How did Judy move to Beijing?

One night in April, the 19th year of Yongle, there was a sudden storm in Beijing, mixed with thunder. The newly-built three halls of Fengtian, Gai Hua and Shenshen were burned by lightning and reduced to ashes.

Judy suddenly felt ominous in her heart. In ancient times when science was underdeveloped, the philosophical proposition of the unity of man and nature was emphasized to an absolute degree. Earthquakes, disasters, lightning strikes and other natural phenomena are all considered to be the mistakes of the rulers. "Warning from heaven" is a serious problem. Its seriousness lies in: first, God will be angry only if the ruler has problems. The so-called "widespread indignation and discontent" is the truth. Second, rulers don't know where their mistakes are, which requires wise people to stand up and point out the maze for them. In view of this, Judy immediately asked for a reply. In other words, he hoped that the wise men in the ruling and opposition parties would find out for him the reasons why the three halls were struck by lightning.

Soon, director Xiao Yi's script was sent to the headquarters. Six officials (equivalent to today's bureau level) believe that the three halls were struck by lightning because they moved their capital. It's not only inconvenient to move the capital from Nanjing to Beijing, but also the Daming Emperor's vein is in the south of the Yangtze River. This is a matter of disrespect.

Judy was furious after reading the script. He thinks that Xiao Yi's connection between the relocation of the capital and the lightning strike of the three halls is totally deliberate slander. Therefore, he made a decision almost immediately: He ordered the Royal Guards to take Xiao Yi to Fusi prison in Beizhen and sentenced him to death for "libeling the monarch" without any trial.

The matter is not over yet, and Xiao Yi's views still have a lot of market among officials. Most of the officials who sympathize with him are Taoist officials. The branch refers to six branches and the Dao refers to thirteen roads. Corresponding to the six departments of officials, households, rituals, soldiers, criminals and workers, six departments have been set up, which are the supervision departments to inspect the six departments. There are forty people in six subjects, and the heads of each subject are called "all gifts" and "seven products". The rest is called giving, which is eight products. Thirteen roads correspond to all provinces in China. At that time, there were only thirteen provinces in China. Shisanpin Yushi belongs to Douchayuan, and the rank of Yushi is similar to that of Buzhen. These two yamen are similar to today's Ministry of Supervision and Audit Bureau, but the level is much lower. Compared with today, the official level is only the county level. However, the official power of the Taoist branch is great. In the Ming Dynasty, six ministers ranked second were impeached and punished by Taoist officials.

In the officialdom of the Ming dynasty, people who had two experiences were more likely to get promoted. First, I have been to imperial academy, and second, I have been a professional official. He entered the cabinet as an assistant minister from imperial academy and was promoted to a government official or an important minister.

Generally speaking, officials of science and Taoism are selected from young officials. These people are newcomers to official career, so they are not contaminated with too many bad habits of officialdom. As officials, they dare to impeach illegal dignitaries. Therefore, emperors of all ages relied on them very much.

But this time, on the contrary, most people who don't agree with Judy's move to the capital are officials, while ministers and academies are determined to move to the capital. This is because after Judy seized the throne from his nephew Wen Jian, he thoroughly cleaned the ministers of the Wen Jian era. After more than 20 years of screening, most of the current ministers of the Ministry and Academy are "heroes in southern Beijing", and they have also become enemies of the southern gentry, so their interests are consistent with Judy's.

Officials are very young and have nothing to do with Judy's "Jingnan", so it is more practical to think that the emperor "took Jinling lightly, which is harmful to the health of the country." Judy is very angry with these officials, but he can't kill them all like Xiao Yi did. On a whim, he came up with a way to make these officials kneel outside the noon gate with the ministers of the Ministry and the academy. How about moving the capital? Let both sides express their opinions.

At that time, it was "rainy in Qingming Festival". In the square outside the noon gate, officials and ministers knelt on both sides and were soaked to the skin, but no one felt embarrassed or insulted. They argued until they were red-faced, and there was no result for a day. Judy asked them to kneel at the noon gate to debate the next day. The rain is still falling slowly, and Judy is watching from the rostrum. Officials knelt down in the rain and kept arguing. This scene looks a bit funny, but China's politics in the Middle Ages went on in an orderly way.

