When was the film Sherlock Holmes filmed?

About 1870 to about 19 10. In London, England, the second industrial revolution began before World War I, right?

Jack the Ripper Jack the Ripper is the nickname of the murderer who brutally killed at least five prostitutes in Whitechapel, East London from August 7th to October 9th, 65438. 165438. During the crime, the murderer repeatedly wrote to the relevant units to provoke, but never fell into the French Open. Its bold criminal methods were repeatedly exaggerated by the media, which caused panic in British society at that time. He is still one of the most notorious killers in European and American cultures. Although it has been a hundred years since the crime, there are more and more books and related research on the case. However, due to the lack of evidence, there are different opinions about who is the murderer, and there is no intersection, which makes the case more confusing. However, Jack the Ripper's figure is constantly appearing in today's popular culture through media, rock music, toys and other items.

[Edit this paragraph] Location of the crime

The location of the ripper's crime is concentrated near Whitechapel in East London. It was a famous immigrant distribution center at that time, and tens of thousands of immigrants from Russia and Eastern Europe settled here. Because of the meager income, it has long been a hotbed of poverty and crime, and homeless hooligans and prostitutes live on the streets. Although Scotland Yard has established a city-wide patrol network in 1829, the weak police force is still unable to bear the security of the East District where tens of thousands of prostitutes haunt every night.

[Edit this paragraph] Criminal means

It was in the 1990s, that is, 0/00 years after the serial killings in Whitechapel, that people got a more comprehensive understanding of Jack's modus operandi. From this, we can infer many characteristics of Jack: A. He must have considerable anatomical knowledge. B, considering the environment at that time (outdoor, basically no lighting, I have to be alert to the surrounding situation at any time, extremely tense time), Jack must be a skilled knife user. C, all the victims were stabbed from right to left by a knife, which means that Jack is probably left-handed or skilled in using knives with both hands. This speculation indirectly indicates that Jack is probably an experienced doctor or anatomist. D, it's possible that Jack didn't do it alone. This inference is widely accepted by "royal conspiracy theorists", but there is no evidence that Jack has an accomplice. E, Jack must be a man with some physical strength. The last one became the main flaw of the "Royal Conspiracy Theory". William Gul, a suspect in the royal conspiracy theory, is thought to have been over 70 years old when he committed the crime. Such an old man, no matter how good his anatomical skills are, his physical strength does not allow him to carry out such a laborious murder.

[Edit this paragraph] Criminal process

The first message sent by the murderer suspect is "Dear Boss"1On August 7, 888, a female body was found in Whitechapel in the East District. The deceased was a middle-aged prostitute, Martha Tabram, who was stabbed 39 times, 9 of which went through her throat. At 3: 45 am on August 3 1 of the same year, another prostitute, Mary Ann Nichols, was found dead in Bucks Row near Whitechapel at the age of 43. Not only was her face bruised, some front teeth fell off and her neck was cut twice. But the most cruel thing is that the abdomen was cut open, the intestines were dragged out, and the vulva was seriously stabbed by a sharp knife. Because there are few murders near the church, these two cases and several previous murders have attracted public attention, and some media even called them "Whitechapel murders" and thought that the same murderer had done them. This vivid description caused panic among local residents, so the police sent more plainclothes detectives to patrol here, and local residents also organized patrols to maintain law and order. This makes people believe that such cases will not be repeated. Unexpectedly, eight days later, at 5: 45 am on September 8, an old driver living at No.29 Hanbury Street found a female body in the back fence of his cheap hotel-style apartment. The deceased was 47-year-old prostitute Anne Chapman. Like the previous victims, her throat was cut, her abdomen was cut, her intestines were left on her right shoulder, and part of her uterus and abdomen were cut off by the murderer. He had obvious ligature marks on his neck. It is said that he called for help before he died, but he ignored it. Because it was the first time that the murderer committed a crime near the house, it was still close to 5 am, but there was no obvious noise. This case became the most famous case committed by the murderer who will be called the Ripper in the future. On September 27th, the Central News Agency received a letter written in red ink, covered with handprints and signed "Jack the Ripper". In the letter, he joked that he was the murderer of prostitutes and claimed that he would continue to kill more prostitutes before he was arrested. Since this letter begins with "Dear Boss", it will be called the first letter sent by the murderer in the future. At one o'clock in the morning on September 30th, a coachman found the body of Elizabeth Strede near her home. Unlike the first two victims, the 44-year-old Swedish prostitute died of excessive blood loss from the left carotid artery. Although her throat was cut, she did not have a laparotomy. Because of the different modus operandi, some people suspect that the murderer in this case is not directly related to the first two murders by caesarean section. When a large number of police arrived at Elizabeth Staade's morgue, Catherine Eddowes, a 46-year-old prostitute, was found dead in Mitte Square at around 1 45 am. In addition to being cut throat and laparotomy, the intestines were thrown to the right chest, and some uterus and kidneys were deprived. Since the patrol police claimed that there was nothing unusual here at 1 30, it was inferred that the deceased was killed between 1 30 and 1 45, and his abdomen was cut open. The killer's neat modus operandi made most people think that he might be a professional surgeon. At three o'clock in the morning, a policeman searching for a suspect found a bloodstained dress near Gaszton Street, which was identified as part of the apron worn by Kathleen Erdos. On the high wall near where the clothes fell, a line written in chalk by the suspected murderer was found: "Jews are not a nation willing to be resented!" " ("Zhu Wei people will not be hacked for no reason") But another policeman remembers that "Zhu Wei people will not be hacked for no reason". Later, police chief Thomas Arnold visited the scene and read the news. He was afraid that the graffiti on the wall would be seen by passers-by after dawn, but it aroused anti-Semitic feelings and ordered it to be erased on the spot.

