What is the key to high yield of cowpea planting?

Cowpea, an exotic vegetable, is also called "long bean", "belt bean" and "chopsticks bean" in some places. Because of its high nutritional value, rich in vitamin E, iron, potassium and magnesium, selenium, folic acid, etc., it is widely loved by the public. There are many ways to eat fresh and tender pods, which can be fried, cold and pickled. Old and mature pods can use their beans as food. In many places in Sichuan, people especially like to pickle pickles with this tender cowpea. It's sour and delicious. It's very delicious to cook dinner.

Cowpea planting in greenhouse can be divided into autumn and winter stubble, winter and spring stubble and overwintering stubble, but winter and spring cultivation is the main one. Planting in winter and spring is generally165438+at the end of October165438+10, and the seedlings can be harvested in the first half of June.

Below, let's share the cowpea planting technology in greenhouse for your reference.

First, the key cultivation techniques

A. seed selection. For cowpea planting in greenhouse, vine varieties with good light tolerance, strong moisture resistance and disease resistance, strong temperature adaptability and high economic benefits, such as Changwei cowpea and Zhihong Tezao 30, are generally selected according to local climatic and environmental conditions.

B. raise seedlings. Generally speaking, the yield of cowpea planted by seedling planting method is about 30% higher than that by direct seeding, so sowing seedling is an important measure to increase the yield of cowpea in early maturity. However, due to the weak root regeneration ability of cowpea, the seedling age of cultivated seedlings should not be too long, which is not conducive to the survival of colonization.

Suggested seedling raising methods:

(1) Take the decomposed agricultural organic fertilizer and vegetable garden soil in the ratio of 4:6 as the base soil, then evenly mix 1 kg of diammonium phosphate compound fertilizer into the base soil to make nutrient soil, and then disinfect the nutrient soil with 50% carbendazim wettable powder 500 times.

(2) The general sowing amount is 3-4 kg per mu, and the seeds are soaked in warm water at 25-30℃ for 4-6 hours.

(3) Use a plastic bucket of 10cm× 10cm to hold the soil for 5-7 cm, then put in 3-4 soaked seeds, and cover the soil with a thickness of 2-3 cm.

(4) After sowing, in order to promote the emergence of seedlings, the temperature should be kept at about 30℃ during the day and controlled at about 25℃ at night. Generally, it germinates 7 days after sowing and emerges in about 10 days. After all the seedlings come out, the temperature in the greenhouse should be properly reduced to prevent the seedlings from growing white, about 23℃ during the day and 15℃ at night.

(5) One week before planting, seedlings should be tempered at low temperature. At this time, it is necessary to ensure that the soil is properly moist to prevent drought. Because the seedling age of cowpea should not be too long, it is generally not topdressing when raising seedlings.

C. soil preparation. In the land where cowpea is planted, deep ploughing and fine harrowing should be done in advance, and sufficient base fertilizer should be applied. 8 tons of decomposed agricultural organic fertilizer, 80- 100 kg of calcium superphosphate and 50 kg of potassium sulfate can be applied to each mu, and then ploughed for 30 cm, raked, ridged, and kept 50 cm and 70 cm for small ridges and large ridges respectively. Close the greenhouse at high temperature for 4-5 days to promote the transformation of fertilizer into soil nutrients.

D. colonization. Cowpea seedlings can be planted in 30-35 days. Dig holes on the ridge according to the plant spacing of 25-30 cm, and ensure 2-3 plants in each pit. After the planting is completed, the planting water should be watered in time, and when it seeps into the water, it should be covered with soil and sealed tightly.

Second, post-implantation management technology

A. temperature management. After 3-5 days of planting, it is necessary to properly ventilate, raise the temperature in the stuffy shed, and speed up the slow seedling of cowpea. After delayed emergence, the temperature in the shed should be controlled at 25-30℃ during the day and not lower than 15-20℃ at night. If cowpea is planted in autumn and winter, heat preservation should be strengthened in winter to extend the harvest period; Cowpea in winter and spring, when the temperature outside the greenhouse is higher than 20℃ in spring, the plastic film can be removed and planted in the open field.

B. water and fertilizer management. Whether water and fertilizer are sufficient or not is related to the yield and quality of cowpea. After planting, irrigate 1-2 times of planting water to speed up the delay of emergence. When the cowpea sprouts, it can be watered with small water 1 time, which can be plowed and hoed. There is no need to water at the initial flowering stage. When the vine length is about 1m, the 1 th inflorescence sits on the pod, and several inflorescences appear one after another, it needs topdressing and watering 1 time, and about 25 kilograms of ammonium nitrate and 40 kilograms of calcium superphosphate can be applied per mu of water.

