What are the benefits and disadvantages of globalization?

1. Globalization is a new phenomenon that has become increasingly prominent in the world since the 198s, and it is the basic feature of today's era.

there is no unified definition of globalization. generally speaking, from the material form, globalization refers to the cross-border flow of goods and capital, which has gone through several stages of development: transnational, local internationalization and globalization. The transnational flow of goods and capital is the initial form of globalization. In this process, there have been corresponding regional and international economic management organizations and economic entities, as well as transnational exchanges, collisions, conflicts and integration of cultural, lifestyle, values, ideology and other spiritual forces.

generally speaking, globalization is a pluralistic concept with economic globalization as its core, including the interrelation, influence and restriction of various countries, nationalities and regions in politics, culture, science and technology, military affairs, security, ideology, lifestyle and values. "Globalization" can be summarized as globalization in ten aspects: science and technology, economy, politics, rule of law, management, organization, culture, ideas, interpersonal communication and international relations.

2. globalization is an inflammatory word. Advocates hope that it will bring unprecedented progress and prosperity to the whole world; Critics assert that it will bring poverty, war and even cultural extinction to developing countries. What is globalization? Are we really experiencing unprecedented globalization? What has globalization brought us in the past?

what is globalization?

Globalization is a process, which means that the flow of material and spiritual products breaks through the constraints of regions and national boundaries and affects life in every corner of the earth. Globalization also includes the cross-border movement of people. The flow of people is the highest degree of integration of material and spiritual flows.

scientific and technological progress is the driving force of all social changes, and the progress of transportation and communication technology is the support of globalization. The progress of transportation promotes the globalization of people and material products, and the progress of communication promotes the globalization of spiritual products. Of course, the roles of the two technologies are often inseparable. Internet can mobilize capital, and ships can also spread the spirit.

apart from the factors of technological progress, globalization is the globalization of capital, and it is also the globalization of capitalism, that is, the globalization of profit-oriented view-Marx discussed the essence of globalization 15 years ago. Except in wartime, capital pursues profits crazily around the world, 24 hours a day, and never gets tired. Therefore, the globalization so far is reflected in the expansion of the market economy system all over the world. All other aspects of globalization, including the international * * * capitalist movement, are derived from the globalization of capital. If the expansion of the world market is inevitable, so is globalization. Since globalization affects life in every corner of the earth, people certainly want to have their own distinct positions. The complexity of globalization lies in the fact that different things can produce different results in different space and time. These four types of variables are infinite. Since people can't predict all the variables, they have to rely on ideology to decide their position.

For many supporters, globalization is an ideology based on the ideal of one world. Supporting globalization means respecting "market rules" and conforming to the historical trend. For many opponents, anti-globalization is an ideology based on the ideal of an equal world. Anti-globalization means opposing widening the gap between the rich and the poor and opposing hegemony. Ideological tendency is human nature and an important driving force for human progress. However, I don't want to talk about ideology here, I just want to talk about things.

are we experiencing unprecedented globalization?

is the globalization in the imperial era of "the sun never sets" inferior to that in the American era? If McDonald's and KFC can reflect globalization, Chinese restaurants landed all over the world in the last century, and now their popularity is far from that of American fast food. I suspect that today's globalization has been exaggerated by the rapidly expanding "press".

At present, globalization is mainly caused by the rapid progress of communication technology, and traffic technology has not made great progress. From the second half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 2th century, the transportation technology represented by ships, railways, automobiles and airplanes made a qualitative leap, and the international exchange of people and materials increased geometrically. At that time, immigration was easy, immigration management was not strict, and passports were dispensable. It was at that time that America began to be full of immigrants, and it was then that China people began to wear western-style clothes, switch to western-style pen and ink, carry guns, live in foreign houses, use foreign matches, make foreign nails, and go to South Asia, the West and the East.

even with capital flows, I'm afraid the old days may not be far behind. A hundred years ago, many people in China saved money, withdrew money and borrowed money in banks run by foreigners. At that time, the currency was freely convertible. Capital export is regarded by Lenin as one of the main characteristics of traditional imperialism. It is said that today's globalization is reflected in the flow of "financial capital" on an alarming scale. Every day, more than 1 trillion dollars are gambled and speculated in the world financial market, and the global "hot money" is as high as 4 trillion dollars every year. But what does that mean? Today's international trade volume is only $8 trillion. Can international financial gambling affect life in every corner of the globe? Capital is one of the three elements of economy, and its fundamental significance lies in promoting the efficiency of the combination of labor and means of production. However, how much efficiency does the "capital" used for international gambling promote? The backbone of globalization is industrial and commercial capital, not "gambling capital".

the use of electricity, the rise of broadcasting, the appearance of telephone, the popularity of press and publication, and even the later television era, the progress of any of the above communication technologies may not be less significant than the Internet. Therefore, the globalization of spiritual products in the past is no less than today, and the diversification of spiritual products is no less than today. Otherwise, how can democratic thoughts, the thoughts of the * * * producers and even various other ideologies spread throughout the world in the 19th and 2th centuries? In addition to the huge "financial capital", it is said that today's globalization is also reflected in the prosperity and popularization of the Internet. Internet makes information transmission fast and convenient. But having information is obviously not the same as having knowledge, and the increase of information may not necessarily increase the diversity of ideas. The concept of Americans today is no more than that of Vietnam War, nor is it more than that of India. The concept of China intellectuals today is not necessarily more diverse than that of the Warring States period 23 years ago. Compared with today's universities, wasn't Peking University much more diversified in thought in the 192s? Of course, the concept of China people is more diversified now than it was 2 years ago, but that is not the result of the Internet.