The last victim

The next day, 10, 1, the Central News Agency received another postcard with the words written in red ink. In the letter, the writer called himself "saucy Jacky" and mentioned that he planned to "do two more things the next day"-generally believed to be two murders of Elizabeth Stade and Kathleen Erdos in the early morning of September 30th. In addition, the author mentioned that he planned to cut off the dead man's ear and give it to the police, which was similar to the case that Catherine Erdos' external ear was damaged. Finally, the writer left the generic name of "Jack the Ripper". In the future, this letter will be called "Saucy Jacky" by the author. 10 On June 5438+05, a letter sent to the Whitechapel Alert Committee spontaneously formed by residents around Whitechapel once again attracted everyone's attention. There is half a kidney in this letter, which is written in black ink. The screenwriter claimed to be "from hell" and said that this kidney was taken from "a certain woman" (generally thought to be Catherine Erdos), and half of it was fried and eaten by him. Different from the first two letters, this letter has no signature, and people will name it with "from hell". Compared with the first two letters, it is generally believed that this letter is most likely written by the murderer himself. 165438+1October 9, a landlord in Dorset Street sent an assistant to Mary Jane Kelly's room to collect six weeks' unpaid rent, but found the 25-year-old young prostitute dead in bed from the window: she was naked, with ligature marks on her neck, her chest and abdomen cut off, and her face, ears, nose and breasts were also cut off. It is said that she was cut off. One neighbor claimed that Kelly was alive at 8: 30 last night, that is,165438+1October 8 (although her description of Kelly's appearance was not completely correct), and another neighbor claimed that she heard a miserable female scream around 4 am that day. But what is certain is that Kelly appeared in the bar at 10 the night before the body was found. After the murder of Mary Jane Kelly, Jack the Ripper seems to have disappeared: there is no similar murder method in London, and the media's interest in this murder has gradually faded. However, the police mobilized a lot of manpower, but failed to solve the case, which was criticized by people from all walks of life in Britain, including Queen Victoria, and led to changes in the top management of the police. 1892, the police announced that they would stop investigating the serial murders in Whitechapel.