Zhu Yuanzhang founded the Ming Dynasty in 1368. Although Nanjing is his capital, it seems that from the beginning, Zhu Yuanzhang felt that Nanjing was not suitable. Because it is south of the Yangtze River, it is very unfavorable to control the vast north. In the first year of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang wrote a letter saying, "Jiang is the foundation of Yong 'an in the four seas;" In the original plan, the same heart. It takes Jinling as the beam and Beijing as the south. " The girder is Kaifeng today. For strategic reasons, Zhu Yuanzhang proposed to set up two capitals, the north and the south. Another way of saying this is that Chang 'an (now Xi 'an) is listed as the capital, following the old system of Han and Tang Dynasties. Zhu Yuanzhang felt that he was too old to complete the task of moving the capital to the north, so he pinned his hopes on Prince Wen Yi. Who knows that Prince Wen Yi died young, and the plan of making its capital in Guanzhong fell through. Fang Xiaoru's "Poems of the Crown Prince Wen Yi" wrote: "When you are in the palace, you can offer it, and you can go back to the palace to invade it ... Guanzhong elders still hope that Cui Hua will come." It's about the prince going to Xi 'an to prepare for moving the capital.

Since the Qin Dynasty, most of the capitals of China have been built in the north. Before the Song Dynasty, Chang 'an, Luoyang and Kaifeng were all capitals. Among them, Chang 'an has the longest time. The south, such as Jinling, Hangzhou and Yangzhou, was once the capital city. Strangely, most dynasties whose capitals were in the south were short-lived. And those in the north, most of them have a long history. This is because in the long history, the Han civilization dominated by farming culture has been impacted by the nomadic culture of northern minorities. In the era of cold weapons, how can the tenderness of Han people resist the iron horse of "conference semifinals" The capital of the north is mainly to resist foreign invasion.

After Zhu Yuanzhang destroyed the Yuan Dynasty, he did not directly make the Yuan Dynasty the capital, that is, Beijing today, but still chose Jinling to build his imperial city. This is probably because Zhu Yuanzhang was born in Huaiyou, and he regarded Hu Yuan as a heresy in his bones, so he was emotionally disgusted with the capital of the Yuan Dynasty. However, since the second year of Hongwu, it has wavered about its capital Jinling.

Although Zhu Yuanzhang's idea of moving the capital has never been dispelled, it has never really been implemented. In order to solve the alien invasion in the northwest and northeast, he did not move the capital to the north to command and defend nearby, but changed to the system of "sealing the king", that is, surrounded his son on both sides of the north and took on the task of suppressing Yidi. On this matter, Zheng Xiao's "Today's Words" includes:

Jinling, the founding capital. Because of the northwest of Hu Rong, this town seems to have been enfeoffed ... Today, the kings of Liao, Daning, Fu Xuangu, Datong, Qingning in Ningxia and Suzhou in Ganzhou are autocratic. When Changling was in Peiping, it was the prince of Yan, also known as "Chang Ling". In a very short time, Qin Wang of Xi 'an and Jin Wang of Taiyuan also sent troops to defend the provinces from time to time.

There are refugees in the north, including the northeast and northwest. Zhu Yuanzhang accordingly enfeoffed the nine sons and unified the army to conquer Lu. Most of the military forces in the world are in the hands of his sons. Therefore, Zheng Xiao, who is cautious by nature, joked that "this seems to be an excessive control". All nine princes fought against the enemy. But it is the Prince of Peiping who really plays a decisive role in stabilizing the north and controlling the powerful Shandong.

Judy seized the position and moved the capital to Beijing.

Judy is the fourth son of Zhu Yuanzhang. Among Zhu Yuanzhang's 26 sons, he is the most capable one. It was this Judy that made Beijing the capital of the Ming Dynasty, then the Qing Dynasty, and then the people and country of China.