After fertilization and watering, cowpea grows rapidly. When the leaves darken, the lower pods lengthen and the middle and upper inflorescences appear, water them again 1 time. Follow-up watering should be carried out according to the principle of "watering the pods without watering the flowers, and drying them when they are wet". After a large number of flowers bloom, 12 days can be watered 1 time. After entering the harvest period, the quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer should be applied with water, which is generally clear water 1 times and water flushing 1 times, and about 35 kilograms of ammonium nitrate can be used per mu.

Attention should be paid to strengthening water and fertilizer management, accelerating lateral branch germination, inflorescence regeneration and prolonging cowpea harvest period under the condition of "dormancy".

C. plant regulation. The vine height of cowpea reaches 30-35cm. When 5-6 leaves appear, it should be supported in time. The vine can be pulled by hanging rope or inserted into herringbone bracket. Be careful not to break the stem of cowpea when drawing vines, so as to avoid poor ventilation, falling flowers and pods, and affecting the yield of cowpea.

Pinch off all lateral vines sprouting below the main vine 1 inflorescence to ensure that soil nutrients are concentrated for the growth and development of the main vine; 1 leaves are reserved for the lateral branches that germinate at the early stage of each node above the inflorescence, and 2-3 leaves are reserved for the lateral branches that grow in the middle and late stage of the main stem, so as to promote the formation of the lateral branches 1 inflorescence and ensure that the lateral branches bear fruit and pods. The main vine is covered with a frame. When it grows to 15-20 knots, it is necessary to pick the heart in time to promote the development, flowering and pod setting of the flower buds on each side of the vine.

After the first 1 peak yield has passed, lateral branches will grow at the flowering pitch of 60- 100 cm from the top of the plant, so it is necessary to remove the core in time and keep the lateral inflorescence.

Third, pest control technology

According to the statistics of cowpea diseases and insect pests in recent years, most of them are coal mold, powdery mildew, stem rot, aphids and bean stalk flies. Below, the symptoms and prevention methods of these pests and diseases are introduced in detail.

A. coal mold. The disease mostly occurs in the period of cowpea flowering and pod setting, mainly concentrated in the old leaves and mature leaves. The disease is easy to occur in high temperature and high humidity growing environment, and in fields with too dense planting and poor ventilation and light transmission. Generally speaking, the leaves infected with the disease first appear nearly round yellow-green spots, and then with the expansion of the disease spots, purple-brown or brown appear. If the humidity is high, dark gray or gray-black soot-like mildew spots will appear on the blade surface.

Prevention and control measures: In addition to reasonable planting, strengthening seedling management, re-applying organic fertilizer, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and other agricultural measures, 500 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 600 times of 70% thiophanate-methyl powder can be sprayed at the initial stage of the disease, and the disease can be controlled by spraying 1 time every 7 7- 10 days for 2-3 times in a row.

B. Powdery mildew is mostly caused by environmental factors such as large temperature difference between day and night, excessive dew, cool and dry. After the disease appeared, white spots first appeared on the front and back of leaves, and continued to spread outward, forming a white mold layer.

Prevention and control measures: reasonable close planting, pay attention to drainage, and reduce the humidity in the shed. If the initial stage of the disease is treated in time, triadimefon150-200g/mu can be used and sprayed on the affected area with 75kg of water.

C. stem rot. It is mainly caused by bacteria. Ascomycetes invade from stems, causing cowpea root rot and necrosis, which mostly occurs in high temperature and high humidity environment.

Prevention and control measures: timely ventilation, pruning and thinning leaves, and controlling soil moisture. Spraying 500 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 600 times of 70% thiophanate-methyl powder at the initial stage of onset, and spraying 1 time every 7 7- 10/day for 2-3 times continuously.

D aphids found a large number of adults or larvae on the back of leaves and tender stems, which caused the leaves to curl backwards and even the whole plant to wither.

Prevention and control measures: remove weeds in the shed in time. When pests are found, 40% dimethoate EC 600- 1000 times and 1 times can be sprayed on the back of leaves once every 5-7 days for two consecutive times.

E. beanstalk fly Insects invade the pith of rhizomes, causing leaves to turn yellow, and in severe cases, plants will die, mostly in the case of high temperature and drought.

Control measures: 300 times insecticidal liquid can be used for control. In addition, the pest is difficult to find in the early stage and should be prevented in advance.

Fourth, harvest cowpeas.

When the pods grow evenly, the pods on the surface of the pods do not swell, but the seeds in the pods have begun to grow, it is the best time to pick the tender pods. It should be noted that the inflorescence branches and flower buds should not be damaged when harvesting, because cowpea has 2-5 pairs of flower buds per inflorescence, but generally there are only 2 pods, but if properly managed, 4-6 pods can still be produced, thus improving cowpea yield.