[Edit this paragraph] The Ripper's letter

Throughout the ripper's crime, the police and the newspaper industry received hundreds of letters about the case. Some letters come from people who wholeheartedly provide information to help catch the murderer, but most letters are ignored because they are considered not helpful to the case. Perhaps among the hundreds of letters, the most attractive ones are those claiming that the murderer wrote them himself. Most of these letters are considered as scams. Many experts pointed out that "none of these letters are true", but they probably contain the real murderer. After verification by modern and present authorities, three letters stand out: Dear boss: dated September 25th, postmarked September 27th, addressed to the Central News Agency, and sent to Scotland Yard on September 29th. At first, this letter was considered as a scam, but when aldous's body was found to have one ear partially cut off, this letter proved to be "cutting off the ladies' ears", which attracted people's attention. The police released this letter on June 10, hoping that someone could recognize the handwriting in the letter, but in vain. The name "Jack the Ripper" first appeared in this letter, and gained world-class notoriety after it was published. Most meaningless letters imitate the style of this letter. After the serial murder, the police announced that the letter was a scam by a local reporter. "Naughty Jack" postcard: postmarked 1888 10 10/0/,addressed to the Central News Agency. The handwriting inside is similar to "Dear Boss Letter". The letter mentioned that two victims (Stade and Aldous) would die near each other: "This is a double incident. Controversially, this letter was sent before the murder was announced, and it doesn't look like it was written by a weirdo with such criminal knowledge, although the postmark was sent 24 hours before the murder, and the details behind it were also known to local residents and journalists. Later, the police station announced that it had confirmed that the letter was written by a specific reporter, who was also the author of Dear Boss's Letter. "Letter from Hell": also known as Lusk letter, postmarked 10 year 10 day 15 day, written by George Lusk of the White Church Alert Committee on 18881. When Lusko opened the small box attached to the letter, he found half a kidney in it. The doctor who kept it in the spirit of wine (ethanol) said that this is a human kidney. One of aldous's kidneys was taken away by the murderer, and the doctor thought that the kidney sent to Lusco was "like that taken by Catherine aldous", although his findings were very unreliable [1]. The author of this letter claimed that the other half of the kidney had been "fried and eaten". The story about this kidney is inconsistent: some people insist that it belongs to aldous, but others think it is just a "horrible prank", that's all. "Some places will list another letter, that is, the date is 1888 September 17, which is considered to be the first message using the name Jack the Ripper. Experts believe that this is a modern fake that was only put into police files in the 20th century, and it has been a long time since the ripper committed the crime. They realized that the letter had no police seal to check the date of receipt, and no early investigator had checked whether it was potential evidence. In addition, there was no mention of this letter in the police files at that time. Some people who read it claimed that this letter was written with a ballpoint pen, which was invented more than 50 years after committing crimes in Jack the Ripper.

[Edit this paragraph] Victims

The identified victims are all middle-and lower-class prostitutes, except Mary Jane Kelly, who are middle-aged but have no fixed residence. The victims were all killed in secret or semi-secret places, and most of them were drunk before they died. The body of the deceased showed that the victim's throat was cut and his abdomen was often cut open after death. Some victims were even cut off by the murderer. Nowadays, many people think that the victims were strangled in the first place in case they called for help. The internal organs of some bodies were taken out, and according to the wounds on the bodies, the murder weapon was thought to be a knife as sharp as a scalpel, so it was inferred that the murderer had considerable surgical and medical skills and might be a doctor or a butcher. ▲ Mary Ann Nicholas's maiden name is Mary Ann Walker, nicknamed "Polly". Born on August 26th 1845, died on Friday, August 26th 1888. ▲ Anne Chapman's maiden name is Eliza Ann Smith, nicknamed "Black Anne". 184 1 was born in September and 1888 died on Saturday, September 8th. ▲ Elizabeth Stade's maiden name is Elizabeth Gustas Dortmund, nicknamed "Long Leeds". 1843165438+1Born in Sweden on October 27th, 1888 was killed on Sunday. ▲ Kathleen Aldous used to be the alias of "Kate Conway" and "Mary Ann Kelly", both of which came from husbands Thomas Conway and John Kelly who were married through common law. 1842 was born in April of 14, and 1888 was killed on September 30th. ▲ Mary Jane Kelly called herself "Mary Janet Kelly" after her trip to Paris, nicknamed "Jiang". It is said that 1863 was born in limerick or Limerick, Mü nster, and/kloc-0 was killed on Friday, October 9th.