After Judy was made a prince at the age of eleven, Zhu Yuanzhang arranged for him to return to his hometown Fengyang and study with several other underage prisoners for several years. He became a vassal at the age of twenty-one. By "becoming a vassal", he meant living in a feudal system. After Judy arrived in Peiping, she often led troops from here to the northeast or northwest to fight Rong Lu. Years of battlefield career have cultivated his mind to rule the world. After his father Zhu Yuanzhang died, he was transferred to Wen Jian's grandson Zhu Yunwen. The young man is gentle, but lacks strategy and courage. As the saying goes, "The scholar rebelled for three years". Scholar ruling the country will also lead to an armchair strategist tragedy. Therefore, after Judy succeeded to the throne, she not only scoffed at what her nephew had done, but also was deeply dissatisfied. Legend has it that during the first winter of Zhu Yunwen's reign, Judy gave a big banquet in the palace in Beiping. At that time, it was freezing, and Judy made a couplet: "It was freezing, and the water was not frozen at all." Yao, who was present at that time, replied: "If the country is in chaos and the people are worried, who will take power if the king does not come out?" It's like scratching and scratching in the middle. Judy, who has always had the heart to win the position, listened to the music and secretly prepared for it.

In any case, Judy's usurpation is a kind of usurpation, which is similar to the change of Xuanwu Gate written by Li Shimin of Emperor Taizong, but Judy defines it as "Jingnan". The generals who followed him from Beiping to Nanjing all became Jingnan heroes.

Judy succeeded in winning the championship and changed her country name to Yongle. During his administration, he did several important things. For example, Zheng He, the eunuch, went to the Western Seas and compiled Yongle Dadian. His greatest achievement was to move the capital to Beijing.

Before the Tang Dynasty, Beijing always belonged to Youzhou. During the Zhao and Song Dynasties, Liao occupied sixteen states, including Beijing. After the Song Dynasty, Beijing has been controlled by ethnic minority regimes. In 938, the second year of Emperor Taizong of Liao Dynasty, Youzhou was changed to Nanjing, also known as Yanjing. After Jin and Song * * * destroyed Liao, Jin occupied Yanjing until the first year of Zhenyuan, King of Jinling (1 153) established its capital here and renamed it Zhongdu. Yuan Shizu Kublai Khan destroyed the gold first, then the Song Dynasty, established a unified Yuan Dynasty, and unified the land that had been divided for hundreds of years. Kublai Khan changed his name to Yanjing again, and in the first year of Yuan Dynasty (1264), he regained the title of Zhongdu. Later, the Imperial Capital was expanded here and renamed Yuan Dadu.

The Yuan Dynasty was short, less than a hundred years, but it made great contributions to the construction of Beijing. There was a Han Chinese named Liu, a monk and Taoist, who was proficient in Zhouyi, so he was trusted by Kublai Khan. 1256, was ordered to build Kaiping city in the upper reaches of Luanhe River. His talent in the city under construction won Kublai Khan's appreciation. So in 1267, Liu was once again appointed as the battalion commander of Yuan Dadu, that is, the commander-in-chief of the city. 1276, completed in Yuan Dynasty. This year, Lin 'an (Hangzhou), the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, fell, and the Zhao and Song regimes perished.

According to Mr. Zhang's textual research, Liu was not a pure Confucian, and won the trust of the Mongolian emperor, so he dared to break through the old system and put forward a unique plan to build a city. At that time, people all knew that the work designed by Liu Taibao (Zhong Bing) was Nezha City. Nezha, also known as Prince Nezha, is one of the protectors in Buddhist legends. Liu designed the Yuan Dynasty into a rectangle. If you look down from the sky, you will find that most of the Yuan Dynasty looks like Nezha riding hot wheels with three heads, six arms and two feet.

In the first year of Hongwu (1368), Yuan Shundi abandoned Yuan Dadu and fled. In August, Xu Da invaded the city and changed to Beiping Prefecture. In the first year of Yongle (1403), Judy changed Beiping to Beijing.

Judy moved to Beijing for two reasons. One is mentioned earlier, the north of China is besieged on all sides, and its capital is in Beijing, which is convenient for nearby empires to control. Of course, both Xi and Kaifeng can be chosen, but Judy has lived in Beijing for more than 20 years and has feelings for Beijing. Moreover, by the Ming Dynasty, the ethnic minorities in the northwest, such as Xiongnu Uighur, had declined, while the Khitan Nuzhen Tatar in the northeast still had the ability to harass the Central Plains. Gyeonggi had obvious geographical advantages over Xi 'an in dealing with the "invasion" in the northeast. Second, Judy killed too many people in Nanjing because of the "Jingnan" campaign. Most of his supporters were Jiangnan gentry, and Judy killed them, so she made enemies in Jiangnan. Staying in Nanjing as an emperor has lost its ruling foundation. So from the day he ascended the throne, he had plans to move the capital.

