What are the main reasons for Shandong, Hebei and other places to enter Kanto after the Ming Dynasty?

Natural disasters, drought in North China, bare land thousands of miles away, hungry people in Hebei and Shandong, a large number of people left Shanhaiguan and immigrated to Northeast China. The Qing government called on immigrants to consolidate their roots.

There are two concepts: broad sense and narrow sense. Throughout history, people in Shanhaiguan inland area make a living through customs, which can be described as "crossing the Kanto", which is broad. In a narrow sense, "going to Kanto" only refers to the history of people from the Central Plains going to Kanto to make a living from Shunzhi period of Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China period. What we usually call "crossing the Kanto" is narrow.

As a social custom, traveling to the East is widely accepted. The East Gate of Shanhaiguan City defines the land outside Shanhaiguan and the Central Plains. During the hundreds of years from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, people who left their homes in Shanhaiguan, Shandong and other areas began to venture eastward. In the Qing dynasty, the system of ethnic hierarchy and segregation was implemented, and Han people were forbidden to enter the "Longxing land" in the northeast for farming-a customs ban was issued. Shunzhi warned Manchu nobles to finally retreat to Kanto. The Manchu family poured into Shanhaiguan, and the population of Kanto dropped sharply. Under the pretext of "ancestors prospering the king's office", we protected "the benefits of participating in the mountains and rivers" and implemented the policy of banning Kanto for a long time. At the beginning of Shunzhi, more than 1,000 kilometers of "wicker fence"-the Great Wall of Northeast China (wicker fence, willow wall, Liucheng fence and striped fence) was built in sections, covering the whole territory, and it was completed in the middle of Kangxi. From Shanhaiguan via Kaiyuan and Xinbin to the wicker edge in the south of Fengcheng, it is called the "old edge"; Jilin City has been called the "new frontier" ("secondary sea") in the north since Kaiyuan Northeast. Therefore, there are folk sayings of "border people" and "border people".

/kloc-In the middle of the 0/9th century, the door of Shanhaiguan, which was left unlocked, was opened and the tide of refugees surged. People are the carriers of culture and information, and the flow of people is actually the flow of culture. The superposition of the wave of "Crossing the Kanto" means that the culture of the Central Plains has been promoted to kanto region on a large scale, and cultural exchanges have entered a new stage. If the cultural exchange in the "closed-door" era is characterized by the "influence" of Central Plains culture on the inherent culture of Northeast China and the artificial interference of "closed-door", then under the open historical conditions, Central Plains culture spread rapidly in kanto region, making Central Plains culture and Kanto culture coexist in the vast Kanto.

The "copy" of Guandong Shandong Village is actually a plane transplant of Central Plains culture. In addition, there are many people, so there is every reason to maintain their own culture. Living together, their language and customs are as old as before. They can adapt to local social customs and religious beliefs and use local languages and characters without changing themselves. In a sense, this is also cultural conservatism. When talking about the significance of "de-orientalization", Zhao Zhongfu said: "In the social sense, the four eastern provinces and regions are basically the expansion of Shandong's agricultural society. There is a geographical distance between them, but there is no obvious cultural difference. Shandong and the four eastern provinces are similar in language, religious belief, customs, family system, ethical concept and economic behavior. The most important thing is that the members of the immigrant society in the four eastern provinces have no different ideas from the cultural matrix. "

In the face of customs culture, Kanto culture can not be without the slightest vigilance, nor can it be without the contradiction of "natives". For example, in the introduction of Heilongjiang Province, it said, "Shandong Province has the most land reclamation value. Every time after the ice is valued, pedestrians can be seen everywhere in Ji Feng and Jilin provinces, and the indigenous people hate it and bully each other. " An Guang County, Liaoning Province (now Xinping 'an Town, Da 'an City, Jilin Province) is also an example. "An Guang County Records" records: "Before the county was founded, the Mongols were not proficient in farming. This is a barren land. After the Han people came to cultivate seeds, the flag was rented. However, due to different nationalities, language barriers and irreconcilable feelings, Mongolians bullied them more ... In the 30 th year of Guangxu (1904), members were allowed to open up wasteland and recruit households' territory. The guests arrived at the news, and then ... Mongolia became worse. "