[Edit this paragraph] Possible victims

Other victims who were attacked or killed by similar methods at that time are listed in the table below. The information of these victims is very limited, including: ▲ "Fairy Fay", which is the nickname of the deceased in an unknown murder on February 26th, 1887. The cause of death was identified as "a pillar at the apex of the heart penetrated her abdomen". The media generally believe that "Fei Hsiao-hsien" is an own goal product related to Emma Smith's murder (see below): they mistake Emma's friend for another murder when she was attacked on Christmas Day the year before the murder. The word "Fei Xiaoxian" appeared many years after Emma Smith was killed, and it seems to come from the lyrics of the famous song "Polly Wally Doodle": "Farewell to my fairy Faye". There is no evidence that this victim really exists. Records of the murder scene also show that there were no women surnamed Fei nearby at that time. ▲ Anne Millwood was born around 1850. It is said that she was the victim of an attack on February 25th, 888, which resulted in her being hospitalized with "multiple stab wounds in her legs and lower body". After that, she was discharged from the hospital smoothly but died on March 3 1888, probably due to some natural factors. ▲ Ida Wilson is said to be the victim of an attack on March 28th. 1888. She was stabbed twice in the neck, but she survived. ▲ Emma Elizabeth Smith was born around 1843. On April 3rd, Kloc-0/888 was attacked, and a blunt instrument penetrated the vagina, resulting in perineum rupture. After being attacked, she managed to walk back to her rented house with injuries. When she came back, her friend took her to the hospital. She told the police that she was besieged by two or three people, one of whom was underage. Then he fell into a coma until1died on April 5, 888. ▲ Martha Tubram's maiden name is Martha White, and sometimes her real name is misspelled as Martha Tablan. Born in May of 1849, died on August 7th of 1888, and was stabbed 39 times. For some incomplete reasons, such as lack of criminal evidence and motivation, geographical and temporal proximity, and standard attack methods, Tabrian is most often regarded as another victim of the Ripper's knife, but the biggest difference between them lies in the criminal technique (puncture, not strangulation or throat cutting). But now people think that the murderer will change his modus operandi, even dramatically. ▲ "Whitehall Mystery" refers to the headless female corpse found in the basement of the New London Police Headquarters Building, Whitehall 1888 10.2. One arm that originally belonged to this corpse was found in Pimlico on the Thames, and the other leg was dismembered and buried under the body. The remaining hands and feet have not been found, and the identity of the deceased has never been confirmed. ▲ Anne Farmer was born in 1848. It is said that she was the victim of an attack on1888165438+12/0/. In this attack, her neck was cut open and she almost died. Fortunately, the wound is not deep, obviously because the murder weapon is a blunt knife. The police suspected that the wound was purely self-mutilation, so they quickly stopped investigating the case. ▲ Rose Milletre's real name may be Catherine Mirette, but she is also called Elizabeth "alcoholic Liz" Davis, "beautiful" Alice or "Clara". Born in 1862, died in1888165438+1October 20th. It is said that she was strangled by a "rope tightly wrapped around her neck", although some investigators believe that she was accidentally strangled by a collar she was wearing when she was drunk. ▲ Elizabeth Jackson is a prostitute, 1889. From May 3rd to June 25th, some of her remains were salvaged from the Thames. It is said that these body parts were identified according to the scars on her body before she disappeared. Obviously, she died of murder. ▲ Alice McKenzie is nicknamed "Yan Taoguan" Alice Guan and uses the pseudonym Alice Bryan as a nickname. She was born around 1849 and died in July 1888. It is said that the cause of death was "carotid artery rupture", but several other minor abrasions were found on the body. ▲ "Pingqin Street Murder" refers to the headless body found on1September, 889 10, which is similar to the "Whitehall Mystery" except that both hands were not cut off. One conjecture that could not be confirmed at that time was that the exact identity of the body was Lydia Hart, a missing prostitute. Binch Street Murder and Whitehall Mystery are often considered to be the work of the same serial killer, so he is called "headless corpse killer" or "headless corpse killer". However, whether Jack the Ripper and the "headless corpse killer" are the same person or not (but they probably live in the same area) has become a long-term debate topic among ripper researchers. In addition, Elizabeth Jackson is also considered to be another victim of the headless corpse killer. ▲ Frances Coles is also known as Frances Coleman, Frances Huggins or nicknamed "Orange Hair Neil". Born in 1865, died in 189 1 February 13. A small cut on the back of her head showed that she was violently thrown to the ground and her throat was slit. However, no other signs of dismemberment were found on the body. ▲ Carrie Brown's nickname "Shakespeare" comes from her habit of reciting Shakespeare's sonnets when she is drunk. Born in Manhattan, new york, USA about 1835, 189 1 was killed on April 24th. She was suffocated by clothes and then dismembered by a sharp knife. On his body, he found a big tear in the vulva and minor cuts on his back and legs. Although her ovaries were found in bed, no organs were removed. Whether this is a mystery to the murderer is unknown. At that time, the murder was compared with the murder of Whitechapel, but the London police firmly denied the connection between the two. Some ripper researchers cited the case of disabled boys and thought that they might also be the criminal targets of the ripper, because at that time, several letters claiming to be murderers were sent to the police, repeatedly threatening to kill young children.