Moving the capital is not a simple matter. First, Beijing was badly damaged in the war at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, and it was not a one-off event to rebuild the Imperial Capital. Second, moving the capital as soon as he ascended the throne will make people misunderstand that he is "timid" and dare not order the world in Nanjing Palace. Third, because of economic considerations, Beijing is designated as the capital, and all the money and food it needs depends on Jiangnan. In view of the traffic conditions at that time, it was also an insurmountable difficulty.

However, Judy really doesn't like Nanjing. From the seventh year of Yongle, he let the prince stay in Nanjing to supervise the country, and he has been living in Beijing. At that time, Nanjing was still the capital and Beijing became the capital. In fact, as early as the fourth year of Yongle, Judy began to build the capital.

It is said that Yao was the designer of Beijing City and the Forbidden City in the Ming Dynasty. This Yao, like Liu in Yuan Dynasty, was a monk. The difference is that Yao died without secularization.

On the basis of the Yuan Dynasty, Yao expanded and rebuilt Beijing. Instead of maintaining "Nezha City", he built Beijing into a square city according to the Confucian viewpoint. The Imperial City (Forbidden City) is in the center of Fangcheng.

The construction of Beijing has been going on for fifteen years. During this period, Judy did two things to cooperate with the move of the capital. First, he immigrated to Beijing from all over the south of the Yangtze River. The second is to dredge the canal and get through the north-south transportation trunk line. According to records, in the thirty years of Hongwu, the grain tax from south to north was only 70 thousand stone, and in the six years of Yongle, it increased to 650 thousand stone. In the twelfth year of Yongle, the grain tax transported from the canal to Beijing increased to 500,000 stones, and another 400,000 stones were imported by sea. In sixteen years, the grain tax transported from the canal to Beijing has reached 4.6 million stone.

When Beijing's wealth and population supply were not a problem, Judy issued the imperial edict of moving the capital. Beijing is no longer a "trip" but the capital, and Nanjing has become the capital.

The capital was officially moved in the first month of the 19th year of Yongle (142 1). Previously, Judy rewarded all those who participated in the capital construction, including Suzhou craftsman Kuai Xiang, who was appointed as Assistant Minister of Industry. If Yao is the chief designer of the capital of the Ming Dynasty, and this Kuai Xiang is the chief engineer, then he has made great contributions.

In the first few years of moving the capital, there has been a debate about whether to move the capital. Judy killed several people, including the aforementioned Xiao Yi, in order to suppress opposition.

Judy has never killed anyone because she moved the capital since Xiao Yi died. This is because all ministers and officials of the Ministry of Science and Technology have clearly seen Judy's determination: there is no doubt about moving the capital. Even if God is angry and thunderous, Judy will not move the Golden Temple back to Nanjing.

In July of the 22nd year of Yongle, Judy passed away. His son Injong succeeded to the throne. The following year, it was changed to Hongxi. Like his grandfather Zhu Yuanzhang, Injong likes Nanjing. After he ascended the throne, he decided to move the capital to Nanjing. But with this idea, he died less than a year in office. Renzong's son Xuanzong succeeded to the throne. He was Judy's favorite great-grandson. Xuanzong likes Beijing as much as Judy, so he revised his father's will and decided not to move the capital for the time being. The word "pro" is to give face to the father, but actually Xuanzong didn't want to move the capital at all.

So the rise and fall of a place really has a lot to do with politicians' decisions. For example, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, was a "half-liter" city initiated by Zhang in charge of opening up border trade; In addition, today's Shenzhen, without the reform advocated by Deng Xiaoping, may still be a small fishing village in Baoan County. Beijing is very lucky. First, it met two emperors, Kublai Khan and Judy, who had a special liking for it. Second, Liu and Yao, who are in charge of repairing the city, are very insightful designers. Without them, Beijing could not have the world-famous weather of the imperial city. Of course, Renzong's short life is also one of the important reasons why Beijing exists as the capital. It is hard to say what will happen to Beijing if he lives for another ten years.