperor to abdicate in the history of the Holy Roman Empire. Habsburg dynasty was formally divided into two branches: Habsburg dynasty in Spain and Habsburg dynasty in Austria.

When the anti-Reformation movement was carried out in Spain, it was not barbaric and crazy, but it was also in full swing. Maximilian II, heir to the throne in Vienna, was quite tolerant of Protestants. An ambassador once commented that in Austria, "few people ask you whether you are a Catholic or a Protestant". This relative calm lasted until 16 18, and was finally broken by a political dispute in Prague. This is not the first time or the last time. As a result, flying trapeze and violent incidents have occurred from time to time.

The victims of this incident were two Roman Catholic ministers who went to Prague to talk with Protestant leaders. However, the negotiations became more and more rigid and the war escalated. Finally, two ministers in costumes were thrown out of the window of Chlad Qiu Chen Castle 60 feet above the ground. They managed to hook the edge of the window with their fingertips, but they were forced to let go under a heavy blow. They fell screaming, but fortunately they fell on the dunghill and fled back to Vienna to report their humiliation. This incident led to the Thirty Years' War, which spread all over Europe. This is unprecedented, and the only similarities are the Napoleonic Wars or the two world wars. Behind all these arguments, the essence of the struggle between Protestants and Catholics is that the Habsburg family and France settle old scores until the people concerned are exhausted.

After the Thirty Years' War, the fate of the Habsburg family passed to the little king of 14 years old. When he was still in the nursery, he built a chapel with building blocks and pretended to be a priest to attend mass, which impressed his Jesuit teacher, but his personal qualities were not so attractive. Young Leopold I was stunted, weak and ugly, with almost all his teeth missing and high myopia. However, this sickly young man became one of the longest reigning kings in Austrian history. At the same time, it resisted two most cunning opponents in history, Louis XIV of France and Carla Mustafa of Turkish Prime Minister, making Austria one of the European powers at that time.

Leopold spent most of his early years in daily work, so his Jesuit advisers ignored the guidance of the anti-Reformation movement. He himself survived twice from poisonous pigeon cakes sent by Hungarian Protestants and Turks. 1669 plague spread in Vienna; Louis XIV has always coveted Austria. 1682, Halley's comet crossed the sky, indicating that something special was about to happen, but Leopold didn't know it. "God, don't let me do anything bad again," he wrote. "I know I'm sinful, and now it's time to atone. God was angry, and we all saw comets. All pious people know that this is telling us to make up for it quickly. He declared that he would never stop until all his horses were locked under the dome of St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome. To this end, Turkey's 654.38+10,000 troops began a long March across the Balkans.

By July 1683, the Turkish army was only a few hours away from Vienna, and people were in a panic and at a loss. The blazing fire in Murrow Monastery in Gar, Carenborg, tells people that the Turkish army has gone to Enemy at the Gates. Farmers poured into the capital to take refuge, but nobles fled to the countryside. Leopold was surrounded by his subjects and begged him not to leave. He got into the carriage in tears, and he didn't forget to hold out his hand for everyone to kiss goodbye. The court attendants and servants were in a hurry to escape from the castle, and no one thought of closing the gate. The 60,000 people left in Vienna are protected by 20,000 infantry and armed militia. Although they are equipped with cannons, the effect has not been tested. Vienna has walls on three sides, and the top side has a moat natural barrier. The bridge was demolished before the Turkish army arrived. The Imperial Army (if you can still call it that) was led by Leopold's brother-in-law, Duke Charles of Lorraine, and was stationed in the upper reaches of the Danube. Fortunately, King Jan sobieski of Poland realized that the fall of Vienna would open the door to Poland, so he took the initiative to send troops to help.

A loud noise blew down the wall near the palace, and countless Turkish soldiers covered their heads with burlap, climbed up the ladder and climbed up the wall, shouting "Allah! Allah! " They had planted two flagpoles in the city before being repelled by the soldiers guarding the city. The defenders quickly filled the holes in the city wall with gravel, furniture, wine presses and mattresses. And everything they have. Mustafa could have taken Vienna by force, but he would rather wait for surrender, which made a fatal mistake. Soon, the emergency distress signal on Karen Mountain attracted a large number of rescue teams. Allied forces composed of Saxons, Tuva themselves, Bavarians and Bohemians captured Mount Karen. The Polish cavalry fought a beautiful battle and lifted the siege on the same day. Leopold was sitting on a boat on the Danube when he learned the good news. He immediately ordered all celebrations to be postponed until he came to Vienna. In this regard, he said frankly: "I must be the first person to enter the city, because if not, my subjects will love me less, but their support for others will increase."

Another enemy of the empire is still France. Louis XIV was determined to win the Spanish throne for his son Philip, while the Habsburg family regarded it as their own. Britain is firmly opposed to the merger of France and Spain, especially the new king William III, because it will threaten his birthplace in Holland. Large-scale alliance activities created the most famous military partner in history-Winston Churchill's ancestor-john churchill, Duke of Marlboro, who was destined to be a friend of the famous Austrian hero and young prinz eugen. The two are completely different. Once, when the Duke of Marlborough saw several soldiers trying to escape, he immediately stretched out his arm and shouted, "Gentlemen, the enemy is over there." In the same battlefield, under the same circumstances, Eugen shot and killed the deserter on the spot. But the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugen are really invincible. They defeated the French army in Brenheim and won in Oder Nalder, Mar Plaquet and Lamy. Eugen also won a great victory in the battle of Turin in northern Italy. The British have always been ambiguous about the alliance. They just want to defeat France, not recapture Spain for the Habsburg family. As soon as France was defeated, Britain dissolved the alliance. So Leopold's youngest son, charles vi, did not get Spain, but got Naples, Milan, Spain's Netherlands and Sardinia as compensation according to the Treaty of Utrecht. Later, he traded Sardinia for Sicily. On the other hand, Philip of France became King Philip V of Spain, but at the cost of losing the French throne.

It seems that in order to make up for the loss of Spain, Charlie introduced Spanish characteristics and continued it in Habsburg Palace in Vienna. Etiquette and ceremonies follow Spanish customs, and kings and courtiers wear Spanish clothes. The young Austrian architect Fischer von Erach was responsible for most of the restoration projects in postwar Vienna. He tried to incorporate Spanish style into his works, especially on the double pillars of Karl's church. The other is to strive for the upper reaches, and everything is better than the hateful France. Sch? nbrunn Palace is said to be better than Versailles Palace. Such extravagance and waste reminds people of the world difference between the rich and the poor, and at the same time questions the source of wealth of the nobility.

The opposition between the rich and the poor is particularly prominent in Bohemia. The land originally belonging to Protestants was confiscated, but it was given to Roman Catholics, hoping to exchange their loyalty to the Habsburg family instead of taking their property to other competitors. After a long time, the Habsburg family decided to abolish the taxation of the nobles in order to win their support.