[Edit this paragraph] Suspect

Although Jack the Ripper has attracted the attention of the whole world, so far, there is no clear evidence that the murderer is a specific person. On the contrary, with the passage of time and the increase of researchers, more and more suspects were recognized by everyone, and their identities were all over London at that time; On the contrary, those suspects who are traditionally considered to be the most suspected are gradually cleared after more information is released. Here, the well-known suspects will be listed. The following are the suspects that the police think are likely to be Jack the Ripper (but please note that there is no evidence to prove it): ▲ montague John Du Lide (1857.8.15-1888.438+02.438+0) obtained it. From 188 1 to188811worked as a teacher in a private school for a long time to show his position. Besides, he is also a famous athlete and amateur cricketer. For some unknown reason,18888165438+1October 19 was last seen in a school in Blackheath and was declared missing two days later. His body was found floating on the Thames. The results of the examination showed that his body had sunk to the bottom of the river for several weeks because of putting a big stone in his pocket. Therefore, the police concluded that he drowned himself in frustration. Because the time of his disappearance and death was not far from the fifth murder, and the murder did not happen after his death, many investigators thought he was the ripper at that time. However, recent research shows that between Kelly's murder and death, he served as a legal representative in court, and according to court records, he also argued about his seat for a long time. Some people think that this refutes the statement that Du Lide had a nervous breakdown after Kelly's case, and in Sir Melville McNagden's memo, this is the first document that Du Lide was suspected, and the lawyer was mistaken for a doctor, and it was further inferred that Detective Frederick Eberlin suspected that Du Lide was seriously suspected. ▲ Severin Antoniovich Klosowski (alias Chapman) has nothing to do with the victim Anne Chapman. He was born in Kassov, Apollo, but was named Chapman when he came to England. He lived in London at that time. He is a violent man and may have some medical knowledge. Later, he was hanged for the exact crime of poisoning three women. He was once a suspect that Frederick Avery thought was the most likely murderer. ▲ Aaron Cosminschi (1864 or1865-1919), a member of the Jewish community in London, was sent to a mental sanatorium for treatment in February. He was listed as one of the suspects in the memo of police chief Maiwei McNadine on the grounds that he looked like "the man seen by the London patrol" near Bishop's Square (this statement can only be found in this document. Some researchers think that McNader really refers to Joseph Lowenday, a witness of the London police, but others have come up with another explanation: there is no authoritative information to show that anyone appeared near the square that night. Assistant Sheriff robert anderson and Detective Inspector Donald Svencen both declared that "only people with good eyesight can see the murderer." Although there are many statements, this may refer to the witness israel Schwartz. However, they claimed that it was impossible to prosecute because witnesses were unwilling to give evidence against Jews. Svencen mentioned in the margin of the report that this man was Kominski, and added that his brother's home was next to the London Police Station in Whitechapel. He was sent to a mental hospital with his hands tied behind his back and died soon. The last two details about Kominski are incorrect because he lived to 19 19. His symptoms of insanity include auditory hallucinations, fear of being eaten by others and refusal to wash and dress. In the yard, he was described as a harmless figure, even though he once waved a chair at the waiter in the yard. In recent years, most researchers believe that he will be included in the suspect list, and the anti-Semitic plot at the time of the murder is more influential than the correlation between his symptoms and the case. ▲ Michael Ostrog (1833— 1904? ) professional liar, used to be a pseudonym, easy to let. He was listed as a suspect by the new police officer on 1889, that is, the victim of the "true five case" was killed the next year, but the researchers could not find evidence that he had committed more serious cases than theft and fraud. In fact, the record shows that the ripper was serving his sentence in a French prison at the time of the crime, which seems to be an unshakable alibi. He was last mentioned in 1904. ▲ John Pizer (1850 ——1897) Pizer is a Polish Jew who lives near Whitechapel and works in the footwear industry. Officer William Steff once brought him back for questioning. Singh obviously thinks that Pi Zha knows "Leather Apron", a local who is famous for attacking prostitutes. When the Whitechapel serial murder happened, many residents thought that the "fur apron" was the murderer. However, his suspicion was finally cleared, because when a group of policemen talked about the series of murders in the London pier fire, Pisa claimed that Singh had known him for several years, suggesting that he was arrested by Singh out of malice and lack of evidence. ▲ "Doctor" Francis Thompson (about 1833- 1903) seems to be an American who has no education or is self-taught. He pretended to be a professional doctor and traveled all over the United States and Canada, occasionally going to Europe to do the same thing. He considers himself a condescending woman and often associates death with his patients, although he is not sure whether it is intentional or unintentional. Francis was arrested in England on 1888, 1 1.7 on the grounds of "being accused of indecent behavior", which was obviously aimed at his preference for homosexual sex. 1 16 years 10 months 16 days was released on bail pending trial. He fled to the countryside on June 24th while awaiting trial 165438+ prepared to go to France. Some people thought that he could commit the murder of Mary Jane Kelly (165438+1October 9) in time after he got out of prison, and then he was arrested. The news of his arrest made some people think that he was the ripper, because there were many notorious fraud cases in America. Whether he is a killer or just a weirdo with improper suspicion is still controversial. Tablett was considered as a suspect. Many years after the murder, a London policeman mentioned this in a letter to reporters, but no one knew that the policeman was directly involved in the investigation of the Ripper case. However, the statement that Scotland Yard sent police to the United States at 1888 to try to bring Talbright back is still controversial in recent years.

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