The two world wars and the Cold War lasted for 8 years, which cut off the globalization process of the world and made the international exchanges resumed after the Cold War appear sudden and novel. I'm not a historian, but I wouldn't be surprised if a historian told me that in the last century and early last century, the international exchange of people, materials, capital and spirit was higher than today.

of course, I'm not saying that the future globalization will not surpass the past globalization.

what does globalization bring?

whether we are in an unprecedented globalization process or not, the past experience is enlightening. The historical experience of globalization can be divided into four categories: moral issues; Income problem; Convergence and divergence; Internationalism and nationalism. The following four characteristics of globalization correspond to these four problems.

1. Globalization without the rule of law and morality. The marketization within any country is mature with the gradual maturity of the legal environment. However, international marketization is not carried out under the rule of law, so it is impossible to "mature". As long as there is no world government, the so-called rule of law in the international market is simply impossible. When legislation, judicature and law enforcement all belong to one family, only idealists expect fairness, and only those countries that are most capable of profiting from unfairness talk about how fair the international order is. Without a global government ruled by law, the so-called "global governance" cannot be a governance that embodies international justice.

2. it is impossible to predict the globalization of national profits and losses. It is very difficult to talk abstractly about the conditions for gaining or losing in globalization. Strong countries, weak countries, big countries and small countries may all benefit and suffer. Traditional China was defeated by globalization, but it also rose rapidly from globalization. The British Empire rose from globalization and also declined in globalization. At present, although the United States has always been the biggest beneficiary of globalization, it tends to be indifferent to globalization, because the United States is beginning to feel the price.

3. Stimulate the globalization of pursuing differences. The "convergence" caused by globalization is superficial, but the "divergence" caused by globalization is profound. Pursuing differences is the most profound feature of the era of globalization. Globalized capital has no humanity at all. It brings fierce social changes, stimulates the rise of various ideologies, and is bound to be accompanied by fierce conflicts among social groups, ideologies and even nation-states. In the past, globalization brought prosperity and progress, great revolution, civil war and "world war".

4. Promote nationalism and the globalization of national boundaries. There is no doubt that all kinds of internationalism in modern times have originated from globalization. However, globalization has brought stronger nationalism, passports and customs, barriers to personnel exchanges, "sacred" national borders, more advanced weapons and stronger national defense. In the past globalization, nationalism, especially nationalism, won instead of internationalism. Today, we see the rise of the doctrine of "United States of Europe", the use of European currency, the consolidation of European borders, the establishment of European customs and the unification of European defense. What stimulated this new "Western European nationalism"? The United States, Japan, Western Europe ... Which one is still talking about internationalism? When people have extended the battlefield of border security to outer space, who can say that globalization has destroyed national borders? Once upon a time, the Olympic Games and the World Cup, which were established for universal joy, actually became the arena of nations, and the competition between countries even became the capital for competition within nation-states.

Conclusion

For the sake of "economic benefits", people have moved from vast, scattered and self-sufficient villages to cities. They live in close proximity and depend on each other, but only by haggling over every ounce, competing with each other and fighting with each other can they survive. People in the city don't look different, but everyone is looking for something different in their bones. Only difference can stand out in the competition for survival. Cruel market competition has gradually turned more and more "villagers" into people who lack morality and justice. They worship all the "civilization" brought by capital, or they worship capital itself at all. People naturally forget that the lives of the poor in Afghanistan are equal to those in the World Trade Center. They will light candles for more than 2, "civilized" lives in new york, but they will never think of burning incense for the more than 4, "barbaric" victims in Afghanistan. Human beings can openly claim that selfishness and the law of the jungle are their nature and can lead to "the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people." Such human beings have to replace the fence that separates families with steel security doors, and replace the elders who mediate neighborhood disputes with police armed to the teeth. When the poor and vast global village becomes a prosperous and small global city, their respective "national interests" naturally become the highest criterion of international relations, and force naturally becomes the premise of security and order

When internationalization began to tend to refer to such a process, today's globalization is used to distinguish a series of trends, many of which became particularly prominent after World War II. They include:

the increase in the number of universal standards worldwide, such as: copyright law

the growth of international trade at a faster rate than that of the world economy

the growth of shares in the world economy controlled by multinational companies

the development of the global financial system

more international cultural influences, For example, the export of Hollywood movies

the decrease of cultural diversity

the development of international tourism

the information resources enjoyed by * * * are constantly increasing through technologies such as the Internet and telephone

The growth of immigrants, including illegal immigrants

Many trends are regarded as positive by various organizations supporting globalization, and in many cases, globalization is actively promoted by the government and others. For example, there is an economic theory that comparative advantage makes free trade more effective in resource allocation and beneficial to both parties involved in trade.

After World War II, the barriers to international trade have been greatly reduced through many international organizations such as GATT. Especially the World Trade Organization evolved from GATT:

promoting free trade

goods: reducing or eliminating tariffs; Establish a free trade zone to reduce tariffs

capital: reduce or eliminate capital control (capital control will affect trade development)

reduce and eliminate subsidies to local industries (achieve fair trade)

intellectual property protection

coordinate intellectual property laws between countries (usually, add more restrictions)

cross-border recognition of intellectual property restrictions (for example, patents obtained in China

Globalization in doubt

There are still academic discussions about whether globalization is a real phenomenon or just a statement. Although this word has been widely used, some scholars argue that this phenomenon has already appeared in other historical periods. In addition, many people have noticed that those phenomena that make people believe that we are in the process of globalization, such as the growth of international trade and the increasingly important role played by multinational corporations, were not formulated when they were first established. Therefore, many scholars prefer "internationalization" to "globalization". Simply put, the difference between them is that the role of the state is more important in internationalization. In other words, globalization is deeper than internationalization. Therefore, these scholars believe that national boundaries are far from disappearing, so complete globalization has not yet begun, and may not begin-