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Potato (potato)

Potato, also known as potato, yam egg, potato, broken egg and lotus potato, is a cultivated species that can form underground tubers. Potatoes are distributed in Europe, Asia, Africa, America and Oceania. Potatoes originated in the Andes of Peru and Bolivia, and were domesticated by Indians. They have been cultivated for 8,000 years. 1650 was introduced to China and has been widely planted in various parts of China.

Potato tuber contains 75-82% water, 17.5% starch, 1.0% sugar, 2.0% crude protein and various vitamins. Some countries in Europe and America mostly use it as staple food, and the mountainous areas in northeast, northwest and southwest of China are both used as food and vegetables, and most of them are used as vegetables in North China and Jianghuai Valley. It can also be used as feed and raw materials for producing starch, glucose and alcohol.

Four Simple Storage Methods of Potato

Pile it up and hide it. Choose a warehouse with good ventilation and dry site, fumigate and disinfect with the mixed solution of formalin and potassium permanganate, and after the smoke dissipates for 2-4 hours, the selected precooled potatoes can be put into storage and piled up. 750 kilograms can be sown on the ground per square meter, surrounded by crates, baskets or wooden boards, with a height of about 1.5 meters, and several bamboo ventilators are placed inside for ventilation and heat dissipation. This method is suitable for short-term storage and storage of autumn potatoes when the temperature is low.

Bury. Potatoes are afraid of heat, cold and injury. Digged potatoes should be parked in the shade for about 20 days, and then buried when the skin is dry. Generally, a pit with a width of 1.2 m and a depth of 1.5 ~ 2.0 m is dug, and the length is not limited. The bottom cushion is dry sand, and the potato is covered with 5 ~ 10 cm dry sand. Buried in three layers, the surface is covered with straw, and then covered with soil 20 cm thick. In the ditch, an air pump woven with straw is placed every 1 m for ventilation, and the air pump is 40 ~ 50 cm higher than the ground. In severe winter, the thickness of covering soil should be increased, and the ventilation pipe should be closed and covered with grass curtains to prevent rain and snow from soaking.

The cellar shall be built in a place with high terrain, dry, solid soil and sunny leeward. If it is an old cellar, it should be aired for 7-8 days to reduce the temperature in the cellar. Two days before entering the cellar, the cellar should be cleaned, and the old soil on the wall and bottom of the cellar should be scraped 3-5 cm thick and disinfected. Generally, each cellar can store 3000 ~ 3500 kilograms, but be careful not to fill it too full. It is advisable to fill half of the internal volume of the wine cellar, not more than 2/3 at most. The surface of potato pile in cellar is prone to sweating, and grass can be piled on the surface of potato pile in cold season.

After cellar storage, potatoes generally don't walk backwards. The optimum cellar temperature during cellar storage is 3℃, and when it is higher than 3℃, potato pieces are easy to germinate. When the temperature drops below 0℃, cover the pit to prevent frostbite. Strengthen ventilation management, and the relative humidity is about 90%. After the spring, the germination time should be delayed by airing at night and sealing the cellar during the day, and the rotten potato pieces in the cellar should be removed in time during storage. This method can be kept until the middle of March of the following year.

Treatment and storage of methyl naphthylacetate. Dissolve 98% purity methyl naphthylacetate 15g in 30g acetone or ethanol, then slowly mix it into the prepared dry fine mud 1 ~ 1.25g, fully mix it as soon as possible, and put it into gauze or coarse cloth bag. Then spread the prepared medicine evenly on 500 kilograms of potato chips, paying attention to using the medicine now and spreading it evenly. The treated potatoes are stacked in bulk or boxes, and the four walls are covered with 1 ~ 2 layers of old newspapers or kraft paper. Generally speaking, the greater the dose of the drug, the longer the germination is inhibited. The time of drug treatment is generally about 2 months after harvest.

Excerpt from: China Agricultural Technology 1 10.

Eating potatoes often can strengthen the brain.

Canadian nutritionists have found that eating potatoes can improve the memory of the human brain. A study on 20 healthy elderly people showed that their memory improved significantly within 15 minutes after eating potatoes or barley. This effect can last 1 hour. China Food Network

Data: The previous life of potato was 0 1:05, May 30, 2003, Tianjin Youth Daily.

Potatoes were planted 4000 years ago at most.

Mr. Zhai Ganxiang said that potatoes were quickly integrated into local customs after being introduced into various places, and they varied from time to time and from place to place, forming many "nicknames". Even in the process of promotion in a region, many common names were produced, and name confusion was common.

