Study on rural residential area pattern and renovation planning

Rural residential areas are places where agricultural workers live together and gather for economic, political and cultural activities (Sun Huasheng et al., 2007; Yan, Bian, 2008). As the core of the relationship between people and land in rural areas, rural residential areas are the carriers of agricultural workers' production and life (Jiang Guanghui et al., 2006; Barbosa-Brandao et al., 2015); As a basic regional unit in rural areas, residential areas are not only an important material carrier for the construction of new countryside, but also a booster for the coordinated development of urban and rural areas (Wenfeng et al., 20 10). The spatial distribution of rural residential areas reflects the living activities of rural residents in a certain natural economic and social development environment (Fan Hongmei et al., 2008; Li Xiaojian Li Jun, 2009; Menconi et al, 20 13). With the development of China's mining industry, the contradiction between mines and villages has become increasingly prominent, especially the relocation and resettlement of rural settlements (Tang Lu, Li Changhao, 2007).

The research on rural residential areas at home and abroad mainly focuses on site selection. Through the comparative study of different types of villages, this paper focuses on the influence of topographic differences on village site selection (Li Jun, Li Xiaojian, 2008; Clark et al., 2009), and analyzed the relationship between village location and topography, sunshine and other environments. Altitude is also an important factor affecting the distribution of residential areas (Tian et al., 20 12). In recent years, studies on the relationship between new villages and economic changes and traffic development have appeared abroad (Pickles, 2014; Alves, Ribeiro, 2014; Zaour et al., 20 14). Many domestic experts and scholars have focused on the layout of rural residential areas, and expounded that the construction of rural residential areas has been in the state of farmers' spontaneous choice for a long time, which leads to the unreasonable spatial layout of rural residential areas at present, which is not conducive to saving intensive land and rural infrastructure construction (Tian, Liu Jiyuan, 2002). By analyzing the spatial distribution characteristics of rural residential areas (Li et al., 2011; Wang Zhicheng et al., 20 12), which reflects the randomness of residential areas in spatial distribution and the influence of topographic position on distribution dominance, summarizes the distribution characteristics and image factors of rural residential areas from the ecological theory, and puts forward the layout optimization scheme (Wang Shiyu et al., 2012; Wei Hongji et al, 20 13). For the hilly area of the Loess Plateau, the layout of rural residential areas is affected by altitude, slope and slope direction. The results show that the dominant position of residential land is altitude 1500 ~ 2000 m, slope is 0 ~ 15, and slope direction is S, W and SW (Jiao Beibei et al., 20 13). For the location of rural residential areas, it is increasingly not bound by the influence of natural environment, but the dependence on developed areas, convenient transportation areas and beautiful environment areas is gradually strengthening (Qiao Jiajun, 2012; Eyo et al, 20 14).

With the advancement of new rural construction, the renovation of rural residential areas has become a hot research topic. The results show that farmers have different willingness to transform and relocate at different levels of economic development. But on the whole, farmers have high expectations for the renovation of residential areas and expect a better environment (Zhou Xiaoping et al., 20 12). Through the willingness survey, it is found that the relocation distance affects the residents' willingness to move, thus affecting the transformation potential of residential areas (Fan Fang et al., 20 1 1). Moreover, farmers are worried that the cost of living will increase after the renovation of the community and the original living security will disappear. For this group of people, the willingness to transform rural settlements is not strong (Shao Zinan et al., 20 13). The willingness to rebuild rural residential areas is related to the distance from cities and towns. For suburban farmers, they are basically willing to concentrate in the central city, while for suburban farmers, they have a strong will to maintain their farming life. Government-oriented policies can encourage farmers to enhance their willingness to transform residential areas (Guan Jingjing et al., 20 13). Affected by the policy, the goal of rural residential renovation will also change. Under the policy of linking the increase and decrease of urban and rural construction land, some scholars divide the renovation of rural residential areas into urban-rural integration, ecological relocation, relocation and merger, and internal renovation and renovation modes (Zhang Xiaoping, 20 12). As for the relocation and resettlement of rural residential areas brought about by engineering construction, most of them choose places with convenient transportation and good location to improve the living environment (Tao Gengyu et al., 2008). For the loess hilly region, in the plateau, beam and headland with complex terrain, the formation of natural villages is centered on land use, and the layout of rural settlements has been in a spontaneous state for a long time due to the influence of natural conditions and living environment (Jiang Guanghui et al., 2005), and most rural settlements have serious environmental problems such as dirty, chaotic and poor quality (Jiang Guanghui et al., 2006). This decentralized distribution pattern affects the intensive use of land on the one hand and agricultural production on the other.

In terms of village relocation and resettlement, the farming radius has become a consideration factor affecting the layout, resettlement and land use of rural residential areas (Tan, Li, 20 13), but there is no unified standard for the optimal farming radius. Some scholars believe that the maximum breeding radius should not exceed 2.5km (Liu Yanfang et al., 20 1 1). In the project linking the increase and decrease of urban and rural construction land, the upper limit of suitable farming radius in some areas is set at 3.2km (Tang Lijing et al., 20 14). In the site selection of rural residential areas, through the investigation of the farming radius of villages in China at this stage, it is found that it is appropriate to walk from residential areas to the ground for less than 20 minutes (about 2km) (Wu et al., 20 10). In the feasibility study of returning farmland to rural residential areas in mountainous areas, through field investigation and interviews, it is concluded that the ideal farming radius should not be greater than 1km (Jin et al., 2008). Jin (1988) put forward the relationship formula between cultivated land radius and per capita cultivated land and population. The settlement ratio of cultivated land is the ratio of rural residential areas to cultivated land, which simply reflects the relationship between residential areas and cultivated land, so the radius of cultivated land can be obtained. However, another "equal" method for calculating the farming radius of residential areas holds that in a certain range, when the buffer area of rural residential areas is equal to the cultivated area of the study area, the distance of the buffer area of rural residential areas at this time is the farming radius of residential areas (Jiao et al., 2003; Jiao et al., 2006).

The relocation and resettlement of residential areas in open-pit mining areas have a certain impact on residents' living standards (Zhou Xiao et al., 2006). The model of "moving out of the county and settling in the province" (Yan et al., 20 13) can be adopted in the planning of concentrated residential areas for rural immigrants, and the planning and design can be carried out from the aspects of residential site selection, construction standards and planning layout. For wells, mines and mines, the environmental damage caused by coal mining is mainly manifested in collapse, and the relocation and resettlement of residential areas are restricted by many factors. The resettlement mode focuses on selecting resettlement sites, realizing the combination of centralized resettlement and decentralized resettlement, controlling the relocation distance, and giving priority to resettlement (Mou, 20 13).

Generally speaking, the research on rural residential areas mainly focuses on the distribution, pattern and renovation planning of rural residential areas. These research results can provide good reference and support for the study of this book. For the industrial, mining, agricultural and urban complex area with open pit mine as the core, the distribution of rural residential areas is affected by many factors. On the one hand, it has the disturbance influence of the core area of open pit mining; On the other hand, it is the driving influence of new rural construction and urban-rural integration. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the spatial distribution and temporal and spatial changes of rural residential areas in the study area, and clarify the influence of various driving factors on rural residential land use. In addition, in the study area, the interference of open-pit mining on rural residential areas is strong and rapid. Understanding the spatial distribution and temporal and spatial changes of rural settlements in Chulu mining area is conducive to the rational development of village relocation.