Potatoes originated in Peru and Bolivia in South America. According to a large number of pottery sacrifices embedded with potato patterns found by archaeologists in the ancient tombs of Peruvian Indians, combined with the analysis of potato plant residues, it can be inferred that the history of local potato cultivation can be traced back to at least 2000-2800 BC, about 1570 years ago, which was first brought back to China and Portugal by the Spanish, and then introduced to Italy and Europe.

Now, the root system of potato has penetrated into five continents. Different regions have different names. According to the origin, taste and shape of potatoes, people give them many interesting names:

Italians call it sweet potato, French call it sweet apple, Germans call it fragrant pear, Americans call it Irish sweet potato, and Russians call it Dutch sweet potato. In China, Yunnan and Guizhou are called taro or potato, Guangxi is called sweet potato, Shanxi is called yam egg, and most northeastern provinces are called potato. In view of the confusion of the name, botanists gave it a worldwide scientific name-potato.

Potatoes were called "taro" in the Qing Dynasty, and only the dignitaries of the Ming Dynasty ate them.

After the potato was introduced into China, Jifu Tongzhi, compiled in the 20th year of Kangxi (1682), said: "Yu Tu, a kind of potato, smells like sweet potato when steamed", and Jifu refers to Beijing and Tianjin.

At the same time, "Shi Jing Wanping County Records" (1685) cited volume 3 "Vegetables: Sweet Potato"; Yongzheng's "Zhi Li Shen Zhou Zhi" (1732), Volume 2, "Vegetables produced: sweet potatoes are also called" native products ". Potatoes have been introduced into Jingu in the Wanli period, and in the book of agricultural politics, Volume 27, Tree Art: Taro attached (potato-like, delicious); Yu Tu is a potato, a yellow man, ... ",the taro mentioned before is probably today's potato. Because the author is a southerner, Huang Du used to call it potato, so Beijing and Tianjin called it taro, so there is a article called "Product: Cuisine: taro is another villain, famous taro, common name potato" in Volume 5 of Tianjin Fuzhi, which has been four years. Statement. Therefore, taro, potato, native product and taro in vegetables of ancient local chronicles in the middle and lower reaches of Haihe River all refer to potatoes.

In the Ming Dynasty, only court officials and dignitaries could eat potatoes. By the early years of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, potatoes had been on the table of ordinary people, and they were widely known as yam bean.

After the potato was first introduced to the northwest of the mountain and Jinzhong, there were many new names, such as "sweet potato, as big as a fist, the common name is purple potato". In the agricultural book Ma Shou (Shouyang) Agricultural Proverbs (1836), the contemporary Qijuan jujube is also called the foreign yam, which obviously originated from yam bean in Beijing, so it can be seen that Shanxi potato (yam egg) was introduced from Gyeonggi, just as Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia were introduced from Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Hubei and Hunan.

P.M. Hawkes, a contemporary British agronomist, said in The History of Potato Improvement that potatoes were introduced to India in the17th century, and to China earlier. From the above, it can be determined that the time when potatoes were introduced into Middle Earth was not later than that in Europe. Potatoes were introduced to England and Ireland in 1565, and were regarded as exotic flowers and herbs for a long time. Japanese potatoes were brought to Nagasaki Port by the Dutch in 1598, and the introduction time of potatoes in China will never be later than that of Japan or even some European countries.

In addition, in our country, we can find the way of potato spreading in our country and the process of name convergence from various dialects such as potato, potato, yam egg, ground egg, Java potato and red-haired potato.

People with heart disease eat more potatoes.

The sugar content of potato is as high as 15% ~ 25%, which exceeds all other vegetables and contains more protein than ordinary vegetables. Because of its high heat production, it can also replace some staple foods. Not only that, it also contains more vitamin C, sodium, potassium, iron and so on. , especially potassium, 502 mg per100g, is a rare high-potassium vegetable. Patients with heart disease, especially those with cardiac insufficiency, have different degrees of edema, and taking diuretics and detumescence drugs often leads to the loss of potassium in the body, often accompanied by hypokalemia. So this kind of patients often eat potatoes, which can supplement potassium, sugar, protein, minerals, vitamins and so on.

Potatoes were originally a tribute to the emperor. May 30, 2003 Tianjin Youth Daily

Potatoes are also called potatoes. But how many people know that this guy has become a "home cooking" on the table of ordinary people today, but he came to China across the ocean? Who knows that it has spread from Tianjin to the whole country?

Mr. Zhai Ganxiang of Tianjin History Museum spent 35 years studying the "China History" of potatoes from 1978. He told the reporter a story about Tianjin and potatoes.

Mr Zhai Ganxiang said, "People have different views on the process of potato introduction in China. It is recognized by academic circles that it was introduced to China in the late Ming Dynasty and Wanli period (1573- 1620). As for the route and the first area to be introduced into China, there are still arguments. The main opinion is that there are two routes for potato to be introduced into China, one is from Southeast Asia to Fujian and Guangdong in the southeast coast of China; The other is directly introduced into Beijing and Tianjin from overseas. However, it can be said with certainty that until the end of 18, potatoes were still regarded as ornamental plants in Europe, but in the Kangxi period of the early Qing Dynasty (1662- 1722), the book Ji Fu Tong Zhi-Chan Zhi has put forward: "A potato with local taro steamed like a sweet potato. "This shows that our people realized the edible value of potatoes earlier than Europeans.

Potatoes count as royal meals, and they are served point to point.

Although he was over 70 years old, Zhai Ganxiang was still very excited when he mentioned potatoes, and he suddenly gushed.

The old man said, "When and where potatoes were first introduced into China has been a concern of the agricultural sector for half a century. Generally speaking, many people follow the proof of Wan, an agricultural historian of the older generation, that "Kangxi's Songxi County Records potato was first introduced to the southeast coast", but I think this is actually an alias of Huang Du, which is rich in subtropical zone. The real time and source of potato supply in China should be the Gyeonggi area in Ming and Qing Dynasties. In other words, potatoes were directly introduced from overseas to Beijing and Tianjin in China, and were specially planted for Ming Chengzu in the royal garden at that time. "

According to him, potatoes are native to South America. It was not until the15th century that some European navigators introduced it to every corner of the world. Potatoes landed in China, originally a tribute from Nanyang countries, entered the Canal from the southeast coast and then went to Beijing via Tianjin.

Jiang Yikui, who was in Jinling (Wujin) during Wanli period, later compiled "The Command History of Beijing Xicheng". The second emperor miscellaneous notes that' potato is absolutely like peanut taro in Wuzhong, but it is also like taro, which is loose and sweet', and quotes Shaoxing poem:' hazelnuts are not as soft as soft, roots are fixed on women, Wu Sha flowers fall, Shu leaves squat ... Liu Ruoyu, the eunuch of Wanli, compiled the Proceedings, from which Lu Ya extracted five volumes of Ming History. Among them, Huoji's diet recorded the rare taste of the palace after the Lantern Festival in 16 ... pine nuts in Liaodong, yellow flowers in the north of thistle, yam in Beijing, potatoes in the south, moss, bamboo shoots in Wudang mouth, black essence in the north, Polygonatum sibiricum and hazelnut.

Among the hundreds of "delicacies", only yam and potatoes are produced in the capital, which is now Beijing and Tianjin. At that time, the items specially given to the emperor in the palace were not seasonal vegetables, but were called "treasures". In the Ming Dynasty, there was a professional "vegetable farmer" in the Jiacai Department of Shanglinyuan (there is still a place name of "vegetable farmer camp" in Beijing). With their skillful skills, vegetable farmers have been able to screen and cultivate potatoes in China for a long time and spread the varieties with a certain area to all parts of China.

According to Zhai Ganxiang, the "vegetable specialist" who worked for the emperor in the Ming Dynasty was different from ordinary farmers. They are only responsible for growing vegetables for the palace, and the crops planted by these farmers must never "wander" to the people. Xu Guangqi, a famous agronomist in ancient China, can only express it in four words: "Potatoes are sweet". It can be seen that at that time, a very prominent figure like him could only have eaten or seen potatoes, but could not get potato seeds from the imperial garden and plant them in large quantities among the people.

It was introduced into Tianjin from abroad and spread abroad.

"Tianjin is the port where potatoes officially landed in China. The emperor of the Ming Dynasty did not implement the policy of "sealing the sea". Many ships paying tribute from the South China Sea landed in Tianjin and transported the goods directly to Beijing. At that time, potatoes were sent to Beijing as a tribute. At that time, it was the end of 16, that is, it was not long before Spanish explorers shipped the potatoes eaten by Indians in the Andes back to China. As a big country in the East at that time, China had accepted this tribute long before Europe and ate potatoes. "

"It will take many years for potatoes to be introduced into the provinces." Mr. Yan said. "The introduction of foreign countries was late, and it was not until the sudden increase in population at the beginning of Qianlong that there was an urgent need to increase food production. In particular, in the thirty-seventh year of Qianlong, it was clearly put forward that the compilation should be stopped forever, the household registration management should be relaxed, and farmers have the freedom to migrate. Only in this way can potatoes be introduced from Beijing and Tianjin to vast areas outside Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, Henan and Shanhaiguan. Foreign (oriental) taro from Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou also spread to the vast areas of northwest and southwest. Sweet potatoes, cotton and potatoes have all advanced by leaps and bounds. Tianjin not only cultivated potatoes in the early Qing Dynasty, but also never suffered extinction, making it unique in the country. "

In addition, the academic circles have always said that "Fujian and Guangdong spread from Southeast Asia to the southeast coast of China and entered Beijing" is also inseparable from Tianjin. He said: "If you enter Beijing from the southeast coastal areas, according to the route of tribute to the palace in the provinces of the Ming Dynasty, whether by water or by land, you must enter Beijing through Tianjin before you can enter the palace."

Zhai Ganxiang said that the name of potato first appeared in Songxi County annals of Fujian in 1700, but it actually refers to yellow poison, and the tuber is dark, spherical and slightly bitter, and it is a perennial twining vine. Its aliases are potato, taro and so on. Therefore, it is easy to think that the potatoes recorded in the ancient local chronicles in the north are all yellow independence, and the climate in the north does not produce subtropical yellow independence, so it cannot be confused with potatoes. As long as we admit this, we are sure that the potatoes in the northern literature of Ming and Qing Dynasties are not Huang Du, but potatoes.

Data: potatoes travel around the world on May 30, 2003 0 1:04 Tianjin Youth Daily

Potato belongs to Solanaceae, and its underground tubers are edible. It is an annual plant and is planted all over the world. The existing potato varieties have different tuber sizes, as small as peas, which are difficult for large mature people to lift. It is both a vegetable and a staple food, and its importance is second only to wheat, rice and corn. About 4000-7000 years ago, humans first planted potatoes in the Andes of Bolivia and Peru.

/kloc-In the first half of the 6th century, Spanish explorers saw Indians in the Andes eating potatoes, and found that eating potatoes was easy to prevent scurvy during a long voyage. So within a few years, this potato was quickly shipped back to China by Spanish ships and shipped to all parts of Europe, and Italians, Germans and Britons began to eat it one after another. For a long time after the introduction of potato, most Europeans were skeptical about it. The reason is that potatoes belong to Solanaceae, and Solanaceae plants are mostly poisonous. Potatoes were first introduced to the United States by Irish immigrants who settled in New Hampshire. Potatoes are called "Irish potatoes" in America. However, Americans, like Europeans, accepted this kind of food very slowly, and it was not widely planted until the 9th century.

After potatoes entered Europe, this novelty was not immediately accepted by people because of their stubborn, rigid and timid thinking and underdeveloped science. Even in years of famine, people don't think of potatoes. There is famine on one side and food-potatoes on the other, but no one cares, especially the French. Because its "fruit" grows underground, rather than reaching into the sky like noble wheat ears. Ears of wheat can be made into bread and eucharistic cakes, while potatoes are considered to be related to the devil, witch grasses like mandrake and belladonna. People even accuse it of spreading evil diseases. At the end of 16, a judgment of Bezanson stipulated: "As potatoes are a harmful substance, their application will spread leprosy, so it is forbidden to grow potatoes in Saran area, and offenders will be fined."

During the period of Peter the Great in Russia, the Russians introduced the first batch of potatoes, but they did not promote them immediately. It was not until the middle of19th century that the czar ordered: first, let farmers sow potatoes on a large scale; Second, forcing farmers to keep potatoes as food; Third, reward farmers who grow potatoes well, so that potatoes can be popularized.

When potatoes were introduced to China, the situation was completely different. According to Zhai Lao, potatoes, which are regarded as poor vegetables in Europe, have undergone earth-shaking changes since they arrived in China due to the different cooking techniques in foreign countries and China. At that time, the Ming Emperor of China ordered potatoes to be planted only in the royal garden, which was for the royal family, not in the homes of ordinary people. It was not until the early Qing dynasty that potatoes became the food of ordinary people, and they were only limited to Beijing and Tianjin. During the Qianlong period, the population doubled and suddenly increased, and it was urgent to reclaim land and increase food, so potatoes officially entered the recipes of ordinary people.

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